This page intentionally left blank The Logical Foundations of Bradley’s Metaphysics Judgment, Inference, and Truth This book is a major contribution to the study of the philosopher F H Bradley, the most influential member of the nineteenth-century school of British Idealists It offers a sustained interpretation of Bradley’s Principles of Logic, explaining the problem of how it is possible for inferences to both be valid and have conclusions that contain new information The author then describes how Bradley’s solution provides a basis for his metaphysical view that reality is one interconnected experience and how this gives rise to a new problem about truth James W Allard is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Montana State University The Logical Foundations of Bradley’s Metaphysics Judgment, Inference, and Truth JAMES W ALLARD Montana State University Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521834056 © James W Allard 2005 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format - - ---- eBook (EBL) --- eBook (EBL) - - ---- hardback --- hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For my father, James Willard Allard, Sr., and in memory of my mother, Mary Irene Dieterich Allard Contents page ix xix Preface Abbreviations Faith, Idealism, and Logic Bradley’s Project 24 Judgment Conditional Judgments A System of Judgments The Problem of Inference 49 82 103 128 The Validity of Inference Truth 150 175 Notes 207 Bibliography 223 Index 235 vii Bibliography 227 Herschel, Sir John Fredrick William [1831] 1987 A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy Reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Himmelfarb, Gertrude 1968 Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution New York: W W Norton Hintikka, Jaakko 1969 Semantics for Propositional Attitudes In Models for Modalities, 87–111 Dordrecht: D Reidel Hochberg, Herbert 1978 Thought, Fact, and Reference Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Holdcroft, David 1998 Bradley and Floating Ideas In Appearance versus Reality, ed Guy Stock, 163–79 Oxford: Clarendon Press Horn, Laurence R 1989 A Natural History of Negation Chicago: University of Chicago Press Houlgate, Stephen 1990–1 Thought and Being in Kant and Hegel The Owl of Minerva 22:131–40 1992–3 A Reply to Joseph Flay’s “Hegel’s Metaphysics.” The Owl of Minerva 24:153–61 Hume, David 1888 A 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of Logic 5:1–18 Walker, Ralph C S 1998 Bradley’s Theory of Truth In Appearance versus Reality, ed Guy Stock, 93–109 Oxford: Clarendon Press 2000 Joachim on the Nature of Truth In Anglo-American Idealism, 1865–1927, ed W J Mander, 183–97 Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press Wallace, William 1874 Prolegomena In The Logic of Hegel, by G W F Hegel, xiii–clxxxiv Oxford: Clarendon Press 1892 Bibliographical Notice In The Logic of Hegel, by G W F Hegel 2d ed rev Trans William Wallace, ix–xxvi London: Oxford University Press [1894] 1968 Prolegomena to the Study of Hegel’s Philosophy 2d ed Reprint, New York: Russell and Russell Walsh, W H 1986 Green’s Criticism of Hume In The Philosophy of T H Green, ed Andrew Vincent, 21–35 Aldershot: Gower Webb, Clement C J 1933 A Study of Religious Thought in England from 1850 Oxford: Clarendon Press Bibliography 233 Whately, Richard [1827] 1973 The Elements of Logic 2d ed Reprint, Delmar, New York: Scholars’ Facsimilies and Reprints Whewell, William 1857 History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest to the Present Time 3d ed London: John W Parker 1858 Novum Organon Renovatum 3d ed London: John W Parker 1860a Mr Mill’s Logic In On the Philosophy of Discovery, 238–91 London: John W Parker 1860b On the Fundamental Antithesis of Philosophy In On the Philosophy of Discovery, 462–81 London: John W Parker Whitehead, Alfred North, and Bertrand Russell 1925 Principia Mathematica 2d ed Vol Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Willey, Thomas E 1978 Back to Kant, the Revival of Kantianism in German Social and Historical Thought, 1860–1914 Detroit: Wayne State University Press Willis, Kirk 1988–9 The Introduction and Critical Reception of Hegelian Thought in Britain 1830–1900 Victorian Studies 32:85–111 Wilson, Fred 1998 Bradley’s Critique of Associationism Bradley Studies 4:5–60 Wollheim, Richard 1969 F H Bradley 2d ed Baltimore: Penguin Books Young, G M [1953] 1960 Victorian England: Portrait of an Age 2d ed London: Oxford University Press Index “The reader who finds this collection of references useless, as well as faulty and incomplete, is requested to treat it as non-existent.” (AR 565) Abbott, E., 207 abstraction, xi, 53–4, 65, 198, 211 as a form of inference, 85–6, 95, 97, 99–100, 195, 199, 221 see also entities, abstract Adamson, R., 28–9, 89 Allard, D., xviii Allard, J W., 219 all-inclusiveness, 179–80 analysis, xiv, 155, 160–1, 164, 211 Aristotle, 7, 174, 181, 200, 211 logic of, 29, 32, 89, 131, 135 Armour, L., xvi, 216 Arnold, M., Arnstein, W., xv association, laws of, 32, 154, 159–60 atomism, psychological, 63, 214 Bain, A., 209 Baldwin, J M., 210 Baldwin, T., 220 Balfour, A J., 208 Bandyopadhyay, P., xvii Baron, M., xv Barrett, R B., 114 Barry, E., xvii Baynes, T S., 208 Bennett, J., 209 Bentham, G., 29 Bergmann, G., 59 Bergmann, J., 28, 208 Bertolotti, G., 211 Bible, The, 3, 4, 12–13 See also higher criticism Blanshard, B., 1, 159, 205, 221 Blending or Coalescence or Fusion, Law of See association, laws of Boole, G., 30, 208, 211 Bosanquet, B on Bradley, 56, 130, 217 on categorical judgment, 71 and Green, 140, 142, 148, 217 on inference, xiii, 127, 140–9, 211, 217–18 on knowledge, 140, 144–5 mentioned, 22, 27, 32, 91, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 165, 213, 215 on the problem of inference, 147–8 on science, 140, 142–3, 144, 220–1 on syllogism, 145–7, 148 system of logic of, 28, 37, 130–1, 143–4 Bosanquet, H Dendy, 210 Bradley, A C., Bradley, J., 6, 7, 12, 207 Bradley Society, The, xv Brittan, G G., xvii, 37, 220–1 Bushing, M., xviii Butts, R E., 142 Caird, E., 2, 11, 13–15, 21, 207 on Kant, 14, 207 Caird, J., 2, 13–15, 207 Campbell, L., 207 Candlish, S., 220–1 235 236 Index Carey, K., xvii Carlyle, T., 6, Cartwright, R., 221 chain argument, 59–66, 177 See also relations Chakrabarti, A., xvii Chandler, H., xv Childs, C., xvii Chisholm, R M., 213 choice, 114–15 Christianity, x, 2–6, 8–10, 13 Clough, A H., Cohen, L J., 221 coherence, 202, 203–5 Coleridge, S T., 1, 6, colligation, 140–4, 148 common sense, 106, 168 comprehensiveness, 203–5 conceivability, 201 concepts, explication of, 141 conception, formal, 16 conjunction, 116 Connelly, J., xvii, 221 consequence, logical, 154 construction, ideal, 93–4, 152–4 content, ideal abstracted, 170, 179, 180–1 as ambiguous, 188–9 of disjunctive judgments, 113 and facts, 67–9, 70–6 of judgments of probability, 120, 123 as meaning, 52–4 of modal judgments,, 120–2 of negative judgments, 105, 106–7, 109, 110 as object of inference, 157, 163, 166–8 and reference to reality, 57–9, 60, 73, 74, 75–6, 77, 81 and supposition, 85–6, 95 and truth, 125 contrary, 110 corrigibility, intellectual, 214 Crossley, David J., 215 Dalmiya, V., xvii Darwin, C., 3, 6, 12 deduction, justification of See inference, problem of DeMorgan, A., 30, 208 Dewey, J., 192, 220 dialectic, 155 discursivity, 169–70 disjunction, Stoic, 117 See also judgment, disjunctive disposition, 87, 113–14 distinguishability, 97–9 Drobisch, M W., 44 Dummett, M., 128, 166 Emerson, R W., empiricism, 1, 18, 210 Bradley’s criticisms of, 52, 96–9 see also Green, on empiricism entities, abstract, 85, 99–100 Ensor, R C K., 2–3 Erdmann, J E., 7, 11 evolution, theory of, x, 3, 16 idealistic responses to, 10, 12–13, 15, 19 see also Darwin exclusion, 110, 112, 113 see also “or” existence, 73, 210 See also reality existential generalization, 78 existential import, 89–91 experience, immediate, 75, 88, 180, 195, 201, 203 nature of, 96–100 experience, school of See empiricism Faber, G., fact Bradley’s use of term, 214 and categorical judgment, 95–100 colligation of, 141–3 and conditional judgment, 82, 86–7 as a datum, 58, 211 and disjunctive judgment, 113, 114, 115 as individual, 67–72, 80 and inference, 168, 170–1 and judgments of probability, 123 and modal judgments, 121–2 and negative judgments, 107, 108, 111–14 and truth, 172, 173–4, 181, 183, 194–6 faith, Victorian crisis of, x, 2–6 feelings, 60, 62, 63, 217 See also experience, immediate Ferreira, P., xvi, 58, 211, 212, 218 Ferrier, J F., Feuerbach, L., 41 Fichte, J G., Fisch, M., 209 Flay, J., 209 form grammatical, x, 125 logical, x, 125 free will, Frege, G., 90, 210 functions, 155, 218 geology, Gilchrist, J., xvii Index Gillispie, G C., 207 God, 3, 5, 9, 11, 134 Gram, M S., 64 Gratton-Guiness, I., 208 Green, T H on J Caird, 21 on Christianity, 19–20 on empiricism, 16, 50–1, 59–60, 67 on the good, 19 on Hegel, 17, 18–20, 21, 23, 24 on Hume, 16, 51, 59–61, 140 idealism of, x–xi, 15–22 on identity, 51 on judgment, 16, 50–2, 55, 81 on Kant, 16, 17–18, 20 on Locke, 50–1 on logic, 32, 131, 148 on meaning, 211 mentioned, 2, 7, 11, 44, 47, 66, 140, 207–8 on morality, 18–19 on relations, x, 16, 17, 18 on the role of philosophy, on science, 142 on the spiritual principle, 17–20 Griffin, N., xvii, 209, 214 Grote, George, Grote, John, ground, positive, 107, 109–10, 111, 113 Haack, S., 219 Haight, A J., xvii Hal`evy, E., 2–3 Hamilton, E., 22 Hamilton, W., 5, 22, 30, 208, 211, 218 on logic, 29–30, 208 harmoniousness, 178, 179–80 Hausser, M., xvii Heath, P., 208 Hegel, G W F Bradley on, 26–7 British reception of, 6–15 on categorical syllogisms, 138–9 on categories, 8, 39–41, 134 on disjunctive judgment, 104 on individuality, 135 on inference, xiii, 129–30, 133–9 on judgment, 135, 138 on logic, xi, 39–41 mentioned, x, xi, 1, 16, 20, 33, 44, 131, 143, 146, 151, 154, 155, 157, 165, 207, 208, 209 on particularity, 135 philosophy of nature, 10 on the problem of inference, 137–9 237 on qualitative syllogisms, 135–7 on reason, 37–41, 47, 118–19, 120 on reflective syllogisms, 135 secret of, on syllogisms of necessity, 135, 138 on system, 118–19 on truth, 173 on universality, 135 Herbart, J F on judgment and fact, 66, 67–72 on logic, 44 mentioned, 74, 77, 81 school of, 210 Herschel, J W F., 31 higher criticism, x, 3, 16 idealistic responses to, 9, 12–13, 15, 19 see also Bible, The Himmelfarb, G., Hintikka, J., 78–80 Hochberg, H., 59 Holdcroft, D., 211 holism, 165 Horn, L R., 215 Houlgate, S., 209 Hume, D., 7, 97, 168, 210, 211 Husserl, E., 210 Huxley, L., 211 Huxley, T H., 59–65, 99, 177 on Hume, 57–9, 60, 99 Hylton, P., 20, 208, 212, 221 idea empiricist account of, 16 floating, 55–7, 107, 109, 121, 156, 158 psychological, 52–3 see also content, ideal ideal construction See construction, ideal ideal experiment, 110–11 identity in association, 159–60 Axiom of, xiv, 155, 161–3, 164, 171 as condition of inference, 153 in difference, 76, 145 idea of, 50–1 in ideal construction, 93–4, 214 in object of inference, 157, 164 in reflective syllogisms, 137 substitutivity of, 77–9 synthesis of, 152–3, 155 see also thought Individuation, Law of See association, laws of immortality, implication, 143 impressions See sensations individual, 67–8, 69, 78, 79–81 induction, 31, 140–2, 143, 145–7 238 Index inference characterization of, 152, 153, 155 conditional judgment as, xii, xiii, 84–8, 101–2, 154–5, 164, 186–7 criteria for identifying, 151–2, 155 disjunctive, 111–12, 117–20, 215, 216 disjunctive judgment as, 112–14 judgment of probability as, 124 judgment of sense as, 93–4, 97 linear, 143 modal judgment as, 120–3 necessary conditions of, 153–4 negative judgment as, 105, 106, 110–12, 114 object of, 157–65 overview of, 26 palpable, 30 postulates of, 167 principles of, 152–3, 155–6 problem of, xiii–xiv, 47–8, 128–33, 149, 151, 165, 205 solution to problem of, 164–5 soundness of, 126–7 validity of, 126–7, 150–1, 165–72 see also syllogism intension and extension, 76–81 Internal Diversity Argument, 177 See also relations James, W., 192, 193–4 Jennings, R E., 113, 114 Jevons, W S and Boole, 30 Bradley on, 30, 218 on disjunction, 116 mentioned, 29, 77, 154, 208 Joachim, H H., 175, 200–2, 203, 214, 218, 221 Jones, E E C., 22 Jones, H.,, 208 Joseph, H W B., 106, 213 Jowett, B., 11, 15, 207 judgment affirmative, 106, 107, 108 analytic, of sense, 91, 92, 94–101 apodictic See judgment, modal assertoric See judgment, modal categorical, xii, 71–2, 103, 120–1, 184 categorical, singular, 88–9, 91–101, 184–6 categorical, universal, 88–91, 94, 101 collective, 101, 213 conditional, xii, 68, 71–3, 83–102, 103, 105–6, 113, 114, 120–6, 154–5, 164–5, 170, 183–4, 186–7 conditioned, 102 definition of, 49–50 disjunctive, xii–xiii, 85, 104, 111–20, 123–5, 126 existential, 73 hypothetical See judgment, conditional levels of analysis of, 105–6 mental act in, 52, 54–7 modal, xii, 104, 120–3, 125, 182–3 negative, xii–xiii, 104–12, 125–6, 158, 178 one idea in, 57–66 overview, xi–xiii, 25–6 of probability, xii, 104, 120, 123–4, 125 problematic See judgment, modal quantity of, 120 logical subject of, 76, 80 reference to reality, x, xi–xii, 28, 56, 66, 73–6 See also reference, objective synthetic, of sense, 91, 92–4 system of, 103, 125–6 unnamed, of sense, 91–2, 94 Kaplan, D., 74 Kant, I and British idealism, 43 British reception of, on categories, 8, 33, 39, 40–1, 43, 134 on conditions, 34 on disjunction, 116–18 on ideas, 34–7 on inference, 35–6, 209 on judgment, 8, 33, 120, 209 on logic, xi, 29 on principles, 35–6 on reason, 32–7, 116–18, 120, 209 on system, 34–5, 116–18, 165–6 on the unconditioned, 34, 116–17 mentioned, x, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 41, 44, 47, 55, 91, 127, 134, 135, 136, 208 Keene, C A., 221 Kepler, J., 141 Keynes, J N., 213 Kneale, M., 208, 216 Kneale, W., 208, 216 Kăohnke, K C., 209 Lambert, K., 218 law (of nature), 86–7 Lazarus, M., 29, 44, 208, 210 Leibniz, G W., 44, 103, 162 Levine, J., 186, 220 Levy, S., xvii Lewis, C I., 208 Lewis, D., 213, 220 Locke, J., 128, 172, 214 mentioned, 17, 67, 98, 140 logic, subject matter of, 25, 26–8 logic, transcendental, 32, 37–8, 39, 43 Index logical form See form, logical Long, E T., 207 Lotze, H British reception of, 21–2 and Hegel, 42–3 metaphysics of, 22, 208, 209–10 on reason, 41–3, 47, 120 on relation, 209 on thought and reality, xi on validity, 166 mentioned, 15, 28, 29, 33, 38, 44, 89, 208, 217 Macaulay, T B., MacNiven, D., xvi, 218 Mandelbaum, M., xv Mander, W J., xvi, 59, 177, 207 Mansel, H L., 208 Manser, A., xvi, 182, 212, 215, 220 Marx, K., 41 Masson, D., materialism, 14–15 McCarthy, T., xv McTaggart, J M E., 21, 217 meaning, xi, 52–4 Meinong, A., 200 Merz, J T., 39, 43 Mill, J., 217 Mill, J S Bradley’s criticisms of, 26, 83–4 on conditional propositions, 82–4, 85, 88 on feelings, 217 on inference, xiii, 128–9, 152, 156 on logic, 31–2, 209 naturalism of, 140 on the problem of inference, 131–3 on propositions, 31, 82–3, 211, 212, 215 on religion, on scientific method, 30 mentioned, x, 4, 48, 127, 131, 137, 151, 154, 157 modality See judgments, modal modus ponendo tollens See inference, disjunctive modus tollendo ponens See inference, disjunctive Moore, G E., ix, 197–9, 200 on existence, 198 on judgment, 197–8 motive, 19 Muirhead, J H., 7, 207 Mure, G R G., 138 negation, 27 See also judgment, negative Nettleship, R L., 22 Ni, Peimin, xvii 239 objectivity, 166–7, 218 Olson, K R., 211 O’Neill, K., xv “or,” exclusive, 112, 114–19 Paley, William, Passmore, J., 220 Peirce, C S., 210 personal idealism, 21 philosophy of experience, 214 See also empiricism Pinkard, T., 40, 209 Plato, 7, 11 pluralism, 197, 199, 203 political economy, 10 popular view, the, 67 pragmatism, xiv–xv, 193–4, 221 predication, 55, 211 principle of Indifference, 124 logical, 120, 150–1 unnamed, 161 probability, classical, 123–4 See also judgments, of probability pronouns, demonstrative, 73–5 propositions, 198, 199–200 psychologism, x, 44–5 Putnam, H., 191 Quiller-Couch, A., 150 Quine, W V O., 120, 190–1, 220 Quinton, A., 15, 208 Rabin, P., 221 Ramsey, F P., 82, 83, 86, 88, 176, 213 realism, 199, 201, 202 reality, 106 commonsense conception of, 168, 169, 172 as complete, 180–1, 188 criterion of, 177, 180, 192–3 degrees of, 188 as experience, 178 special, 108–9, 112–13 see also thought and reality reason objective conception of, 36–41, 43 regulative conception of, 36–8, 41–3 Redintegration, Law of See association, laws of reference, objective, 51–2, 77–81 See also judgment, reference to reality reflection, levels of, 107–9 relations empiricist views of, 98, 99 unreality of, 59–66, 98–9, 177 Rescher, N., 211 240 Resnik, M D., 210 Richter, M., 207 Rorty, R., xv, 220 Ruskin, J., Russell, B on Bradley, 103–4 correspondence with Bradley, 199–200 on degrees of truth, 175 on extensions, 90, 212 on judgment, 202–3 mentioned, ix, xiv, 89, 203, 214, 219 on relations, 63, 202 on truth, xv, 192, 197, 199–1, 202–3 Rydell, R., xvii Schacht, R., xv Schelling, F W J., Schiller, F C S., 192, 193, 194, 196 Schmitt, F., xv Schneewind, J B., 210 school of experience, 214 See also empiricism Schuppe, E J W., 28 Scottish philosophy, 1, 5–6 See also Hamilton, W Scripture, scholarly study of See higher criticism self-consciousness, 17, 18 self-development, 156–65, 167–8 Sellars, W., 59, 210 sensations, 16 Seth [Pringle-Pattison], A 21 Shaw, M., xvii Sidgwick, H., 21, 24, 49, 67, 210 Sievers, K H., 194 Sigwart, C Bradley’s debt to, 29, 47, 91 on ideas, 45, 46 on judgment, 44, 45–7 mentioned, xi, 28, 208, 211, 213 psychologism, of, 44–5, 210 Skorupski, J., 216, 219 Sluga, H., 166 Smith, N K., 209 Spencer, H., 63, 212 Sprigge, T L S., xvi, 162, 170, 211, 221 Spurgeon, C., Stalnaker, R C., 213, 220 Steinthal, H., 29, 44, 208, 210 Stenner, A J., 213 Stirling, A H., 207 Stirling, J H., x, 2, 6–12, 119, 207 on Kant, 7–9 mentioned, 15, 220 Index Stock, G., xvi, 178, 212, 213, 215, 220 Stormer, G., 207 Stout, G F., 54, 193, 203, 210, 214 Strawson, P., 74 Sturt, H., 212 superinduction See colligation supposal, 86 syllogism, 30 See also inference Sylva, W., xvii synthesis, xiv, 152–3, 155, 160–1, 164 system, 157, 164–5, 205 of judgments, xiii, 112, 173 Tarski, A., 175, 219 Taylor, A E., 220 Taylor, C., 38 Tennyson, A., 4–5 Tessin, T., xv Thackeray, W M., 144 Thomas, G., 208, 217 Thomson, W., 208 thought as discursive, 169–70 as subject matter of logic, 22–3 thought and reality in Appearance and Reality, x, xiv, 176–7, 178–81, 205 Bosanquet on, 140, 145 J Caird on, 15 Green on, x–xi, 20–1 in Hegel, 104, 129, 133, 134, 139 Lotze on, 22 in The Principles of Logic, xiv, 24, 126, 127, 149, 150–1, 168–72 Tich´y , P., 213 Trendelenburg, 28 Trevelyan, G O., truth coherence theory of, 201–2, 204 copy theory of, 67–9, 73, 95–100, 194, 196, 205 See also truth, correspondence theory of correspondence theory of, x, xiv, 95–9, 172–4, 202–3, 214 See also truth, copy theory of criterion of, 36, 201, 202, 203, 204–5 criterion of degree of, 183–7, 190, 191 degrees of, 102, 104, 125, 175–6, 182–92 identity theory of, xv, 181–2, 196–7, 204–5 necessary, 141–3, 144 and necessary existence, 103 Ueberweg, F., 28, 210 Ulrici, H., 28 Index uniqueness, 69–70, 72, 75, 79–81 See also individual universal, 67–8, 70–1, 153–4, 170–1 concrete, 145, 153–4 validity, senses of, 166–8 See also inference, validity of Van Evra, J., 208 Walker, R C S., 219, 221 Wallace, W., 2, 11, 12–13, 15, 207 Walsh, W H., 208 Wang, Q., xvii Webb, C C J., 3–4 Wengert, R., xv Wesley, J., Wessell, T., xvii Whately, R., 89, 132, 208, 213 Whewell, W., 30–1, 140–3, 209 mentioned, 32 Whitefield, G., Willey, T E., 209 Willis, K., 207 Wilson, F., 218 Winch, P., xv Wollheim, R., 52, 54 Wordsworth, W., Wundt., W M., 208 Wyclif, J., 15 Young, G M., 241 ... The Logical Foundations of Bradley’s Metaphysics Judgment, Inference, and Truth This book is a major contribution to the study of the philosopher F H Bradley, the most influential member of the. .. generated a debate about the nature of truth and thereby created a new problem of philosophy, the problem of the nature of truth By developing his metaphysics from his theory of judgment, Bradley showed... study of Scripture challenged the evangelical belief in the literal truth of the Bible This attack, too, was a result of the The Logical Foundations of Bradley’s Metaphysics success of the natural