Table of Contents Series page Title page Copyright page Dedication Acknowledgements Abbreviations Timeline Introduction More Marxes than Ever Problems and Preliminaries How It Works and What It Does Notes 1: Making Marx ‘Marx’ Marx's ‘Selfie’: No Marx's ‘Selfie’: No Iconizing Marx Post Mortem, Resurrexit Notes 2: Class Struggle and Class Compromise Marx Today Class Struggle Compromise Back to the Future Conclusion Notes 3: History and Progress Marx, Engels and History Everyday Pasts and Everyday Futures Methodological Historicism Marx, Engels and Progress Notes 4: Democracy and Communism/Socialism Politics and Economics of the ‘Social Question’ Politics and Economics of the ‘Social Question’ Political Encounters of a Philosophical Kind Coalitions with Commercialisms Democratizing the Present, Envisioning the Future Notes 5: Capitalism and Revolution Practical Encounters with Political Economy Post-Marx Marx's Critique Scholars and Hierarchies Commodity, Money, Capital Commentators and Critics Marx and Revolution Notes 6: Exploitation and Alienation Revolutionary Reformations Morality and Justice Value and Profit Politicizing Economics Alienation ‘Man’ and ‘Human Nature’ Back to the Future Notes Afterword Notes A Note on Complete Works and Canon-Formation Notes Bibliography Internet Sources Index End User License Agreement Series page Classic Thinkers Richard T W Arthur, Leibniz Terrell Carver, Marx Daniel E Flage, Berkeley J M Fritzman, Hegel Bernard Gert, Hobbes Dale E Miller, J S Mill Joanne Paul, Thomas More A J Pyle, Locke Andrew Ward, Kant Copyright page Copyright © Terrell Carver 2018 The right of Terrell Carver to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published in 2018 by Polity Press Polity Press 65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press 101 Station Landing Suite 300, Medford, MA 02155 USA All rights reserved Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-1817-3 (hardback) ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-1818-0 (paperback) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Carver, Terrell, author Title: Marx / Terrell Carver Description: Malden, MA : Polity, 2017 | Series: Classic thinkers | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017024089 (print) | LCCN 2017028216 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509518203 (Mobi) | ISBN 9781509518210 (Epub) | ISBN 9781509518173 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509518180 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Marx, Karl, 1818-1883 Classification: LCC B3305.M74 (ebook) | LCC B3305.M74 C37 2017 (print) | DDC 335.4092–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017024089 Typeset in 10.5 on 12 pt Palatino by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com Dedication For my six (so far) grandchildren Acknowledgements I am very grateful to numerous students and colleagues over the years who have contributed in incremental, but hugely important ways to this book, and have made it tremendous fun to write Also heartfelt thanks to two assiduous reviewers who contributed greatly to the final draft And I owe particular thanks to George Owers, editor at Polity Press, who thought that I ‘might have something to say’ Chapter is an edited version of a previously published article: Terrell Carver, ‘Making Marx Marx’, Journal of Classical Sociology 17:1 (2017): 10–27; used with permission Abbreviations CW Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works in 50 volumes (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975–2004) EPW Karl Marx, Early Political Writings, ed and trans Joseph O’Malley, with Richard A Davis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) IWMA International Working Men's Association, 1864–76 LPW Karl Marx, Later Political Writings, ed and trans Terrell Carver (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) Timeline Date Marx Engels 1818 Born May in Trier in Rhenish Prussia, now in Germany 1820 Born 28 November in Barmen in the Prussian Bergisches Land, now Wuppertal, in Germany 1836 Attends Bonn University 1837 Leaves school to work for family firm 1838 Attends Berlin University 1841 Receives doctoral degree from Jena University Undertakes military service in Berlin and attends lectures at the University 1842 Writes articles for the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne 1843 Marries Jenny von Westphalen, begins MSS studies (posthumously published as Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right) 1844 Moves to Paris, continues manuscript studies (posthumously published as ‘Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts’), and edits Deutsch– Französische Jahrbücher with Arnold Ruge, including two articles by himself and two by Engels Writes The Condition of the Working Class in England; visits Marx in Paris with ‘Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy’ 1845 Publishes The Holy Family by Engels and Marx, moves to Brussels and continues mss drafts with Engels (posthumously edited into book-form as The German Ideology) Travels to Manchester with Marx 1847 Publishes The Poverty of Philosophy, and ‘Discourse Writes drafts for on Free Trade’ Communist League 1848 Publishes (anonymously) ‘Manifesto of the Works with Marx on the Communist Party’; moves back to Paris on invitation ‘Manifesto’ and on the Neue of revolutionary government, and then moves to Rheinische Zeitung Cologne 1849 Emigrates to London 1850 Edits revived newspaper as ‘Organ of Democracy’ Joins family firm in Manchester Marxism analytical economics emergence of exploitation Marx on mass demonstrations materialism Aristotle bourgeoisie dialectical economics historical humanism and idealism Marx matter-in-motion natural philosophy Plekhanov Rheinische Zeitung ‘The Materialist Conception of History’ (Plekhanov) materialist interpretation Engels history theory mechanization MEGA (Marx–Engels–Gesamtausgabe) Mehring, Franz methodological historicism Mill, John Stuart minimum wages modern economics monarchy money money market morality Christianity exploitation justice market-equality political economy social question social relations Mosel peasants NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association) Napoleon III national identity nationalism natural philosophy Neue Rheinische Zeitung New-York Daily Tribune Nicholas I of Russia North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) Notes to the People (Chartist) Occupy Wall Street (OWS) activisms compromise market/state and Marx social media O'Malley, Joseph ‘On the Theft of Wood’ (Marx) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (Engels) ‘Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy’ (Engels) ownership rights see also private property OWS: see Occupy Wall Street Panama papers Paris Commune parody and satire see also sarcasm The Peasant War in Germany (Engels) personhood rights philosophy see also natural philosophy philosophy of man Philosophy of Right (Hegel) photographs Pickett, Kate Pierre le Pesant Pietism Plekhanov, Georgi Poland political activism Brussels Capital class interests compromise and criticism democratization and history journalism and political economy rationalist revolutionary throughout life working-classes writings political economy commercial classes democratization Engels on financial crises French and British modern economics morality and political activism practical encounters radicalism science of as statecraft politics and historicism and history and journalism and philosophy Politisch-Ökonomische Revue pollution popular sovereignty post-colonialism poverty see also immiseration The Poverty of Philosophy (Marx) power The Communist Manifesto dependency theory private property unequal wealth see also authority primacy of productive forces thesis private interest/public good private property collectivism communism inequality power production rights state trade procedural justice production amateurism capitalism class and consumption exchange guilds labour Marxian thinking modes of profit property social relationships surplus trade profit capital labour labour-time production social question and value wealth accumulation progress proletarian revolution proletariat and bourgeoisie The Communist Manifesto dictatorship of industrialization Paris performative and philosophy social question as term united property see also private property property owners protectionism Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph attacks on and Hegel IWMA letter to Marx on philosophical economics System of Economic Contradictions Prussia public good race/ethnicity radicalism change current democratization economic egalitarian government hostility political economy revolutionary Rawls, John red scares redistributive policies religion see also Christianity rent representation reproductive rights republicanism revisioning of history revolution capitalism to come democratization failed progress proletarian radical and reform and representation social question Rheinische Zeitung backers closure of contributions editorial collective material interests on poverty protests to king social question Riazanov, D B Ricardo, David Rigby, S H rights ‘Rights of Man and the Citizen’ ‘The Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen’ (De Gouge) Rogers, Will Rojahn, Jürgen Roman history Rose, David Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Ruge, Arnold Russia Russian revolution sarcasm satire Say, Jean-Baptiste sequentialism serfdom abolished Smith, Adam social democracy social media Social Movements in France and Belgium (Grün) social practice social question biographers class struggle coalition-building communism democratization economics/politics Engels exploitation free market free trade German states justice mechanization morality popular sovereignty poverty profit progress proletariat public interest representation revolution Rheinische Zeitung rights of man and the citizen social relationships socialism and communism democracy international market exchanges Marx as icon see also utopian socialism Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (Engels) sociology species-being The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone (Wilkinson and Pickett) state statecraft steam power Steuart, James sublation, Hegel suffrage Great Reform Bill property requirements universal male ‘Summary of Frederick Engels' Article’ (Marx) superstructure/base surplus production surplus-value System of Economic Contradictions (Proudhon) tariffs on trade taxation technology see also high technology Ten Hours Bill ‘Theses on Feuerbach’ (Marx) time-line Tito, Josip Broz totalitarianism trade barriers removed conquest private property production tariffs wealth accumulation trades unions translations transport centralized Trier'sche Zeitung Trump, Donald UN Charter UN General Assembly unemployment US Bill of Rights US Constitution usury utility value utopian socialism value exchange exchange-value labour price and profit surplus-value utility-value Value, Price and Profit (Marx) vine-growers Vormärz Vorwärts! wage-bargaining wage-labour ‘We are the 99%’ wealth accumulation authority commercialism commodity production corporate inequality from land/labour private profits trade The Wealth of Nations (Smith) Weber, Cynthia Weerth, Georg welfare states Wheen, Francis Wilkinson, Richard women exploitation of gender hierarchy history of participation wood-gathering workers' cooperatives working conditions working-classes and bourgeoisie call to action democratization industrialization organizations political activism solidarity tariffs on trade as term see also proletariat Young Hegelians Yugoslavia POLITY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.politybooks.com/eula to access Polity's ebook EULA ... See the Marx Engels Archive https://www.marxists.org/archive /marx/ index.htm Making Marx Marx 1 The context through which readers – academic and otherwise – have come to know Marx as Marx was... Timeline Introduction More Marxes than Ever Problems and Preliminaries How It Works and What It Does Notes 1: Making Marx Marx Marx' s ‘Selfie’: No Marx' s ‘Selfie’: No Iconizing Marx Post Mortem, Resurrexit... the Marx/ Engels question, see Terrell Carver, Marx and Engels: The Intellectual Relationship (Brighton: Harvester, 1983); for an alternative account, see S H Rigby, Engels and the Formation of Marxism: