052184617X cambridge university press the european convention on human rights achievements problems and prospects jan 2007

This page intentionally left blank THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS This book critically appraises the European Convention on Human Rights as it faces some daunting challenges It argues that the Convention’s core functions have subtly changed, particularly since the ending of the Cold War, and that these are now to articulate an ‘abstract constitutional model’ for the entire continent and to promote convergence in the operation of public institutions at every level of governance The implications À from national compliance to European international relations, including the adjudication of disputes by the European Court of Human Rights À are fully explored As the first book-length socio-legal examination of the Convention’s principal achievements and failures, this study not only blends legal and social science scholarship around the theme of constitutionalization, but also offers a coherent set of policy proposals which both address the current case-management crisis and suggest ways forward neglected by recent reforms S T E V E N G R E E R is Professor of Human Rights at the School of Law, University of Bristol He has published widely and has also acted as consultant to various organizations, including the Council of Europe CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN EUROPEAN LAW AND POLICY This series aims to produce original works which contain a critical analysis of the state of the law in particular areas of European law and set out different perspectives and suggestions for its future development It also aims to encourage a range of work on law, legal institutions and legal phenomena in Europe, including ‘Law in context’ approaches The titles in the series will be of interest to academics; policymakers; policy formers who are interested in European legal, commercial, and political affairs; practising lawyers including the judiciary; and advanced law students and researchers Joint Editors Professor Dr Laurence Gormley Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands Professor Jo Shaw University of Edinburgh Editorial advisory board Professor Richard Bellamy, University of Reading; Ms Catherine Barnard, University of Cambridge; Professor Marise Cremona, Queen Mary College, University of London; Professor Alan Dashwood, University of Cambridge; Professor Dr Jacqueline Dutheil de la Roche`re, Universite´ de Paris II, Director of the Centre de Droit Europe´en, France; Dr Andrew Drzemczewski, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France; Sir David Edward KCMG, QC, former Judge, Court of Justice of the European Communities, Luxembourg; Professor Dr Walter Baron van Gerven, Emeritus Professor, Leuven & Maastricht and former Advocate General, Court of Justice of the European Communities; Professor Daniel Halberstam, University of Michigan, USA; Professor Dr Ingolf Pernice, Director of the Walter Hallstein Institut, Humboldt Universitaăt, Berlin; Michel Petite, Director General of the Legal Service, Commission of the European Communities, Bruxelles; Professor Dr Sinisa Rodin, University of Zagreb; Professor Neil Walker, University of Aberdeen and EUI, Fiesole Books in the series EU Enlargement and the Constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe Anneli Albi Social Rights and Market Freedom in the European Economic Constitution A Labour Law Perspective Stefano Giubboni The Constitution for Europe A Legal Analysis Jean-Claude Piris The European Convention on Human Rights Steven Greer THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Achievements, Problems and Prospects STEVEN GREER CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521846172 © Steven Greer 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-511-27003-1 eBook (NetLibrary) 0-511-27003-8 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-521-84617-2 hardback 0-521-84617-X hardback ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-521-60859-6 paperback 0-521-60859-7 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate To my parents, Crawford and Marie Greer CONTENTS List of figures page ix List of tables Foreword Preface xi xiii xv The First Half Century Introduction Human rights, liberalism and internationalism The mere shadow of a union A not unsatisfactory agreement 17 Inter-state complaints 24 Enlargement 28 Minority rights 30 Individual applications: 1955À2005 33 The Convention and the European Union 47 Conclusion 55 Convention Compliance 60 Introduction 60 Assessing national Convention compliance 61 Explaining patterns of Convention violation in western Europe 78 The Convention in central and eastern Europe 105 Conclusion 131 The Applications and Enforcement of Judgment Processes 136 Introduction 136 The individual applications process 137 vii viii CONTENTS Supervising execution of judgments 155 ‘Individual’ or ‘constitutional’ justice? 165 Enhancing the Court’s constitutional mission Conclusion 189 174 The Method of Adjudication 193 Introduction 193 Primary constitutional principles 195 Secondary constitutional principles 213 Conclusion 226 The Jurisprudence 231 Introduction 231 Articles 3, and 7(1) 232 Articles 2(2) and 15 241 Articles and 248 Article 2(1) 255 Articles 8À11 257 Article of Protocol No 274 Conclusion 276 Improving Compliance 278 Introduction 278 Increasing compliance pressures from domestic legal systems 279 Towards a European Fair Trials Commission 282 The Role of Human Rights Institutions 289 Conclusion 313 Conclusion 316 Achievements and problems Prospects 321 Bibliography Index 359 327 316 BIBLIOGRAPHY 351 Ress, G., The Effect of Decisions and Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in the Domestic Legal Order, Texas International Law Journal 40 (2005), 359À382 Risse, T., Ropp, S C., and Sikkink, K (eds.), The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) Robertson, H., The Council of Europe: Its Structure, Functions and Achievements (London: Stevens & Sons, 2nd edn., 1961) Rodger, A., The Future of the European Court of Human Rights: Symposium at the University of Graz, Human Rights Law Journal 24 (2003), 149À151 Rogowski, R., and Gawron, T., Constitutional Litigation as Dispute Processing: Comparing the U.S Supreme Court and the German Federal Constitutional Court In Ragowski, R., and Gawron, T (eds.), Constitutional Courts in Comparison: The US Supreme Court and the German Federal Constitutional Court (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2002), pp 1À21 Rosas, A., Finland In Blackburn, R., and Polakiewicz, J (eds.), Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States, 1950À2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp 289À312 Rules adopted by the Committee of Ministers for the application of Article 46, paragraph 2, of the European Convention on Human Rights, text approved by the Committee of Ministers on 10 January 2001 at the 736th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies Rumford, C., Resisting Globalization? 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Polakiewicz, J (eds.), Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States, 1950À2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp 335À354 Zuărn, M., Introduction: Law and Compliance at different levels In Zuărn, M., and Joerges, C (eds.), Law and Governance in Postnational Europe: Compliance Beyond the Nation-State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp 139 Zuărn, M., and Neyer, J., Conclusions the conditions of compliance In Zuărn, M., and Joerges, C (eds.), Law and Governance in Postnational Europe: Compliance Beyond the Nation-State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp 183À217 Zwaak, L F., Netherlands In Blackburn, R., and Polakiewicz, J (eds.), Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States, 1950À2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp 595À624 INDEX Absolute rights, 233 Abstract constitutional identity, 171 Adjudication method, 193–5, 226 Administrative courts, 92, 93 Admissibility of applications to European Court of Human Rights, 14, 42, 142–55, 168 Advisory jurisdiction, 175–6 African human rights treaty, Albania, 108, 110 Alternative Dispute Resolution, 47 America, 1, See also United States of America (USA) American Declaration of Independence, Amnesty International, 136 Andorra, 78–81 Anti-Slavery Act, Arab human rights treaty, Arbitrary arrest, 276 Armenia, 110 Article 2, 241–4, 255–8, 276, 324 Article 3, 232–7, 240 Article 4, 232–3, 237–9, 248, 276 Article 5, 240, 248–51, 256, 276 Article 6, 248, 251–4, 256, 276, 286, 325 Article 7, 232–3, 239–40 Article 8, 230, 240, 257–61, 263 Article 9, 257–9 Article 10, 230, 257–9, 266, 271, 272 Article 11, 230, 257–9, 268 Article 12, 21 Article 13, 87, 261, 263, 281 Article 14, 220–222 Article 15, 241, 244–8, 276 Asian Legal Resources Centre, 297 Australia, 51 Austria, 27, 94 Authoritarian democracy, 320 Authoritarianism, 3, 20, 57, 130, 170, 200, 301, 317 Autonomous/dynamic evolutive interpretation, 213–228 Azerbaijan, 110 BA See British Airways (BA) Balancing, 203–13, 227, 236 Basic Law (Germany), 188 BATA See British Air Transport Association (BATA) Belarus, 107, 110 Belgian Linguistics case, 221 Belgium, 15, 86 Bentham, Jeremy, Bevin, Ernest, 13 Blasphemy, 271, 272 Brannigan and McBride v United Kingdom, 246 British Air Transport Association (BATA), 260 British Airways (BA), 260 British Labour government, 13 Brogan v United Kingdom, 251 Broniowski v Poland, 160 Brussels Treaty for Economic Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Defense, 14, 16 Bulgaria, 116, 120 359 360 INDEX Bulletin of Constitutional Case-Law, 288 Bundesverfassungsgericht, 181 Burden of proof, 211, 220 Burke, Edmond, Canadian Human Rights Commission, 300, 308 Capital punishment, 130 Case load management, 186 CDDH See Comite´ Directeur pour les Droits de L’Homme/Steering Committee for Human Rights Chambers of the European Court of Human Rights, 153, 154 Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU), 51, 52 Chechen wars, 130 Churchill Winston, 13, 14 CIS See Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Citizenship, 113 Civil law, 19 Civil rights, 50 Civil society, 37 Closer unity principle, 16 Cold War, 1, 20, 28, 30, 46, 57, 170, 292 Comite´ Directeur por les Droits de L’Homme Steering Committee for Human Rights (CDDH), 43, 51, 141, 158, 161, 162, 164–6 Commission for Equality and Human Rights (UK), 301 Committee for Legal Matters and Human Rights of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 161 Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, 51, 152, 159, 162 Commonality principle, 213–14 Common heritage principle, 15 Common law, 19 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 110, 111 Communism, 13, 30, 117 Competing rights, 266–74 Compliance, 158, 278–315 Compulsory labour, 238–9 Constitutional Court for Europe, 46, 190 Constitutional courts, 26, 45, 48, 88, 90, 98, 104, 105, 107, 112–16, 121, 125, 128, 129, 148, 167, 169, 173, 181–92, 203, 211, 212, 279, 281, 287, 312, 317, 323 Constitutional framework for Convention, 172 Constitutional interpretation, 194 Constitutionalization, Constitutional judgments, 165 Constitutional justice, 165–7, 169–74 Consultative Commission on Human Rights, France, Convention compliance, 60–131, 174, 321, 322 Convention litigation, 218 Convention rights, 215, 217, 218, 220, 225–7, 229, 241 Convention’s constitutional principles, 208, 210, 233, 243, 257 Convention’s democracy principle, 205, 246 Convention system, 59, 145, 166, 173, 192, 320, 321 Convention violations, 78–105, 132, 134, 190 Council of Europe, 15, 46, 47, 54, 91, 108, 110, 116, 128, 131, 137, 140, 238–9, 278, 286, 303, 322 Criminal cases, 219 Criminal trials, 253 Croatia, 70, 105–31 Cyprus, 27, 45 Czech Republic, 110, 119 Darwinism, Death penalty, 107 De Becker v Belgium, 36 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (France), 4, 5, 56 Defective democracies, 110 Defense from unlawful violence, 241 Democracy principle, 15, 199–200, 229 Democracy privileging model, 205 Democratic society, 199, 269 Democratization, 109, 110 INDEX Denmark, 15, 84, 86, 88 Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands v Greece, 26 Denmark v Turkey, 26 Domestic legal systems, 279–82 Domestic violations legal and political costs, 313 Doorson v Netherlands, 254 Draft legislation, 83, 85 Dudgeon v United Kingdom, 214, 264 Due process, 201 East Central Europe (ECE), 110 EC See European Community (EC) ECE See East Central Europe (ECE) ECHR See European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ECJ See European Court of Justice (ECJ) Economic and social progress principle, 15 ECPT See European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (ECPT) EEC See European Economic Community (EEC) Enforcement of judgments, process, 136–92 Enhorn v Sweden, 201, 249 Estonia, 110, 119 EU See European Union (EU) Europe, 1, 3, 23, 24, 30, 31, 46, 51, 55, 74, 79, 81, 105–32, 200 European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, 47 European Coal and Steel Community, 47 European Commission of Human Rights, 21, 25, 37, 47, 50, 92, 270, 309, 310, 315 European Community (EC), 48, 54, 177 European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (ECPT), 283–6 361 European Convention on Human Rights, 1, 2, 4, 15–17, 21, 32, 33, 47, 48, 50, 55, 57, 65, 69, 82, 83, 103, 105–31, 170, 179, 197, 202, 211, 223, 231, 281, 305, 306, 316 European Court of Human Rights, 21, 25, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 54, 73–5, 77, 84, 101, 105, 116, 118, 122, 148, 168, 174–6, 179, 180, 182, 216, 226, 253, 258, 269, 278–315, 317, 318, 321–4 European Court of Justice (ECJ), 48, 50, 149, 176–80 European Economic Community/ European Communities (EEC/EC), 47, 48 European Fair Trials Commission, 282–9, 313, 325 European Ministerial Conference on Human Rights, 48 European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, 52 European Parliament, 53 European Social Charter 1961, 17 European Union (EU), 1, 32, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 68, 95, 180, 312, 326 Evidential burden, 219 Explanatory Report to Protocol 14 (ECHR), 49, 144, 147, 150, 163 Fair trial, 4, 21, 27, 40, 54, 65, 66, 72, 74, 80, 93, 103, 105, 116, 161, 197, 199, 200, 210, 248, 251–4, 278, 282–9, 313, 325 Fascism, 30 Federalism, 173 Feudalism, 15 Finland, 86 First World War, 53 Forced labour, 238–9 Four Freedoms, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 1995, 17, 31 France, 15, 52, 80, 87, 91–3, 103, 238 France, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands v Turkey, 26 Freedom House Democracy Index, 61 362 INDEX Freedom league, 111 Freedom of expression, 272, 266–274 Freedom of thought, conscience and religion, 233, 266–274 French Consultative Commission on Human Rights, 304 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 19, 56 French law, 319 French Revolution, 15 Fundamental Rights Agency (EU), 289 Georgia, 110, 117, 134 German Federal Constitutional Court, 183, 184, 186–8, 191, 323 Germany, 13, 14, 21, 68, 69, 77, 79–81, 84–6, 88, 89, 94, 103, 202, 249, 321 Glendon, Mary Ann, 10 Glimmerveen and HagenBeek v Netherlands, 198 Global labour mobility, Golder v United Kingdom, 196 Goodwin v United Kingdom, 202 Grand Chamber, 154, 163, 263 Greece, 26, 27, 77, 79, 81, 84, 88, 90, 202, 222, 244, 245, 249 Greece v United Kingdom, 222 Hatton v United Kingdom, 258, 260, 277 Helsinki Final Act of 1975, 106 Hirst v United Kingdom, 217 Hoare, Samuel, 19 Human rights, 1–17, 19, 23–5, 28–30, 33–4, 36–41, 47, 52, 53, 55, 57, 61–8, 70, 71, 73, 101, 113, 114, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126, 171, 173, 196, 223, 225, 283, 284, 289–95, 298, 301–15 Human Rights Act Research Project, 89 Human Rights Commission, UK (Commission for Equality and Human Rights), 301 Human Rights Watch, 300 Hungary, 29, 113, 116, 119–21 Iceland, Ideational models of international relations, 23 Illiberal or defective democracies, 110 Implied limitations to rights, 197 Implied rights, 197 Individual applications process, 28, 48, 137–8, 142 Individual justice, 165–9, 188, 316, 318, 319 Institutionalist theories of international relations, 64 Interethnic violence, 31 International Bill of Rights, 89 International Council on Human Rights Policy, 294, 297 International human rights, 1, 22, 220, 292 International Labour Organization, 239 Interpretation evolutive dynamic, 213–14 Interpretive principles, 193–230 Interstate applications process, 28, 317 Iraq, 20 Ireland, 84, 86, 88, 245 Islamism, 200 Italy, 27, 80, 103, 104 Jebb Gladwyn, 15 Judges, 139–40 Judicial discretion, 274 Judicial restraint, 214 Juncker Jean-Claude, 53 Kalashnikov v Russia, 235 Kelly v United Kingdom, 243 Kerr Brian, 262 Kokkinakis v Greece, 202 Kostovski v Netherlands, 252 Krocher and Moller v Switzerland, 235 Kudla v Poland, 250 Latvia, 70, 110, 119 Lawless v Ireland, 145, 244 League of Nations, Liberal democracies, 110 INDEX Liberalism, 2–17 Liberalist theories of international relations, 64 Lithuania, 110, 119, 121 Luxembourg, 15 Mahoney, Paul, 39, 74, 185 Malone v United Kingdom, 203 Marcks v Belgium, 159 Margin of appreciation, 73, 98, 194, 198, 213, 216–20, 222–30, 243, 245, 247, 252, 257, 260, 262–4, 266, 268, 269, 271, 273, 275, 323–5 Marxist view of human rights, 11 M-AV v France, 235 McCann v United Kingdom, 242, 243 Media independence, 108 Mill John Stewart, Minority protection, 105–31 Minority rights, 30–3, 58 Moldova, 107, 110 Monnet Jean, 47 National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs), 146, 191, 289, 291–303, 306, 308, 310 National security, 31, 54, 90, 96, 99, 197, 234, 253, 258 National Security Council (Turkey), 99 National violation rates, 76 Natural rights, 2, 3, 5, Netherlands, 52, 88 New Zealand, 51, 293, 308 NGO See Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) NHRI See National Human Rights Institutions Non-abuse of limitations, 197, 198 Non-abuse of rights, 197, 198 Non-discrimination, 220–2 Nongovernment organizations (NGOs), 43, 74, 168 Normative models of international relations, 36 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 14, 16 363 Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, 304 Norway, 15, 84 Ombudsmen, 32, 123, 293, 296, 298, 301–15 Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 16 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 273 Otto-Preminger-Institut v Austria, 266, 273 Paine Tom, Paris Principles for NHRIs, 293, 305, 314 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 43, 157, 161, 167 Peninsular War (1812), 14 Perez v France, 252 Permanent Court of International Justice, Phocas v France, 275 Poland, 29, 110, 112, 116, 119, 120, 122, 123 Political rights, 50 Politics of ideology, 24, 30 Portugal, 80, 88, 106 Positive obligations principle, 215–16 Post-war western Europe, 18 Preece, Jackson, Pretty v United Kingdom, 255 Primary constitutional principles, 195–213, 228 Principle of legality, 201–3 Principles of interpretation, 193–230 Priority principle, 203–13, 229, 231, 233, 252, 265, 268, 276, 324 Proportionality principle, 216–20 Protocol 1, 22, 199, 210, 224, 274–7, 325 Protocol 4, 22, 232, 258 Protocol 6, 22, 129 Protocol 7, 22, 248 Protocol 11, 21, 25, 44, 47, 48, 51, 154, 162 Protocol 12, 22, 221 364 INDEX Protocol 13, 22 Protocol 14, 46, 47, 54, 58, 71, 139, 140, 143, 144, 151, 164, 176 Public interests, 209, 258–65, 274 Rational instrumentalism, 72 Realist theories of international relations, 23, 64 Reconciling competing rights, 266–74 Red Cross, Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) Party v Turkey, 98, 219 Reference process, 180 Reformation, Regional human rights courts, 45 Registry, 35, 39 Religious criticism, 268 Republican liberalism, 24 Ress, Georg, 280 Restitutio in integrum principle, 155 Review principle, 216 Rights as trumps, 208 Rights principle, 197–8, 240, 324 Romania, 29, 110, 120, 125 Roosevelt Franklin D., Rowe and Davis v United Kingdom, 253 Russia 70, 106, 110, 128–30 See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Ryssdal, Rolv, 40, 71, 203 Sabuktekin v Turkey, 255 Sˇahin v Turkey, 97 Scandinavian democracies, 94 Schumann Robert, 47 Secondary constitutional principles, 213–226, 228, 324 Second World War, 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 30, 31, 183, 317 SEE See South East Europe Selmouni v France, 234 Serbia, 20 Slavery, 21 Slovakia, 110 Slovenia, 107, 110, 119–21 Social contract, Socioeconomic rights, 115 Soering v United Kingdom, 198, 234 South African Human Rights Commission, 309 South East Europe (SEE), 110 Soviet republics human rights treaty, Soviet Union, 13, 28, 55 See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Spain, 30, 106 Sporrong and Lonnroth v Sweden, 275 Standard of proof, 211 Steering Committee for Human Rights/ Comte´ Directeur pour les Droite´ de L’homme, 43, 51, 140, 141, 158, 161, 162, 164–6, 281, 302 Stewart v United Kingdom, 243 Strasbourg, 40, 231, 237, 266, 280 Subsidiary principle, 216 Suitability principle, 205 Supervising execution of judgment, 155–9 SW and CR v United Kingdom, 240 Sweden, 15, 84 Swedish Engine Drivers Union v Sweden, 221 Switzerland, 86 Taft William, 186 Teleological principle, 196 The Greek Case, 245 Treaty compliance, 66 Treaty of European Union Article 7, 53 Treaty of Nice 2001, 49 Trumps model, 207 Turkey, 28, 40, 80, 87, 90, 94–6, 99, 100, 285 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, 45 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 27 UK See United Kingdom Ukraine, 107, 110, 126, 134 UN See United Nations Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 13, 28, 55, 70, 106, 110, 128, 129 Unitary theory, 206 United Kingdom (UK), 15, 27, 49, 222, 247, 265, 271 INDEX United Nations (UN), 9, 10, 18, 106, 283 United States of America (USA), 1, 3, 4, 13, 67, 181–92, 323 Unity principle, 213 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN), 40, 56 USA See United States of America USSR See United of Soviet Socialist Republics Venice Commission, 107, 286, 287, 313 Vo v France, 256 Welfare rights, 51 West Germany, 14 Whitfield v United Kingdom, 252 Wildhaber Luzius xiii–xiv, 46, 48, 136, 169 Wingrove v United Kingdom, 270 Yugoslavia, 29, 47, 110, 111, 138 Van der Mussele v Belgium, 238 Van Droogenbroek v Belgium, 237 365 Zdanoka v Latvia, 199