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DK2447_title 10/18/04 8:57 AM Page WIND and EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BUNGALE S TARANATH Ph.D., S.E John A Martin & Associates, Inc Los Angeles, California MARCEL MARCEL DEKKER DEKKER NEW YORK CEE7.qxd 10/20/04 2:05 PM Page Civil and Environmental Engineering A Series of Reference Books and Textbooks Editor Michael D Meyer Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Preliminary Design of Bridges for Architects and Engineers, Michele Melaragno Concrete Formwork Systems, Awad S Hanna Multilayered Aquifer Systems: Fundamentals and Applications, Alexander H.-D Cheng Matrix Analysis of Structural Dynamics: Applications and Earthquake Engineering, Franklin Y Cheng Hazardous Gases Underground: Applications to Tunnel Engineering, Barry R Doyle Cold-Formed Steel Structures to the AISI Specification, Gregory J Hancock, Thomas M Murray, Duane S Ellifritt Fundamentals of Infrastructure Engineering: Civil Engineering Systems: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Patrick H McDonald Handbook of Pollution Control and Waste Minimization, Abbas Ghassemi Introduction to Approximate Solution Techniques, Numerical Modeling, and Finite Element Methods, Victor N Kaliakin 10 Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, V N S Murthy 11 Estimating Building Costs, Calin M Popescu, Kan Phaobunjong, Nuntapong Ovararin 12 Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Reuben H Karol 13 Multifunctional Cement-Based Materials, Deborah D L Chung 14 Reinforced Soil Engineering: Advances in Research and Practice, Hoe I Ling, Dov Leshchinsky, and Fumio Tatsuoka 15 Project Scheduling Handbook, Jonathan F Hutchings 16 Environmental Pollution Control Microbiology, Ross E McKinney 17 Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissipators, R M Khatsuria 18 Wind and Earthquake Resistant Buildings: Structural Analysis and Design, Bungale S Taranath Additional Volumes in Production DK2447_half 10/13/04 4:58 PM Page WIND and EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Cover design courtesy of Margaret Martin Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the author(s) nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book The material contained herein is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any specific situation Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 0-8247-5934-6 This book is printed on acid-free paper Headquarters Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Distribution and Customer Service Marcel Dekker, Cimarron Road, Monticello, New York 12701, U.S.A tel: 800-228-1160; fax: 845-796-1772 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Current printing (last digit): 10 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA This book is dedicated to my wife SAROJA without whose patience and devotion, this book would not be Acknowledgments I wish to express my sincere appreciation and thanks to the entire staff of John A Martin and Associates (JAMA), Los Angeles, CA for their help in this endeavor Special thanks are extended to John A Martin, Sr (Jack) and John A Martin, Jr (Trailer) for their support and encouragement during the preparation of this book Numerous JAMA engineers reviewed various portions of the manuscript and provided valuable comments In particular, I am indebted to Dr Roger Di Julio, Chapters and Ryan Wilkerson, Chapters and Kai Chen Tu, Chapter Kan B Patel, Chapter Louis Choi and Vernon Gong, Chapter Brett W Beekman, Ron Lee, and Filbert Apanay, Chapter Farro Tofighi, Chapters and Chuck G Whitaker, Chapter Additionally, the text had the privilege of review from the following individuals My sincere thanks to Dr Hussain Bhatia, Senior Structural Engineer, OSHPD, Sacramento, CA, Chapters and M V Ravindra, President, LeMessurier Consultants, Cambridge, MA, and Rao V Nunna, Structural Engineer, S B Barnes Associates, Chapter Kenneth B Wiesner, Principal (retired), LeMessurier Consultants, Cambridge, MA, Chapter Appreciation is acknowledged to the following JAMA individuals who were helpful to the author at one or more times during preparation of the manuscript: Margaret Martin for preparing artwork for the book cover Marvin F Mittelstaedt, Tony Galina, Richard Lubas, Murjani Oseguera, April Oseguera, and Nicholas Jesus Oseguera for their help in preparation of the artwork Andrew Besirof, Evita Santiago- Oseguera, Ron Lee, Hung C Lee, Chaoying Luo, and Walter Steimle, all of JAMA; Greg L Clapp of Martin and Peltyon; and Gary Chock of Martin and Chock; and Charles D Keyes of Martin and Martin, for providing photographs Ron M Tong, Robert Barker, Ahmad H Azad, Dr Farzad Naeim, Kal Benuska, Mike Baltay, Mark Day, Dan Pattapongse, and Eric D Brown for their general help Ivy Policar, Rima Roerish, Betty D Cooper, and Rosie Nyenke for typing parts of the manuscript Raul Oseguera, Andrew Gannon, Ferdinand Encarnacion, and Ignacio Morales for duplicating the manuscript v vi Acknowledgments Sincere thanks are extended to B J Clark and Brian Black, formerly of Marcel Dekker, for their guidance in preparation of the manuscript Edwin Shlemon, Associate Principal, ARUP, Los Angeles, CA, for reviewing the book proposal and making valuable suggestions Mark Johnson, International Code Council, for his help and encouragement Jan Fisher, Project Manager, Publication Services, Inc., and editor Jennifer Putman for their cooperation, help, and patience in transforming the manuscript into this book Srinivas Bhat, and S Venkatesh of Kruthi Computer Services, Bangalore, India, for their artwork suggestions Special thanks to my family: My daughter, Dr Anupama Taranath; son-in-law, Dr Rajesh Rao; and son, Abhiman Taranath, provided a great deal of help and support My sincere thanks to them Most deserving of special gratitude is my wife, Saroja My source of inspiration, she helped in all aspects of this venture—from manuscript’s inception to final proofreading Her companionship made the arduous task of writing this book a less formidable activity My profound admiration and appreciation are extended to her for unconditional love, encouragement, support, and devotion Without her patience and absolute commitment, this modest contribution to structural engineering could not have been made Preface The primary objective of this book is to disseminate information on the latest concepts, techniques, and design data to structural engineers engaged in the design of wind- and seismic-resistant buildings Integral to the book are recent advances in seismic design, particularly those related to buildings in zones of low and moderate seismicity These stipulations, reflected in the latest provisions of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7-02, International Building Code (IBC)-03, and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 5000, are likely to be adopted as a design standard by local code agencies There now exists the unprecedented possibility of a single standard becoming a basis for earthquake-resistant design virtually in the entire United States, as well as in other nations that base their codes on U.S practices By incorporating these and the latest provisions of American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-02, American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) 341-02, and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 356 and 350 series, this book equips designers with up-to-date information to execute safe designs, in accordance with the latest regulations Chapter presents methods of determining design wind loads using the provisions of ASCE 7-02, National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) 1995, and 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC) Wind-tunnel procedures are discussed, including analytical methods for determining along-wind and across-wind response Chapter discusses the seismic design of buildings, emphasizing their behavior under large inelastic cyclic deformations Design provisions of ASCE 7-02 (IBC-03, NFPA 5000) and UBC-97 that call for detailing requirements to assure seismic performance beyond the elastic range are discussed using static, dynamic, and time-history procedures The foregone design approach—in which the magnitude of seismic force and level of detailing were strictly a function of the structure’s location—is compared with the most recent provisions, in which these are not only a function of the structure’s location, but also of its use and occupancy, and the type of soil it rests upon This comparison will be particularly useful for engineers practicing in many seismically low- and moderate-risk areas of the United States, who previously did not have to deal with seismic design and detailing, but are now obligated to so Also explored are the seismic design of structural elements, nonstructural components, and equipment The chapter concludes with a review of structural dynamic theory The design of steel buildings for lateral loads is the subject of Chapter Traditional as well as modern bracing systems are discussed, including outrigger and belt truss systems that have become the workhorse of lateral bracing systems for super-tall buildings The lateral design of concentric and eccentric braced frames, moment frames with reduced beam section, and welded flange plate connections are discussed, using provisions of ASCE 341-02 and FEMA-350 as source documents Chapter addresses concrete structural systems such as flat slab frames, coupled shear walls, frame tubes, and exterior diagonal and bundled tubes Basic concepts of vii 888 special moment-resisting frames, 377–387 strength reduction factors, 370–371 transverse reinforcement, 368–369 continuous load path, 113–114 damage control features, 112–113 damping, 103–104 demands of earthquake motions, 106 diaphragms, 111, 113–114 ductility, 111–112 dynamic analysis, 114–131, 244–258 earthquake codes, provisions of, 100 eccentric braced frames (EBF), 324–335 effective, components of, 104–105 elements attached to buildings, response of, 106 examples dynamic analysis procedure, hand calculations, 212–220 static procedure, IBC 2003, 205–211 of facilities critical to postearthquake operations, 99–100 goals of, 99 irregular buildings, 107–108, 109 lateral-force resisting systems, 108–110 load path, 105–106 moment frames, 335–348 nonstructural components and equipment, 231–244 architectural components, 232–233 component behavior, 233–235 exterior ornaments and appendages, 233 UBC-97 provisions, 233–244 pile systems, 174 redundancy, 114, 132, 173 relative displacements, 174 response spectrum, 102 seismic and nonseismic design criteria compared, 364 soil, influence of, 102–103 special load considerations, 173–174 steel buildings, 307–348 concentric braced frames, 308–324 eccentric braced frames, 324–335 moment frames, 335–348 structural response, 105 time-history analysis, 128–131 Uniform Building Code (UBC)-97, 128–168 building irregularities, 132–136 building period T, 141 deformation compatibility, 151–155 design base shear V, 136–139 design example, static procedure, 158–165 drift limitations, 150–151 key ideas contained in, 132–133 Index LARUCP amendment to CBC drift limitations, 167 lateral force Fx , distribution of, 147–148 load combinations, 155–158 near source factors Na and Nv , 147 OSHPD and DSA seismic design requirements, 165–167 reliability/redundancy factor ρ, 132, 149–159 SEAOC Blue Book, 167–168 seismic coefficients Cv and Ca , 144–146 seismic dead load W, 142–144 seismic importance factor IE , 141 seismic source type A, B, and C, 147 seismic zone factor Z, 139–141 soil profile types, 146–147 story shear Vx and overturning moment Mx , 149 structural system coefficient R, 142 torsion, 149 Seismic design categories (SDCs), 170, 173, 175, 180–181, 203–205 Seismic force-resisting systems basic, 192–195 bearing wall, 202–203 building frame, 201 design coefficients and factors for moment-resisting frame, 202 dual, 201 interaction effects, 202 inverted pendulum, 201–202 shear wall frame-interactive, 201 Seismic ground motions, determination of, 531 Seismic importance factor IE , 141, 173, 176–177 Seismic isolation, 835–864 ASCE 7-02 design provisions, 841–864 design and construction review, 852 dynamic analysis, 850–852 equivalent lateral force procedure, 844–850 example: static procedure, 853–864 required tests for isolation systems, 852–853 base-isolated buildings, design concept of, 835, 836 elastomeric isolators, 839–840 mechanical properties of, 839–841 purpose of, 835 salient features of, 837–839 sliding isolators, 840–841 Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings, 499–583 alternate design philosophy, 501–502 Index building deformations, 504–505 code provisions for seismic upgrade, 502–504 code-sponsored design, 500–501 common deficiencies and upgrade methods, 505–527 clerestory, 523 concrete shear walls, 513–520 deep foundations, 525 diaphragms, 506–513 infilling of moment frames, 521 nonstructural elements, 525–527 open storefront, 523, 524 reinforced concrete moment frames, 521–522 reinforcing of steel-braced frames, 520–521 shallow foundations, 523–525 steel moment frames, 522–523 economic effects of, 499 FEMA-356, 527–559 fiber-reinforced polymer systems for strengthening concrete buildings, 560–561 illustrations of, 565–583 objectives, realization of, 499, 555 prime candidates for, 505 seismic strengthening details, 562–583 structural vs nonstructural damage, 499–500 Seismic source types, 147 Seismic strengthening strategies, 541–547, 549–553, 562–583 Seismic use group (SUG), 173, 175–176 Seismic zone factor Z, 139–141 Separation joints, 114 Shallow foundations, in seismic rehabilitation, 523–525 Shear lag phenomenon, 300–302 Shear racking component, 265–266 Shear reinforcement, concrete construction, 365, 367 Shear stress, 563 Shear wall–frame interacting systems composite buildings, 454–455 concrete construction, 354–356 seismic force resistance, 201 Shear walls, 105, 109–110 adding, 520 boundary elements, 388–389 composite, 449–450, 451, 465, 467–468 concrete, rehabilitation of, 513–520 coupling beams, 389–390 minimum web reinforcement, 387–388 precast concrete, 520 889 shear strength, increasing, 518–519 thickness, increasing, 514, 516–518 Simple pendulum damper, 803, 805–806 Singapore Treasury Building, 759–760, 761–762 Single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems, 115, 116–117, 120–122, 245–248 Skyscrapers, see Tall buildings Sliding isolators, 840, 841 Slip-forming construction process, 453–454 Sloshing water damper, 802 Soil profile types, 146–147 seismic design and, 102–103 South Walker Tower, Chicago, 738–740 Special concentric braced frame (SCBF), 308, 316–324 Special moment-resisting frames (SMFRs) composite buildings, 479–480 development of bars in tension, 387 ductile frame, 386 frame beams flexural reinforcement, 378–379 general requirements, 377–378 transverse reinforcement, 379–380 frame columns flexural reinforcement, 382–383 general requirements, 380–382 transverse reinforcement, 383–385 joints shear strength of, 385 transverse reinforcement, 385 Staggered truss steel construction, 270–275 columns, 274–275 floor system, 271–274 trusses, 275 Standard Building Code (SBC)-73, 13–14 Steel-braced frames rehabilitation of, 564 reinforcing, 520–521 Steel buildings, 261–348 braced frames, 266–270, 308–324 bundled tube, 305–307 eccentric braced frame (EBF), 275–278, 324–355 framed tube system, 298–302 height comparisons, 261, 262 history of, 261 interacting systems of braced and rigid frames, 278–282 irregular tube, 302 outrigger and belt truss systems, 282–298 890 rigid frames (moment frames), 262–266, 335–348 seismic design, 307–348 concrete braced frames, 308–324 eccentric braced frame (EBF), 324–335 moment frames, 335–348 staggered truss system, 270–275 trussed tube, 303–305 Steel moment frames, rehabilitation of, 522–523 Story drift, 108–109, 1990–200, 211 Story shear Vx , 149 Strength design concrete construction, 369 for flexure, 675–683 Strength reduction factors, 370–371 Strong column–weak beam concept, 339–340, 367, 757 Strouhal number, Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary (Blue Book), 155–157, 167–168, 169 Recommended Provisions for BucklingRestrained Braced Frames, 869 Structural integrity, 371–373 Structural steel members subject to bending, 589–593 members subject to compression, 593–603 tension members, 586–589 Structural system coefficient R, 110, 132, 142 Structural systems, list of, 143–144 Super columns, 459–460 Super-tall buildings, 360, 363, 468–470, 473 Surface boundary layer, Sway, T Taipei Financial Center, 775, 777–778, 783–786, 788, 805–806 Taipei 101 Building, 261, 795 Tall buildings, 731–795 attenuation in, 102 building codes and, 733–734 case studies of America Tower, Houston, 468, 470, 471–472 AT&T Building, New York City, 740, 741 Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, 464, 465, 487 Bank of Southwest Tower, Houston, 464–465, 466 Bank One Center, Indianapolis, 735–737 Index California Plaza, Los Angeles, 774, 779–780 Central Plaza, Hong Kong, 752–753 Chrysler Building, New York City, 261 Citicorp Tower, Los Angeles, 774–775, 781–782, 798–800 City Spire, New York City, 760, 763 Columbia Seafirst Center, Seattle, 797 Di Want Building, Shenzhen City, China, 496–497, 498 Empire State Building, New York City, 261, 270, 271, 731, 734–735 Figueroa at Wilshire, Los Angeles, 773–774, 775–778 First City Tower, 465, 467, 468, 469 First Interstate World Center, Los Angeles, 757–759 Fox Plaza, Los Angeles, 768, 770–771 HighCliff Apartment Building, Hong Kong, 803, 804 Home Insurance Building, Chicago, 261, 731 InterFirst Plaza, Dallas, 462, 464 Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai, China, 743–747, 748–749 John Hancock Tower, Boston, 800–801 Kalia Towers, Waikiki, Hawaii, 494, 495, 497–498 Landmark Tower, Yokohama, Japan, 806 Miglin-Beitler Tower, Chicago, 740, 742–744 MTA Headquarters, Los Angeles, 737–738 Museum Tower, Los Angeles, 772–774 Nations Bank Plaza, Atlanta, 755–757 NCNB Tower, North Carolina, 769, 771–772 One Detroit Center, 743, 774–745 One-Ninety-One Peachtree, Atlanta, 754–755 Petronas Towers, Malaysia, 261, 747–752, 795 The Renaissance Project, San Diego, 488–496 Sears Tower, Chicago, 261, 751, 795 Singapore Treasury Building, 759–760, 761–762 South Walker Tower, Chicago, 738–740 Taipei Financial Center, 775, 777–778, 783–786, 788, 805–806 Taipei 101 Building, 261, 795 Torre Mayor Office Building, Mexico City, 765–770 21st Century Tower, China, 761–767 Wall Center, Vancouver, BC, 802–803, 804 Index Woolworth Building, New York City, 261, 731 World Trade Center Towers, New York City, 734, 779–780, 782–784, 786–794, 797 damping devices for reducing motion perception, 795–806 differential shortening of columns, 812–828 effects of earthquakes on, 731, 734 effects of wind on, evolution of, 731–732 exceeding 80 stories, 360 floor vibrations, 829–835 floor-leveling problems, 828–829 future of, 787–788 height comparisons, 261, 262, 795 history of, 261 motion perception in, 732 panel zone effects, 807–811 seismic motion and, 101–102 structural concepts, 732–734 super-tall buildings, 360, 363, 468–470, 473 sway, unit structural quantities, 789–790, 792–795, 796 vibration, 732–733 windstorms and, T-beam design, 611–620 Tension members, gravity systems, 586–589 Tentative Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulation of Buildings (ATC3.06), 169 Terrorist attacks, World Trade Center, 784, 786 Thunderstorms, Time-history analysis, 115, 128–131, 258–259, 851–852 Topographic factor Kzt , 31, 32–33, 56, 60–61 Tornadoes economic effects of, UBC-97, wind load provisions for, 15–16 Torre Mayor Office Building, Mexico City, 765–770 Torsion, 89, 139, 149, 174 Total base shear, 110 Total building drift, 104 Trade winds, Transverse reinforcement, concrete construction, 368–369 Transverse wind, 7–8 Trussed tube steel construction, 303–305 Trusses, 275, 718 Tube systems composite buildings, 455–457 with widely spaced columns, concrete construction, 353 891 Tuned liquid column damper (TLCD), 802–803 Tuned mass damper (TMD), 798–802, 805 Turbulence, 2, 4–5 background factor B, 76 simulation of in wind-tunnel studies, 83–84 21st Century Tower, China, 761–767 Two-way slabs, 620–626, 627 U UBC, see Uniform Building Code (UBC) Uniform Building Code (UBC)-73, 107 Uniform Building Code (UBC)-97, iii, 14 exposure categories, 16–17 seismic provisions ASCE 7-02, 168–174 building irregularities, 133–136 building period T, 141 deformation compatibility, 151–155 design and detailing requirements, 203–205 design base shear V, 136–139 design example, static procedure, 158–165 distribution of lateral force Fx , 147–148 drift limitations, 150–151 dynamic analysis procedure, 202–203 IBC 2003, 168–174 key ideas contained in, 132–133 LARUCP amendment to CBC drift limitations, 167 load combinations, 155–158 near source factors Na and Nv , 147 NFPA 5000, 168–174 nonstructural components and equipment, 235–244 OSHPD and DSA seismic design requirements, 165–167 reliability/redundancy factor r, 132, 149–150 SEAOC Blue Book, 167–168 seismic coefficients Cv and Ca , 144–146 seismic dead load W, 142–144 seismic importance factor IE , 141 seismic source type A, B, and C, 147 seismic zone factor Z, 139–141 soil profile types, 146–147 story shear Vx and overturning moment Mx , 149 structural system coefficient R, 142 torsion, 149 wind load provisions, 15–24 Ce factor, 17–18 design examples, 19–24 design wind pressures, 17 exposure effects, 16–17 892 hurricanes and tornadoes, 15–16 importance factor Iw ,19 pressure coefficient Cq, 18–19 site exposure, 17 special wind regions, 15 wind speed map, 15, 16 Unit structural quantities, 626–627 V Velocity (wind) components of, and height, 3–4, 37 mean, fluctuations in, recurrence intervals, 5–7 sudden variations in, 2; see also Turbulence Veneers, stone or masonry, rehabilitation of, 526 Vertical acceleration, 190 Vertical air motion, Vertical irregularities, 114, 137, 138, 187, 562 Vertically mixed systems, composite buildings, 458–459 Vibration damage caused by, 101, 102 floor, 829–835 frequency of, 115–116 tall buildings and, 732–733 Viscoelastic dampers, 797–798 Viscous damping, 103 Vortex shedding, 7–9 W Wake, Wall Center, Vancouver, BC, 802–803, 804 Welded flange plate (WFP) connection, moment frames, 336–337 Whirlwinds, Wind along, 7–8 buildings toppled by, 12 cladding pressures, 10–13 criteria important in designing for, 1–2 defined, distribution of pressures and suctions, 11–12 dynamic nature of, 10 local cladding loads, 12–13 overall design loads, 12–13 recurrence intervals, 5–7 Index transverse, 7–8 turbulence, 2, 4–5 types of, 2–3, 37 variation of velocity with height, 3–4, 37 vortex shedding, 7–9 Wind directionality factor Kd , 36, 56 Wind importance factor Iw , 14, 19, 36, 56 Wind-induced building motion, 1–2, 78–82 Wind loads, 1–97 ASCE 7-02, 13–14, 24–68 code provisions for, 13–15 design considerations, 1–2 dynamic response comparisons, 63 and earthquake forces compared, 100–101 enclosure classifications and, 14 exposure category and, intensity of, 10 National Building Code of Canada (NBCC)-95, 68–82 Uniform Building Code (UBC)-97, 15–24 wind pressure and, 12–13 wind-tunnel studies of, 83–97 Wind pressure, 11–12 design calculations for, 46–52, 53–55 internal vs external, 14 Wind speed, see Velocity (wind) Wind-tunnel studies, 83–97 aeroelastic model (AM), 86–91 conditions necessary for, 83 frequency of, 10–11 high-frequency base force balance model (HFBBM), 91–93, 94, 95 human response to building motion, 97 pedestrian wind studies, 93–97 rigid pressure model (PM), 83, 84–86 techniques used to create turbulence, 83–84 types of, 83 Winter storms, economic effects of in Europe, Woolworth Building, New York City, 261, 731 World Trade Center Towers, New York City, 734, 779–780, 782–784, 786–794, 797 September 11 attacks on, 784, 786 Y Yielding, distribution of, 107 Z Zone of turbulence, Taranath.inserts.placed 10/12/04 12:13 PM Page 21st Century Office Tower Shanghai, China John A Martin & Associates, Inc Structural Engineers Los Angeles, CA Taranath.inserts.placed 10/12/04 12:14 PM Page New Bangkok International Airport Bangkok, Thailand Martin & Martin, Inc Structural Engineers Denver, CO Taranath.inserts.placed 10/12/04 12:13 PM Page The Bellagio Hotel & Casino Las Vegas, Nevada Martin & Peltyn, Inc Structural Engineers Las Vegas, NV Photo Credit: Martin & Peltyn / Greg L Clapp, PE Taranath.inserts.placed 10/12/04 12:14 PM Page Shanghai World Plaza Shanghai, China John A Martin & Associates, Inc Structural Engineers Los Angeles, CA Chang Ping Stadium Beijing, China John A Martin & Associates, Inc Structural Engineers Los Angeles, CA Taranath.inserts.placed 10/12/04 12:14 PM Page Walt Disney Concert Hall Los Angeles, California John A Martin & Associates, Inc Structural Engineers Los Angeles, CA Photo Credit: Prefect Exposure / Armando Arorizo JAMA / Walter J 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