This page intentionally left blank THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE STUDIES Although American literature is now a standard subject in the college curriculum, a century ago few people thought it should be taught there Elizabeth Renker uncovers the complex historical process through which American literature overcame its image of aesthetic and historical inferiority to become an important field for academic study and research Renker’s extensive original archival research focuses on four institutions of higher education serving distinct regional, class, race, and gender populations She argues that American literature’s inferior image arose from its affiliation with non-elite schools, teachers, and students, and that it had to overcome this social identity in order to achieve status as serious knowledge Renker’s revisionary analysis is an important contribution to the intellectual history of the United States and will be of interest to anyone studying, teaching, or researching American literature elizabeth renker is Associate Professor of English at The Ohio State University cambridge studies in american literature and culture Editor Ross Posnock, Columbia University Founding Editor Albert Gelpi, Stanford University Advisory Board Alfred Bendixen, Texas A&M University Sacvan Bercovitch, Harvard University Ronald Bush, St John’s College, University of Oxford Wai Chee Dimock, Yale University Albert Gelpi, Stanford University Gordon Hutner, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign Walter Benn Michaels, University of Illinois, Chicago Kenneth Warren, University of Chicago recent books in this series 155 anita patterson Race, American Literature and Transnational Modernisms 154 elizabeth renker The Origins of American Literature Studies: An Institutional History 153 theo davis Formalism, Experience, and the Making of American Literature in the Nineteenth Century 152 joan richardson A Natural History of Pragmatism: The Fact of Feeling from Jonathan Edwards to Gertrude Stein 151 ezra f tawil The Making of Racial Sentiment: Slavery and the Birth of the Frontier Romance 150 arthur riss Race, Slavery, and Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century American Literature 149 jennifer ashton From Modernism to Postmodernism: American Poetry and Theory in the Twentieth Century 148 maurice s lee Slavery, Philosophy, and American Literature, 1830–1860 147 cindy weinstein Family, Kinship and Sympathy in Nineteenth-Century American Literature 146 elizabeth hewitt Correspondence and American Literature, 1770–1865 THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE STUDIES An Institutional History ELIZABETH RENKER Associate Professor Department of English The Ohio State University 164 W 17th Ave Columbus, OH 43210–1370 renker.1@osu.edu CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521883450 © Elizabeth Renker 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-36661-1 ISBN-10 0-511-36661-2 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 hardback 978-0-521-88345-0 hardback 0-521-88345-8 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Gordon McConville Hewes Walter Rufus Arnold Alexander Hayden Renker Antonia Barron Renker Charlotte Marie Renker Future undergraduates Bibliography 205 “A Call for A Literary Historian.” The Reinterpretation of 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of George Santayana Vol Ed Norman Henfrey Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968 84–116 “Walt Whitman: A Dialogue.” George Santayana’s America Ed James Ballowe Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1967 97–104 Saul, Stephanie “Editor of Opinion Pages Resigns at The Los Angeles Times.” The New York Times 14 Sept 2005: C6 Scarborough, William Sanders The Autobiography of William Sanders Scarborough: An American Journey from Slavery to Scholarship Ed Michele Valerie Ronnick Detroit: Wayne State UP, 2005 Schiesel, Seth “Video Games Are Their Major, So Don’t Call Them Slackers.” The New York Times 22 Nov 2005: A1, A21 Scholes, Robert “Presidential Address 2004: The Humanities in a Posthumanist World.” PMLA 120 (2005): 724–733 “Some Interesting Developments.” MLA Newsletter (Fall 2004): “Whither, or Wither, the Humanities?” Profession 2005: 7–9 Schor, Joel Agriculture in the Black Land-Grant System to 1930 Tallahassee, Florida: Florida A&M University, 1982 Scott, Joan W “After History?” Schools of Thought: 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Franklin B “What is American ‘Literature’?” The Sewanee Review 35 (1927): 206–215 Southwick, Albert P Short Studies in Literature for the Use of Schools Philadelphia: Eldredge & Brother, 1883 Spengemann, William A Mirror for Americanists: Reflections on the Idea of American Literature Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 1989 Spiller, Robert E “Higher Education and the War.” The Journal of Higher Education 13 (1942): 287–297 Milestones in American Literary History Westport, CT: Greenwood P, 1977 The Spirit of the Land-Grant Institutions: Addresses Delivered at the Forty-Fifth Annual Convention of the Association of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities at Chicago, Ill., November 16–18, 1931 By W.J Kerr, Eugene Davenport, E.A Bryan, and W.O Thompson N.p., n.d Stanley, Alessandra “Betting A Network on Youths Who Think.” The New York Times 22 August 2005: B1, B4 Bibliography 209 Story, Louise “Witnesses Post Instant Photos On the Web to Capture Drama.” The New York Times July 2005: A12 Stovall, 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Convention of the Association of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities at Chicago, Ill., November 16–18, 1931 N.p., n.d 51–60 Tompkins, Jane Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860 New York: Oxford UP, 1985 Toor, Rachel “It’s Mister Orwell to You.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 15 July 2005: B5 Trachtenberg, Alan The Incorporation of America: Culture & Society in the Gilded Age New York: Hill and Wang, 1982 Turner, Frederick J “The Democratic Education of the Middle West.” World’s Work (1903): 3754–3759 Updike, John “The End of Authorship.” The New York Times Book Review 25 June 2006: 27 Vaidhyanathan, Siva “A Risky Gamble with Google.” The Chronicle of Higher Education Dec 2005: B7–B10 Vanderbilt, Kermit American Literature and the Academy: the Roots, Growth, and Maturity of a Profession Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1986 Veblen, Thorstein The Higher Learning in America: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men 1918 New York: Hill and Wang, 1957 Veysey, Laurence R The Emergence of the American University Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1965 Walker, Robert H Foreword Milestones in American Literary History By Robert E Spiller Westport, CT: Greenwood P, 1977 vii–xiii Warner, Michael “Professionalization and the Rewards of Literature: 1875–1900.” Criticism 27 (1985): 1–28 210 Bibliography Watkins, William H “Black Curriculum Orientations: A Preliminary Inquiry.” Harvard Educational Review 63.3 (1993): 321–338 Wayne, Leslie “Executive Says His ‘Rules’ Didn’t Properly Credit Another Text.” The New York Times 25 April 2006: C3 Wayner, Peter “Need Answers? 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How About 20 Pages at a Time?” The New York Times Nov 2005: 1, C12 “Writers Sue Google, Accusing It of Copyright Violation.” The New York Times 21 Sept 2005: C3 Young, Jeffrey R “MIT Researchers Unveil a $100 Laptop Designed to Benefit Children Worldwide.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 25 Nov 2005: A41 “Professors Give Mixed Reviews of Internet’s Educational Impact.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 12 August 2005: A32 Zeller, Tom Jr “A Generation Serves Notice: It’s a Moving Target.” The New York Times 22 Jan 2006: Section 3: 1, 3, Bibliography 211 “The Imps of File Sharing May Lose in Court, But They Are Winning in the Markeplace.” The New York Times July 2005: C1 Lexis-Nexis Academic 28 April 2006 “The Lives of Teenagers Now: Open Blogs, Not Locked Diaries.” The New York Times Nov 2005: C1, C18 Ziff, Larzer The American 1890s: Life and Times of a Lost Generation New York: Viking, 1966 Archives consulted Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan Bryn Mawr College Archives Columbia University Archives Eureka College Archives Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr Archives, The Johns Hopkins University Goucher College Archives I D Weeks Library, University of South Dakota Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University Mortimer Rare Book Room, Smith College Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections The Ohio State University Archives Smith College Archives Syracuse University Library University of Chicago Library, Special Collections University of Washington Archives Vassar College Libraries Wilberforce University Archives Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives 212 Index Aaron, Daniel 2, 3, 61, 145 academies 17, 24, 42 African-Americans 19 “Negro” as course subject 31, 92 Negro education 7, 9, 10, 64 94 agricultural education [see land-grant education] Altbach, Philip G 188, 189 amateurs 20, 140 Amazon.com 135 American Journal of Philology 22 American literary nationalism 145 American literature curricular canonicity 5, elimination of 8, 30, 56 in graduate programs 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 89 90, 118 19, 153, 156 inferiority 3, 14, 23 4, 38, 50 5, 73, 114, 145 in lower curricula 1, 24, 25 6, 26 7, 30, 51, 76, 81, 115 16 marginalization 30 2, 56 7, 82, 109, 113 15 as modern literature 113, 117 as postcolonial 147 resistance to 1, 23, 27, 56 7, 115 social identity 3, 4, 10, 35, 50, 64, 116 17 as term 1, 144 American Literature 3, 35, 37 American Literature Group 3, 145 American Quarterly 156 American studies 38, 121, 123, 144, 156 American Studies Association 156 Ames, Joseph Sweetman 33 Amherst College 102 Anderson, Charles 38, 156 Anderson, Chris 138, 139, 192 Andrews, William L 146 Angier, Natalie 150 Appiah, K Anthony 187 Applebee, Arthur N 150, 151, 154 Arthurs, Alberta 187 Authors Guild 135 Avent, Joseph Emory 155 Babbitt, Irving 103, 121, 179 Bacon, Francis 22 Bahti, Timothy 179 Baker, Houston A., Jr 146 Ballou, Ellen B 152 Ballou, Willard Alger 170, 172 Barbaro, Michael 139, 192 Barnard College 45 Baron, Naomi 131 2, 133 Barrows, Allen Campbell 111 Barthes, Roland 134 Bartram, William 31 Bates, Katharine Lee 59 60, 162 Baym, Nina 20, 21, 77, 111, 142, 146, 150, 155, 169, 192 Beach, Leonard 116, 123 Beecher, Catherine 42 Bell, Steven J 189 Bennett, Paula 155, 169 Benton, Thomas H 129, 189 Berlin, James C 159 Be´rube´, Michael 187 Bevis, Howard 123 4, 125 Bierce, Sarah 70, 77 9, 85 Birkerts, Sven 189 Blanchard, Elizabeth 46 Bledstein, Burton J 14 15, 20, 147, 148, 149, 179 Bloch, R Howard 190 Blumenthal, Ralph 189, 190 Boas, Louise Schutz 155 Bollag, Burton 170 Bolter, J David 190 Bosman, Julie 192 Bourdieu, Pierre 146, 154 Bowers, Ellen P 50, 51 Bowles, Frank 69 70, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 174, 176 Boynton, Percy H 92 Brackett, Anna 33, 155 213 214 Index Brandt, H.C.G 21, 150 Brereton, John C 159 Bright, James 22, 24, 27, 29, 150, 151 Brim, Michael 139 Bronson, Walter C 28 Brooks, Van Wyck 177 Brown, Hallie Q 85, 172 Brown University 49 Browne, William Hand 28, 153 Browning, Robert 27 Bryant, William Cullen 4, 25, 28, 52, 54, 59, 78, 110 Bryn Mawr College 45, 55, 61 Budiansky, Stephen 189 Buell, Lawrence 147, 149 Bullock, Henry Allen 166 Burch, Charles Eaton 88, 91, 92 California, University of 109, 132 The Cambridge History of American Literature 89, 119 Cambridge University 101, 149 Campbell, Prince 137 canon 4, 11, 127, 147 Carby, Hazel V 146 Carlson, Scott 186, 190, 192 Carnevale, Dan 190 Carnochan, W.B 6, 147 Carr, David 137, 140 2, 191, 192 Casper, Scott E 152 Central State University 93 Chadwick, F.E 155 Chalmers, James 110 11 Chang, Kenneth 150 Charvat, William 121 2, 123 Chicago, University of 35, 90 Chielens, Edward E 152 Clarke, Edward A 85 classics 23, 107, 113 “classical” as term 103 classical curriculum 2, 12, 17, 18 19, 95, 98 9, 105 classical schools 16, 96 coeducation 12, 33, 45, 48, 102, 177 Cole, Arthur C 157, 158 Cole, Susan A 132 college accreditation 65, 83 college entrance exams 26, 154 requirements 32 College of New Jersey, see Princeton University Columbia University 9, 24, 89, 119, 128, 156 composition 172, 179 80, 183 Connors, Robert J 159 60, 172, 183 Cook, Albert S 27 Cooper, James Fenimore 25, 54, 59, 183 Cordasco, Francesco 148, 158 Cornell, Ezra Cornell University 2, 119 Cotter, Holland 136, 191 culture, as term 103 Current TV 140 curriculum 1, 12, 144 Dartmouth College 24 Davenport, Eugene 103, 179 DeCosta, Frank A 69 70, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 174, 176 Delbanco, Andrew 128, 188 Denning, Michael 144, 187 Dickinson, Elmira 181 Dillon, Sam 188 Dimock, Wai Chee 187 Dionne, Craig 145 diSessa, Andrea 190 doctorate, see Ph.D Donoghue, Frank 153, 188 Douglas, Ann 155 drama 146 DuBois, W.E.B 68 9, 70, 71, 73, 74, 80 1, 87, 88, 93, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 174, 176 Duderstadt, James J 132 Duke University 9, 10, 36, 156 Durkee, James Stanley 75 Edmonds, Anne Carey 158 education agricultural [see land-grant education] college preparatory 17, 18 19 extension 31, 33 female 8, 10, 18 19, 40 63 industrial 7, 95 125 land-grant [see land-grant education] levels of schooling 26, 32, 67, 107 liberal 2, 64 5, 72, 74, 75, 76, 82 8, 104 [see also liberal arts] male 18 19 mechanical [see land-grant education] normal [see teacher training] practical 9, 16, 18 19, 95 125 vocational 2, 75, 95 Ehrenreich, Barbara 145, 189 elective system 2, 12, 105, 149 Eliot, Charles William 2, 14, 18, 105, 149 Eliot, T.S 35 Elson, William H 156 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 25, 26, 28, 52, 54, 59, 78, 111 Encyclopaedia Brittanica 142 Index English 106 as curricular subject 2, 15 19, 16 17, 102, 114 departments 2, 7, 10, 11, 56, 107, 109 11, 147, 150 English curriculum 18, 67, 107 gendered female 18, 21, 85, 89 as professional field 14 15, 20, 55, 89, 107, 109 Eureka College 110 Evans, Mae J 32, 35, 154 extension programs [see education, extension] Fagin, N Bryllion 31 female seminary, see seminary, female Fetterly, Judith 146 Fiedler, Leslie 155 Fisk University 67, 88 Flanagan, John T 24, 36, 151, 155, 156 Flexner, Abraham 13, 105, 148 Florida, State Normal College for Colored Students 75 Foerster, Norman 37 8, 92, 111, 119, 121, 124 5, 156, 178, 185, 186 Foster, Andrea L 190 Franklin, Benjamin 26, 59 Franklin, Phyllis 145, 148 Frantzen, Allen J 20, 148, 149 French, John Calvin 27, 28 9, 30, 33, 153, 154 Frolick, Billy 130, 189 Frost, Robert 35 Fullington, James 119 20 Furness, Clifton Joseph 35 6, 155 Garrison, Dee 150 Gates, Bill 132 Gates, Henry Louis, Jr 146, 187 Gee, James Paul 190 Geiger, Roger L 34, 147, 155, 168, 169, 178 gender 8, 18, 21, 22, 32, 35 6, 40 63, 89, 102 Georgia State Industrial College 91 Germany 6, 13, 20, 28, 29, 37, 86 Gillmor, Dan 141 Gilman, Daniel Coit 27, 48, 49 50, 109, 149 Glazener, Nancy 152 Gleason, Philip 38, 121, 156, 185 Goggin, Jacqueline 61, 150, 161, 163 Gohdes, Clarence 151, 154, 155 Goodnow, Frank 33 Google 130 6, 137, 139 Goucher College 30, 31, 34, 55 Graff, Gerald 20, 38, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 187 The Grange 109 Grassroots Media 141 Great War, see World War, First Greek 16, 18, 25, 95, 149 215 Greenberg, Robert M 137 Greenlaw, Edwin 38, 156 Grusin, Richard 190 Guillory, John 4, 128, 145, 146, 147, 168, 187, 188 Hafner, Katie 191 Hamilton College 21 Hampton Institute 71 handbooks, see textbooks Hanford, James Holly 156 Hannaway, Owen 148 Hansell, Saul 138, 192 Hardin, John A 76, 167, 168, 176 Hardy, C DeWitt 1, 144, 177, 180, 186 Harper, Carrie 61 Harrison, Jonathan Baxter 178 Harvard University 2, 13, 14, 18, 24, 50, 89, 101, 105, 106, 119, 128 Hawkins, Hugh 29, 150, 153, 160 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 25, 52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 78, 110 Hesse, Carla 190 Higham, John 147, 148, 179 high schools [see secondary schools] Hisle, Lee 189 Hofstadter, Richard 1, 144, 177, 180, 186 Hollis, Ernest Victor 174 Holloway, Jonathan Scott 176 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 4, 25, 28, 59, 110 Holson, Laura M 190 honorary degrees 48, 78, 85, 110 Horowitz, Helen 45, 157, 158, 161, 189 Houghton, Henry Oscar 25 Houghton, Mifflin & Co 25, 152 Howard, Jennifer 188 Howard University 75, 79, 81, 88, 89, 92 Howells, William Dean 27, 59 Hubbell, Jay B 145, 155 Hunt, Lynn 142, 192 Hunt, Th.W 19, 149, 152 Illinois, University of 103, 109 Indiana, University of 24 industrial classes, as a term 7, 95, 100 Iowa Agricultural College 111 Iowa College 111 Iowa, University of 24 Irving, Washington 25, 26, 52, 54, 59, 78, 110 James, Henry 59 James, William 90, 91, 176 Jarvis, Jeff 141 Jay, Gregory 187, 188 Jay, Paul 187 216 Index The Johns Hopkins University 2, 7, 8, 10, 13 39, 65, 82, 83, 87, 91, 93, 105, 108, 109, 110, 114, 147 Johnson, Charles S 165 Johnson, Nan 35, 155, 160, 172 Johnson, Steven 133, 190 Joiner, William A 79, 80 1, 169, 172, 175 Jones, Gilbert Haven 86, 87, 88, 91 Jones, Howard Mumford 1, 3, 23, 26, 35, 144, 151, 152, 155 Jones, Thomas Jesse 165, 174 Kalamazoo College 52 Kaplan, Amy 187 Keck, Christine M 156 Keller, Evelyn Fox 22, 150 Kelly, Kevin 130 6, 191 Kentucky State Normal School for Colored Persons 76 Kinnison, William A 99, 177, 178, 179, 180 Klein, Arthur J 164, 166 Knapp, Ella Adelaide 51 5, 56 Knighton, James 150 Knight Ridder 137 Kolodny, Annette 147, 187 Lafayette College 33 land-grant education 7, 9, 42, 95 125 Lanier, Jaron 191 Lanier, Sidney 27 8, 29, 59 Latin 16, 75, 95, 149 Lauter, Paul 4, 5, 6, 19, 59, 145, 146, 147, 149, 155, 163, 187 Leadbeater, Charles 142, 192 The Legend of Zelda 143 Lentricchia, Frank 155 Lewis, John Smith, Jr 57, 60, 146, 151, 153, 154, 155, 162, 163 Lewis, R.W.B 2, 3, 145 Lewis High School 78 liberal arts 9, 79, 96, 104 8, 110, 124 liberal education [see education, liberal] literary nationalism [American, see American literary nationalism] Lloyd, Susan M 158 Lohr, Steve 192 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 4, 25, 26, 28, 52, 59, 78, 110 “Long Tail” 138, 140 Lowell, James Russell 4, 26, 28, 59, 110, 152 Luckey, G.W.A 155, 169 Ludeke, H 155 Luskin, Bernard 131 Lyall, Sarah 191 Lyon, Mary 42 Mailloux, Steven 165 Malone, Kemp 20, 22, 27 8, 29, 32, 150, 151, 152, 153 Mangan, Katherine S 186 manual labor plan [see education, industrial] Maloy, Frances 130 March, Francis A 150 Markoff, John 127, 191, 192 Marks, Jeannette 51, 59 60, 61 Marx, Leo 144 Master’s degree 13, 91 Matthiessen, F.O 38 McGinnis, Frederick A 66 7, 90, 91, 92, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174 Mead, Elizabeth Storrs 47, 48 mechanical education [see land-grant education] Mechling, Jay 144 Melville, Herman Menand, Louis 187, 188 Mendenhall, T.C 110, 132, 179 Merideth, Robert 144 Michaels, Walter Benn 145, 187 Michigan, University of 48, 52, 55, 132 Miles, Dudley 156 Milliken, Joseph 108, 109, 110 11 Millner, Michael 187 Minnesota, University of 24 Mitchell, Dan 191 Mitchell, Michael 150 Mitchell, William 70 Moby-Dick 135 modern education 105 languages 16, 21 literature 111, 113, 105 13, 117 subjects 16, 109, 154 Modern Language Association 3, 21 Monastersky, Richard 192 Morgan, Julia B 155 Morgan, M.C 134 Morison, Samuel Eliot 148 Morrill, Justin Smith 97 Morrill Act of 1862 7, 75, 95, 97 9, 107, 124 of 1890, 75 Moton, R.R 92, 176 Mount Holyoke College 7, 8, 24, 40 63, 72, 78, 79, 83, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 110 11 Mount Holyoke Female Seminary [see Mount Holyoke College] Municipal University of Omaha 116 Nathan, Rebekah 189 National Education Association 25, 84 Index nationalism 9, 30, 36 9, 113 24 Nature 142 Neal, John 54 Nebraska, University of 24 Negro education [see African-Americans] Nelson, Cary 187, 188 The New England Quarterly New Jersey State Teachers College 116 The New York Times 135, 140, 141 The New York Times Magazine 130 New York University 8, 119 The News & Record, Greensboro, NC 141 Noble, Eugene A 34 normal schools [see teacher training] Northwestern University 102, 116 Notre Dame, University of 24 The novel 28 9, 113 24, 146 Nunberg, Geoffrey 190 Oberlin College 156 O’Brien, Timothy L 191 The Ohio African University [see Wilberforce University] Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College [see The Ohio State University] The Ohio State University 7, 86, 89, 95 125 Ong, Walter J 130 1, 189 Orton, Edward 99 101, 103, 104 8, 122, 124, 178, 179, 186 Orwell, George 135 Oswego State Normal and Training School 78 Outing, Steve 141 Oxford University 149 Palmer, D.J 149 Parker, William Riley 145 Parkman, Francis 59 Parrington, Vernon Louis 119 Pattee, Fred Lewis 37, 92, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 161, 176, 182, 184 Payne, Daniel A 67, 70 Pease, Donald E 11, 127, 144, 147, 186, 187, 192 Pennsylvania, University of 9, 24 Pennsylvania College for Women 55 Percival, M.O 89 90 Ph.D 7, 8, 13 14, 47, 86, 110, 147 Phelps, Almira 21, 150 Phelps-Stokes Fund 87 The Philadelphia Inquirer 137 Phillips, Kate 192 Phillips Academy 111 12 Phillipson, Mark 134 philology 16, 20, 21, 23 4, 56, 75 6, 106, 107 Pitchfork Media 140 Poe, Edgar Allan 28, 52, 54, 59, 78, 110 217 Pollack, T.C 115 16 Pollard, James E 178, 179, 180, 185 Poovey, Mary 8, 147 Posner, Richard A 141, 192 postcolonial 17, 147 post-curricular university 11, 126 Pound, Ezra 24, 35 practical education [see education, practical] prescott, William Hickling 54 prestige 27, 28, 29, 122, 153 Princeton University 19, 24, 102 “Pro-Am” 142 professions 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 20, 21, 47, 61, 140 2, 148 public universities 12 Queens College 119 Quinn, Arthur Hobson 115 Radcliffe College 45, 61 Radway, Janice 144, 187 Ralli, Tania 192 Read, Brock 134, 190, 191 Reese, William J 17, 148, 149, 152, 154, 157, 161 region 24 east 24 5, 98, 101 midwest 24, 95 125, 101 west 24, 99, 101 Reinking, David 190 Reising, Russell J 145, 147 Renker, Elizabeth 160 research 7, 8, 13, 20, 61, 87, 110 German conception of 13 RG/A 137 Rich, Motoko 191 Riis, Jacob A 178 Ripon College 24 Riverside Literature Series 25 Robinson, Edwin Arlington 183 Robinson, John 141 Ronnick, Michele Valerie 165, 169 Rose, Mark 136, 191 Rosen, Jay 141 Ross, Earle D 177, 179, 180 Royse, Noble K 111 12, 113, 182 Rudolph, Frederick 2, 18, 32, 48, 98, 126, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 158, 161, 167, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 186 Ruland, Richard 145, 147 Sanborn, Kate 111 12, 113, 182 Sandburg, Carl 35 Santayana, George 177, 183 218 Index Saul, Stephanie 192 Scarborough, Sarah C Bierce [see Bierce, Sarah] Scarborough, William Sanders 67, 74, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87, 93, 165, 170 Schaffer, Michael Currie 137 Schiessel, Seth 186 Scholes, Robert 187, 190 school editions [see textbooks] Schor, Joel 164, 167, 176 Schreiber, Ryan 140 Schwartz, Jonathan I 137, 138 science 2, 8, 16, 20, 21, 22, 29, 102, 104 6, 149 Scott, Joan W 147 Scott, W.H 111 Scudder, Horace 25, 51, 152, 159 60 secondary schools 17, 18, 21, 24, 25, 32 6, 47, 62, 74, 77, 107, 154 Seelye, Katharine Q 141, 191, 192 Selfe, Cynthia L 190 seminary 40, 46, 52 female 8, 40 63 at Johns Hopkins 29 Shakespeare, William 28 Shea, Charlotte King 43, 45, 47, 48, 156, 157, 158, 159, 164 Shils, Edward 13, 148 Short, John T 110 Shryock, Richard H 36, 155 Shumway, David R 6, 145, 147 Siebert, Wilbur H 180 Simon, Jean 155 The Sims 139 Smith, Barbara Herrnstein 146, 187 Smith, C Alphonso 156 Smith, Dinitia 191 Smith, Susan Harris 146 Smith College 24, 26, 41, 44, 112 Smyth, Albert H 23 4, 52 3, 149, 151, 161 Snell, Ada 56, 161, 162 Snyder, Franklin B 145 Sorkin, Andrew Ross 191 Southwick, Albert P 53 4, 152, 161 specialization 7, 13, 14, 47, 84, 115, 148 Spencer, Hazelton 31, 32, 154 Spengemann, William C 147, 187 Spiller, Robert E 38, 121, 125, 156, 179, 185, 186 Spore 136, 139 Stanford University 139 Stanley, Alessandra 140, 192 state universities 179 80 Steinberg, Lou 139 Stevens, Clara 49 Story, Louise 192 Stovall, Floyd 38, 156 Stow, Sarah D Locke 157 Sutton, Brett 190 Swarthmore 119 Sweet, Marguerite 55, 56 7, 58 Swiss, Thomas 190 Taylor, Joseph Russell 111 12, 113, 115 Taylor, Todd 190 teacher training 8, 9, 15, 30 2, 32 6, 40 63, 64 76, 75 6, 115 Tedeschi, Bob 192 Tennyson, Alfred Lord 77, 78 Texas, University of 11, 130 Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College 107 textbooks 25, 26, 28, 40, 52 3, 92, 111 Thompson, Clive 142, 192 Thompson, W.O 101, 103, 105, 177, 178 Thoreau, Henry David 55, 59 Tolman, A.H 24 Tompkins, Jane 146 Toor, Rachel 135, 191 Townshend, Norton S 104 Trachtenberg, Alan 101, 148, 178 Tucker, Thomas de Saille 75 Tufts University 35 Turner, Frederick J 99, 101, 102, 178 Tuskegee Industrial Institute 71 2, 88, 89 undergraduates 11, 33, 128 9, 129 40 Updike, John 136, 191 Vaidhyanathan, Siva 191 Vanderbilt, Kermit 145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 182 Vassar College 41, 44, 55, 58, 101, 106 Veysey, Laurence R 8, 20, 83, 147, 150, 170, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182 Virginia, University of 24 vocational education [see education, vocational] Ward, Irene 190 Ward, Julia Elizabeth 44, 45, 46 Warner, Michael 2, 19, 145, 148, 149, 156, 159 Washington, Booker T 72, 73, 88 Washington, University of 102, 152 Watkins, William H 71, 72, 167, 174 Watt, Ian 146 Wayne, Leslie 191 Wayner, Peter 192 Webster, Daniel 59 Weinberg, Adam 132, 190 Welch, Kathleen E 190 Wellesley College 24, 41, 44, 59 Wells, Anna Mary 162, 163 Index Wesleyan College 35 Western Reserve 111 12 Whitman, Walt 28, 35, 60, 183 Whittier, John Greenleaf 3, 4, 25, 28, 54, 59, 110 Wiebe, Robert H 147 Wiegman, Robyn 144, 187, 192 Wieland 53 Wikipedia 134, 142 Wilberforce University 7, 9, 10, 64 94 Williams, Heather Andrea 166 Williams, Jeffrey 187 Willis, George 154 Wilson, David 144 Wired 135, 138 Wisconsin, University of 24 Wise, Gene 144, 185, 187 Wittenberg, Kate 189 Wolters, Raymond 72, 92, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170, 174, 175, 176 219 Woman’s College of Baltimore [see Goucher College] women’s colleges 24 5, 34, 41, 58 63 Woody, Thomas 33, 42, 44, 155, 156, 157 Woolley, Mary Emma 49 50, 59 Wordsworth, William 146 World of Warcraft 136 World War 36 First 5, 15, 30 Second 9, 11, 12, 15, 62, 93, 97, 110, 120 Wright, Richard R 75 Wright, Will 139 Wyatt, Edward 135, 191 Yale University 13, 18, 24, 101, 102, 106, 116, 119, 147 Young, Jeffrey R 189 Young, Nathan B 75 Zeller, Tom, Jr 131, 139, 190, 191, 192 ... renker The Origins of American Literature Studies: An Institutional History 153 theo davis Formalism, Experience, and the Making of American Literature in the Nineteenth Century 152 joan richardson... focused primarily on the history of published scholarship and on the history of the canon as the historical keys to the professional transformations of the 1920s.12 These elements are of course intimately... scholarship in these decades faced the many-sided problems of the institutional femininity of American literature as a classroom subject and the cultural femininity of American literature as a body of texts,