PAST TENSES Tense IV SIMPLE PAST (quá khứ đơn) V PAST PROGRESSIVE (quá khứ tiếp diễn) VI PAST PERFECT (quá khứ hoàn thành) Form Examples E.g 1: Mary saw that film last night E.g 2: His uncle lived in Hanoi years ago Usages E.g 3: Dien Bien Phu battle happened in 1954 E.g4 She came in, took off her hat, and sat down E.g.5: I often went fishing when I was young E.g.6: I used to be afraid of dogs *Adverbs:………………… …………………………… …………………………… ……………………………… ……………………………… E.g 1: Tom was watching TV at this time last night I was reading book at last night E.g 2: The tourist lost his camera while he was traveling around the city E.g 3: While my mother was cooking, my father was fixing his car last night *Adverbs:……………………… ………………………………… ………………………………… ………………………………… E.g1: I had done all my homework before 4p.m yesterday E.g: When they arrived, we had gone to the movies The police came after the robber had gone away ………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… …………………………………… 1 Cách thành lập khứ động từ hợp quy tắc - Nếu động từ phụ âm, ta thêm 'ed" To return returned To help -helped - Nếu động từ tận "e" ta thêm "d" vào sau động từ To live lived To create created To die died - Nếu động từ đọc lên có âm tiết ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối thêm "ed" đứng tr ớc phụ âm cuối nguyên âm To hop hopped To rub rubbed - Tuy nhiên ta không gấp đôi phụ âm cuối phụ âm: w, x, y To bow bowed To mix mixed To play played - Đối với từ đọc lên có hai âm tiết tận phụ âm đứng trớc nguyên âm ta gấp đôi phụ âm từ đợc nhấn vào âm tiết thứ hai To prefer preferred ( ta nhÊn vào âm sau động từ) To visit visited ( ta nhấn vào âm đầu động từ ta không gấp đôi phụ âm "t" - Nếu động từ tận "y" đứng sau phụ âm, ta đổi "y" thành "i" thêm 'ed" To worry worried To carry carried - Nếu V tận 'y", đứng trớc nguyên âm ta thêm "ed" vào sau động từ mà không cần đổi "y" thành "i" To play played To annoy annoyed Supply the correct verb forms: (Simple past and Past Perfect tenses) They (go) ………………… home after they (finish)……………………….their work She said that she (already, see)………….…………….Dr Rice When we came to the stadium, the match (already, begin)………………………… They told me they (not, eat)……………………… such kind of food before He (ask)…………………… why we (come) ……………………so early After they had gone, I (sit)…………………down and (rest)…………………… Before she (watch)………………………… TV, she (do)……………………….her homework After taking a bath, he (go)…………… to bed Give the correct tenses of verbs in brackets: simple present or simple past He (practice)……………………….the piano every day John (write)…………… his report last night Guillermo (call)…………………… his employer yesterday It (not rain)…………………much in our country in winter John (hate)………………… smoke Tim (go)………………………… to France last year Lan (drink)……………… two bottles of water every day Mr and Mrs Ba (take)……………………… some beautiful photos a few days ago What …….you (do)…… last weekend? 10 Where ……you (spend)…… your summer holiday last year, Tam? GRAMMAR OF UNIT A.WH- QUESTIONS: ( Câu hỏi với từ để hỏi) Một số câu hỏi thường bắt đầu với từ để hỏi là: WHO, WHOSE, WHEN, WHERE, WHAT, WHY, WHICH, HOW, HOW MUCH, HOW MANY, HOW FAR, HOW HIGH, HOW LONG, I Question word used as subject: ( Từ hỏi dùng làm chủ ngữ) Loại câu hỏi nầy có cấu trúc sau: Question word + V + Eg: - Who answered the phone yesterday? - Where is he now? - What happened here yesterday? II Question words used as objects or modifiers: ( Từ hỏi dùng làm tân ngữ hay bổ ngữ) Cấu trúc thông thường loại câu hỏi nầy là: Question word + Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + ? Notes: Các trợ động từ thông thường là: ‘ be”, ‘ have”, ‘ do”, động từ khiếm khuyết ( Modals ) Eg: - What did you do? - Where are John and Bob staying now? - When will they leave for Saigon? - How long have they been staying here? - Who does she want to meet? - Why was she shouting at you? Khi ‘ Be” động từ câu hỏi, đặt trước chủ ngữ Eg: - What are these things? - Where is the supermarket? Nếu có nhiều trợ động từ, ta đặt trợ động từ trước chủ ngữ Eg: - How long will the film have been made? - Why hasn’t the contract been signed yet? B INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS I.Gerunds: As subject: e.g Reading French is easier than speaking it Collecting stamps is my hobby Verbs + V-ing avoid (tránh), admit (thừa nhận), advise (khuyên nhủ), consider (xem xét), delay (trì hỗn), deny (từ chối), discuss (thảo luận), dislike (khơng thích), enjoy (thích), finish (hồn thành), keep (tiếp tục), mention (đề cập), mind (phiền , ngại), miss (nhớ , bỏ lỡ), postpone (trì hỗn), practice (luyện tập), quit (nghỉ, thơi), recommend (nhắc nhở), suggest (đề nghị), understand (hiểu)… + can’t help (ko thể tránh / nhịn ) + can’t stand ( ko thể chịu đựng đc ) + can’t bear ( ko thể chịu đựng đc ) + It is no use / It is no good ( vô ích ) + would you mind (có làm phiền ko) + to be used to ( quen với ) + to be / get accustomed to (dần quen với ) + to be busy ( bận rộn ) + to be worth ( xứng đáng ) + to look forward to (trông mong ) + to have difficulty / fun / trouble + to have a difficult time GO + V_ing: E.g go shopping; go fishing; go swimming… Verbs + Preposition + V_ing: + Approve of + depend on + object to + appologize for + dream of + rely on + believe in + give up + succeed in + care for + insist on + think of/ about + consist of + keep on + worry about …………… E.g Sue is thinking of selling his motorbike After preposition + V_ing When reducing a time clause (khi rút gọn mệnh đề thời gian) E.g: He continued to speak while walking down the path After leaving the house, he went to the restaurant II INFINITIVES: II.1 To- infinitives: as Subject E g: To act like this is childish Verbs + to-inf agree (đồng ý); arrange (sắp xếp); ask (hỏi, yêu cầu); beg (nài nỉ, van xin); decide (quyết định); demand (yêu cầu); deserve (xứng đáng); expect (mong đợi); fail (thất bại); hope (hi vọng); learn (học); manage (sắp xếp); mean (ý định); offer (đề nghị); plan (lên kế hoạch); prepare (chuẩn bị); pretend (giả vờ); promise (hứa); refuse (từ chối); seem (dường như); threaten (đe doạ ); volunteer (tình nguyện); wait (đợi); want (muốn); wish (mong)… Adjectives + to-inf Able, afraid, amused, annoyed, anxious, ashamed, boring, careful, certain, content, crazy, curious, dangerous, difficult, eager, easy, good, bad, glad, happy, lucky, (im)possible, ready, slow, sorry, thankful… After “what, where, when, why, which, how…” E g: I don’t know where to go and what to buy She asked me how to operate this lift Used to express purpose E.g: Laura has gone to town to some shopping Verbs + Object + to –inf advise (khuyên); allow(cho phép); ask (yêu cầu); beg (van xin); challenge (thách thức); convince (thuyết phục); encourage(khuyến khích); expect (mong đợi); forbid (cấm); force (buộc); hire (thuê); instruct (hướng dẫn); invite (mời); order (ra lệnh); permit (cho phép); persuade (thuyết phục); remind (nhắc nhở); require (đò hỏi); teach (dạy); tell(bảo); urge (thúc giục) ; want (muốn); warn (báo trước)… After: anything, anybody, something, someone, somebody, nothing… In some structures: - It + take + O + time + to-inf e.g It took me hours to this - S + V + enough + noun + to- inf E.g We have enough money to buy a new house - S + be + adj + enough + to-inf E.g She is old enough to ride a motorbike - S + be + too + adj + to-inf E.g The tea is too hot to drink - It + be + adj + (for O) + to- inf E.g It is necessary for us to study hard II.2 BARE INFINITIVE 1.After a modal verb: can, could, may, might, must, will, shall, should, … After “had better, would rather/ would sooner, rather than” E.g We’d better not be late I didn’t enjoy it I’d rather have stayed at home Let / help / make / have + S.O + V- ( bare infinitive ) E.g The man made me fill in the form I had my brother carry my suitcase After “except, but” (ngoại trừ) E.g: As for the housework, I everything except cook Notes: Một số động từ tri giác theo sau động từ nguyên mẫu V-ING ( xảy ) see watch smell notice observe hear feel taste E.g I saw them play football (toàn việc) I saw them playing football (1 phần việc) Get +O + to-V e.g I got my brother to carry my suitcase Một số động từ theo sau to-inf V-ing mà không khác nghĩa: start, begin, like, love, continue,… advise/ allow/ permit/ recommend + V-ing advise/ allow/ permit/ recommend + O + to-inf Một số đôngj từ theo sau to-inf V-ing với nghĩa khác *) remember/ forget +to V : nhớ/ quên việc phải làm e.g Did you remember to give the documents to Mr Brown? + V-ing: nhớ/ quên việc làm e.g I don’t remember meeting him before *)regret : + to V: tiếc(khi thông báo tin xấu….) e.g We regret to inform that you have failed + V-ing: hối tiếc, tiếc nuối việc làm khứ e.g.We regret wasting so much time when we were students *) Stop: + to V: ngừng việc để làm việc khác e.g We stopped to buy some food W have driven for days + V-ing: ngừng hẳn việc làm Smoking is harmful You should stop smoking *) Need: + to V: (mang nghĩa chủ động) e.g He needs to buy a computer + V-ing: (mang nghĩa bị động) The computer needs repairing *) Try: +to V: cố gắng làm e.g He has just lost his job He tries to find another one + V-ing: thử làm He tries giving up smoking but he cannot Exercise: I am looking forward to (see) ……………………… you He dreads (have) …………………… to retire I arranged (meet) ……………………… them here He urged us (work) ……………… … faster I wish (see) …………………… the manager It's no use ………………………… (wait) He warned her (not touch) …………………… … the wet paint Don't forget (lock) ……………….… the-door before (go) …………………… to bed My mother told me (not speak) ……………… … to anyone about it 10 I can't understand her (behave) ……………………… like that 11 He tried (explain) …………………… but she refused (listen)………………… … 12 I am prepared (wait) ……………….…… here all night if necessary 13 Would you mind (show) ……………….…… me how (work)………………… the lift? 14 After (walk) ………… … for three hours we stopped to let the others (catch up) ……………… with us 15 I am beginning (understand) ……………… what you mean 16 The boys like (play) ………………… games but hate (do) …………… …… lessons 17 I couldn't help (overhear)…………….…… what you said 18 He surprised us all by (go) …………… …… away without (say)…………… … 'Good-bye' 19 The government agreed (allow)……………………the refugees over the border 20 The customer officer refused (let)…………………him into the country 21 She decided (sit)……………………at the rear of the boat 22 They promised ( return)…………………the equipment they had borrowed 23 They threatened (deport)………………………her on the next flight 24 We have arranged (meet)……………………outside the school at 4.30 25 I’m sorry I meant (write)……………………to you, but I’ve been busy 26 Have you finished (fill)………………….in that form? 27 Have you ever consider (buy)…………………….a new house? 28 Would you mind (show)………….me your passport, sir? 29 They denied (enter)………………the country illegally 30 We suggested (go)……………….together to visit the museum 31 I really miss (play)………………….tennis 32 I like (cook)…………………., but I also enjoy meals out at restaurant 33 Remember (phone)…………………… me tomorrow 34 As you’re so tired, I don’t think you need (come)…………………… tonight 35 Have you ever stopped (wonder)……………………why she behaves like that? 36 Do try (make)…………less noise I’m learning 37 I regret (say)………that I won’t be able to come to the party 38 After two months without work, he regretted (leave)……………………his job at the bank 39 The teacher permits us (go)………………… out in a minute 40 Tell him (come)……… to see me at once ... time GO + V_ing: E.g go shopping; go fishing; go swimming… Verbs + Preposition + V_ing: + Approve of + depend on + object to + appologize for + dream of + rely on + believe in + give up + succeed... structures: - It + take + O + time + to-inf e.g It took me hours to this - S + V + enough + noun + to- inf E.g We have enough money to buy a new house - S + be + adj + enough + to-inf E.g She... + give up + succeed in + care for + insist on + think of/ about + consist of + keep on + worry about …………… E.g Sue is thinking of selling his motorbike After preposition + V_ing When reducing