Car tourism

Economic Geography Waldemar Cudny Car Tourism Economic Geography More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15653 Waldemar Cudny Car Tourism Waldemar Cudny Lodz University Lodz, Poland ISSN 2520-1417 ISSN 2520-1425 (electronic) Economic Geography ISBN 978-3-319-62083-1 ISBN 978-3-319-62084-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-62084-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945237 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This scientific monograph is a result of a research project devoted to the development of tourism in spaces connected with the production, usage and presentation of cars This kind of tourist activity is treated here as a separated type of tourism called car tourism This project already resulted in a number of author’s research trips to Germany (VW-Wolfsburg, Porsche – Stuttgart, Audi Forums Neckarsulm and Ingolstadt, Sinsheim and Speyer Museums, Hockenheimring, etc.), Italy (Lamborghini Factory and Museum in Sant’Agata Bolognese, Panini Collection) and Poland (car and technology museums in Warsaw and Otrębusy, Poznań Motor Show, etc.) in order to research spaces where car tourism is developing One of outcomes of this project is previously published in a scientific article devoted to the tourism function in German Audi Forum Ingolstadt (Cudny and Hornak 2016) This book is a scientific monograph, positioned within geographical sciences, which presents in a comprehensive way the most important findings of the mentioned project The book presents the role of cars and the spaces connected with their production, use and presentation in tourism development It includes the description of the role of experiences and experience societies formed in the twentieth century in the development of contemporary tourism, including tourism related to cars The author describes the influence of experiencing unusual events, such as car races, car fairs, visits to car industry museums or multifunctional spaces connected with producing and exhibiting cars (e.g Autostadt Wolfsburg or Audi Forum Ingolstadt, Germany) on the development of a new type of tourism, i.e car tourism This kind of tourism is a novelty in two ways: Firstly, it is a new phenomenon in science, as so far it has not been thoroughly studied or described, apart from very few publications Secondly, some elements of this type of tourism have developed on a large scale in recent years, mainly due to the appearance of huge investments made by powerful European car manufacturers from Germany and Italy (e.g Autostadt, Audi Forums, Porsche Museum, Lamborghini Museum, etc.) This book contains six chapters including the introduction followed by a chapter presenting the theoretical approach In the following parts of this book, there is a presentation of spaces of car tourism supplemented with characteristic of most v vi Preface important car-related events The book presents cars and spaces related to them as tourist assets and as tourist products Moreover, the author refers the issue of car tourism to the marketing strategies of large car manufacturers The publication also refers to the theory of tourism space, treated as a part of geographical space It presents the main important tourism spaces in which car tourism develops The book presents case studies of factories, visitor centres, museums, car exhibitions and race tracks One of the chapters describes events related to car tourism, including races, rallies and car fairs The book ends with a summarizing chapter, which includes a discussion presenting the main features, of car tourism as well as the model of the development of this type of tourism and its influences on tourism space Lodz, Poland Waldemar Cudny Reference Cudny W, Hornak M (2016) The tourist function in a modern car factory Audi Forum Ingolstadt example Bull Geogr Socio–Econ Ser 33:23–38 Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank the following companies and institutions for their help in the realization of this publication: Audi AG Audi Forum Ingolstadt, Germany Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., Italy Auto&Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany Auto&Technik Museum Speyer, Germany Autostadt Wolfsburg, Germany Die Gläserne Manufaktur, Dresden, Germany Dr Ing h.c F. Porsche AG Hockenheimring Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany Museo Lamborghini, Sant’Agata Bolognese, Italy Museum of Industry and Technology NOT, Warsaw, Poland Museum of the Automotive Industry and Technology, Otrębusy, Poland Międzynarodowe Targi Poznańskie sp z o.o (Poznań International Fair Ltd.) Porsche Museum, Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany Poznań Motor Show, Poland Stiftung AutoMuseum Volkswagen, Wolfsburg, Germany Volkswagen AG Volkswagen Group The author also wishes to thank all those people who helped in the realization of this book Special thanks the author addresses to the following persons: Bisson Sebastiano – Lamborghini Museum Sant’Agata Bolognese, Italy Kittler Eberhard, Stiftung AutoMuseum Volkswagen, Wolfsburg, Germany Kaczmarek Jakub – Poznań International Fair Ltd., Poland Kahlke Gerald – Head of Communications, Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A, Italy Lay Nicole – Media and press specialist – Porsche Musuem Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany vii viii Acknowledgements Dieter Landenberger, Leiter Historisches Archiv Dr Ing h.c F. Porsche AG, Germany Matthies Christian – the Autostadt GmbH, Germany Nieradt Kerstin – Assistenz Geschaeftsfuehrung Presse und Oeffentlichkeitsarbeit, Hockenheim-Ring GmbH, Germany Riepe Tobias – Head of Corporate Communications in the Autostadt GmbH, Germany Tacke Thomas – Spokesman Audi Forum Ingolstadt, Germany Thorke Nikolas Assistant to Vice President Group Communications and Investor Relations Volkswagen Group Wawrzyniak Dariusz – Poznań International Fair Ltd., Poland Contents Introduction�� 1 1.1 Setting the Agenda�� 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Hypothesis�� 3 1.3 Research Methods and Materials�� 5 1.4 The Structure of the Book�� 6 References�� 7 Theoretical Approach�� 9 2.1 Experiences as the Basis of Contemporary Tourism Development�� 9 2.2 Cars as a Tourism Asset and Product�� 16 2.3 Car Tourism as a Separate Type of Tourism �� 31 References�� 36 Car Tourism Spaces: Visitor Centres �� 41 3.1 The Concept of Tourism Space�� 41 3.2 The Autostadt as a Multifunctional Visitor Centre �� 45 3.3 Visitor Centres as Car Tourism Spaces�� 66 References�� 72 Spaces of Car Tourism: Museums and Car Exhibitions�� 77 4.1 The Concept and Division of Museums �� 77 4.2 Car Museums: Selected Case Studies�� 82 4.3 Science and Technology Museums and Exhibitions as Car Tourism Spaces�� 95 References�� 104 ix 5.3 Car Fairs as an Element of the MICE Sector 127 Fig 5.12 Car exhibition at the Ptak Expo Motor Fairs in Rzgów (2015) (Source: Author’s photo) the car dealers from the Łódź region was presented; the event also included shows of classic cars and tuned car, as well as drifting shows (Fig. 5.12) The fairs attracted mainly the inhabitants of Łódź and the Łódź region (http://lodz.naszemiasto.pl/ artykul/targi-motoryzacyjne-ptak-expo-zdjecia-film,3255834,artgal,t,id,tm.html) Examples of other, much larger car trade fairs in Poland include the Warsaw Motor Show, Moto Show in Krakow or Auto Moto Show organized at the Expo Silesia in Sosnowiec For example, in 2015, the event in Warsaw attracted 200 exhibitors, 400 accredited journalists and about 148,000 visitors (http://warsawmotoshow.com/) The 2016 Moto Show in Krakow presented 200 cars and was visited by about 38,000 people (http://exposilesia.pl/automotoshow/pl/) One of the largest Polish car trade fair is Poznań Motor Show – Automotive Trade Fair, held in Poznań It is a city in Western Poland, located in the area of Wielkopolska Lowland (Fig. 5.13) Currently (2016), the city is inhabited by about 540,000 people and is one of the main urban centres in Poland Poznań is the capital of the Wielkopolskie Province and a large administrative and research centre, as well as a centre of creative industries (Stryjakiewicz and Stachowiak 2010) Poznań is also a major automotive industry centre, with its large Volkswagen factory (Volkswagen Poznań S.A.) The city is one of the largest fair and exhibition centres in the country, represented by the famous International Poznań Fairs They were started in 1921, thus being one of the oldest events of this type in Europe In 2015, this institution became the property of the city of Poznań Currently, the International Poznań Fairs possess ca 55% of the fair market in Poland and are the leading fair organizers in Central and Eastern Europe The fairs venue is Poznań Congress Center, covering the area of 213.2 ha, with the exhibition area and administrative buildings covering 22.9 ha The Center consists of 16 exhibition pavilions (Fig. 5.14), separate spaces for business meetings, gastronomic facilities and a parking area for up to 2000 vehicles (http://www.mtp.pl/all/pl/o_firmie/) The space of Poznań Congress Center may be regarded as a car tourism space, because it hosts one of the largest motor fairs in Poland, attracting thousands of Polish and foreign visitors every year One of the events organized by the International Poznań Fairs is Poznań Motor Show.3 The first staging of independent International Motor Fairs in Poznań took Information concerning Poznań Motor Show was provided by Jakub Kaczmarek and Dariusz Wawrzyniak from Poznań International Fairs, Poland 128 5 Car Tourism Events Fig 5.13 Location of Poznań (Source: Author) Fig 5.14 Poznań Congress Center (Source: Author’s photo) place in 1992 Before that, only a motor exhibition had been organized as a part of the International Poznań Fairs In the next years, Polish automotive fairs developed, preparing an increasingly interesting offer for the exhibitors and visitors In 2000, the name Poznań Motor Show was used for the first time That year will be remembered for the great number of presented car models, the huge size of the exhibition and the large number of visitors (over 117,000) In 2004, due to the economic crisis which significantly affected Polish automotive industry, Poznań Motor Show was suspended In its place, a smaller event, called Poznań Automotive Meetings, was held In 2010, the event in its previous form and under its former name was restored At present, Motor Show fairs are organized at the turn of March and April and last 4 days The first day, called the Press Day, is given to media representatives Except presentations, it features press conferences and premiere car shows The next days are open to the public The exhibition is currently (2016) organized in the form of four showrooms presenting cars, motorcycles and trucks The exhibitions 5.3 Car Fairs as an Element of the MICE Sector 129 150000 133108 113337 100000 50000 86000 40000 48000 96013 59000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Fig 5.15 Number of visitors at Poznań Motor Show in 2010–2016 (Source: Author, based on materials from Poznań Motor Show) are supplemented with many additional attractions For instance, in 2014, Poznań Motor Show included 200 exhibitors in 11 pavilions, 500 accredited journalists and 96,013 visitors (Fig. 5.15) According to the fair’s organizers, in 2014, the visitors came mostly from Poland, including 19% from Poznań, 20.4% from the Wielkopolska region, 60.2% from other regions of the country and 0.4% from abroad The majority of visitors in 2014 were men (78%) and young persons, aged 21–25 (28.8%), 26–30 (21.7%) and 21–40 (19.3%) As many as 61.1% of the visitors declared that they were going to buy a new car in the near future, and 60.9% described their visit at the fairs as related to these plans (Motor Show 9–12 April 2015) In 2015, the fairs comprised 200 exhibitors who presented cars, motorcycles and quads in 12 pavilions (Fig. 5.16) The exhibitions during the fairs covered the area of 50,000 m2 The exhibitors presented 68 automotive innovations and two concept cars (Fig. 5.17), and the event was visited by 113,337 people (Fig. 5.15) Additional attractions included: –– Hall of Fame – presenting visualizations of vehicles after substantial image and mechanical alterations –– Pin-up Girls – a nationwide competition for female fans of the automotive industry and American style of the 1950s –– 4th Polish Mechanics Championships – a competition for students of car mechanics schools, presenting their knowledge and skills –– 21st Polish Tournament of Car Knowledge –– Caravanning Convention – a meeting of all those who use campers to spend their free time –– Drifting shows 130 5 Car Tourism Events Fig 5.16 One of exhibitions at Poznań Motor Show 2015 (Source: Author’s photo) Fig 5.17 Prototype of Arrinera Hussarya Polish supercar at Poznań Motor Show 2015 (Source: Author’s photo) The next staging of Poznań Motor Show took place on 31st March–3rd April 2016 According to the organizer’s information, it was even more popular among visitors (Fig. 5.15) For the first time in history, Poznań Motor Show had become the place of the European premiere of a new car model – Elantra by Hyundai References 131 References Bjelac Z, Radovanovic M (2003) Sports 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http://www.britannica.com/sports/automobile-racing Website of the Encyclopedia Brittanica, entry automobile racing Accessed on 20 June 2016 http://www.britannica.com/sports/rally-automobile-racing Website of the Encyclopedia Brittanica, entry automobile rally Accessed on 20 June 2016 https://www.britannica.com/sports/24-Hours-of-Le-Mans Website of the Encyclopedia Brittanica, entry 24 Hours of Le Mans race Accessed on 20 June 2016 http://traveldestinations.co.uk/ Internet portal presenting and selling tourist packages Accessed on 20 July 2016 http://www.porsche.com/international/motorsportandevents/ Website devoted to the Porsche motorsport Accessed on 20 July 2016 http://www.infor.pl/prawo/powiat/rejestracja-samochodu/686151,Jak-zarejestrowac-pojazd- zabytkowy.html Website presenting the rules of registration of classic cars in Poland Accessed on 20 July 2016 http://www.m-dash.co.uk/cars-motoring/49-cars/176-what-is-a-classic-car-is-there-a-definition Website presenting the rules of 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are manufactured, presented and used have become tourism assets offering compound tourism products The chapter briefly summarizes the issue of car tourism events and their role in tourism development Moreover, the summary includes conclusions regarding car tourism space and its components This chapter ends with a presentation of a model which concisely illustrates the most important conclusions placed in previous chapters, regarding the structure and development of car tourism Keywords Car tourism • Car tourism spaces • Car tourism as a new type of tourism • Model The book consists of six chapters, the first of which is the introduction presenting the assumptions of the work Chapter is devoted to theoretical issues essential for further analysis The author shows there that experiences were the foundation of contemporary tourism development, including the development of car tourism Chapter presents the concept of tourism space and the division of this space into tourism subspaces It also distinguishes a separate type of tourism subspace, where car tourism develops This chapter also describes case studies of some car tourism spaces, such as multifunctional visitor centres and visitor centres Chapter presents examples of different types of museums with large collections of cars and examples of car exhibitions, treated as another kind of car tourism spaces In Chap 5, the author analyses the phenomenon of car-related events Using the background of a theoretical analysis, the author describes examples of car tourism events, such as car races, rallies or fairs He also describes race tracks as spaces of organizing car-related events The book is based on a research assumption which was to be verified by the analysis conducted herein The hypothesis was presented in Chap It states that © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 W Cudny, Car Tourism, Economic Geography, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-62084-8_6 135 136 6 Summary The 20th century brought a dynamic development of the automotive industry On the one hand, cars started to play a very important role and perform many practical functions related to transporting people and goods On the other hand, they also played a number of social functions, as well as became a part of cultural heritage The growing number and variety of car functions went hand in hand with the process of creating experience societies In this way, many activities related to cars, including their production, use and presentation, became the basis for unique tourism experiences These tourism experiences were used to create different types of tourism assets, products and spaces serving the visiting tourists As a result, it is quite justifiable to say that among various tourism phenomena, a new type of tourism emerged, which can be referred to as car tourism It is a type of tourism where the main or one of the main aims of travel is to take advantage of the assets, products and spaces offering tourism experiences involving cars The analysis conducted in consecutive parts of the book allowed the author to confirm the above hypothesis Further in the summary, the conclusions confirming this hypothesis will be briefly presented The car, invented at the end of the nineteenth century, has become not only a significant means of transport but also a part of human cultural heritage (Yoganandan and Pugazh 2015) The long process of the automotive industry development led to the creation of new, non-utilitarian functions of the car Except giving its owner prestige, the car performs the sports function and is a tourism asset In contemporary culture, the car symbolizes the social status (luxury cars) and lifestyle (sports or off-road cars) and signifies belonging to specific social groups or subcultures (tuned cars) The car has also become a pop-cultural item For instance, it plays an important role in modern cinematography It was portrayed in many well-known cinema or TV productions, such as the classic Le Mans movie (1971) with Steve McQueen or Convoy (1978) with Kris Kristofferson, as well as television productions, like The Knight Rider (1982–1986) with David Hasselhoff Contemporary cinema is also full of productions where cars are the main elements, just to mention The Fast and the Furious – one of the greatest hits of recent years The car has also become a standard element of the road movie, where the dominating motif is the road on which the protagonist travels or races against someone or something The car was becoming an important element of contemporary culture at the time (at least partly) when experience societies started to develop The concept of experience societies was described by Schulze (2005) As it was shown in Chap 2, they developed first of all in rich Western countries but also in post-communist European countries and China, due to the rapid economic growth on the emerging markets Their characteristic features include affluence, surplus of financial means and high level of education Societies of this type emerged due to civilizational development causing a substantial improvement of people’s living standard in recent years Another important feature of experience societies is the continuous search for new sensations and experiences Experiences are understood in two different ways On the one hand, they mean life experience gained during study and work or in various life situations All these activities provide us with experiences which build our overall lifetime experience On the other hand, an experience is an event, an activity in which we take part, 6 Summary 137 something ephemeral, unusual, unique and exciting (Pearson and Smith 1994; Moscardo 2009) We are provided with this kind of experiences, e.g when we embark on some tourist activities Tourism is called the experience industry, because it provides tourists with a number of unusual, exciting experiences (Richards 2001; Stasiak 2013) It is not without a reason that the second half of the twentieth century was the period of tourism boom It was after World War II that mass tourism and its new types developed (see: Kowalczyk 2010) It was obviously connected with the formation of experience societies, whose members sought new interesting experiences in tourism On the one hand, cars guarantee interesting experiences, gained, e.g by visiting automotive industry museums and places where cars are manufactured or by watching car races and rallies, where cars are used for sporting purposes On the other hand, cars have been an integral part of tourism for decades, e.g by being used as a means of transport in tourist travel This book proves that in recent years, cars and places where they are produced, presented and used have become a significant tourism asset Car production spaces which attract tourists are car factories available to the public (e.g the Audi factory in Ingolstadt, Germany) Spaces where cars are presented and sometimes also used are, e.g visitor centres You can see various car models there, pick up your new car from the factory or test a car as part of the so- called driving experience (e.g at the Autostadt – Wolfsburg, Germany) In order to illustrate these issues, this book presented visitor centres located near car factories and museums exhibiting car collections Moreover, it described events, such as car races, as well as the race tracks on which they are held A car race is a perfect example of an event where cars are used for sporting purposes in specially prepared race track spaces The book also presents rallies and historical car conventions, as well as car fairs These places as well as car-related events may well be treated as tourism assets They are supplemented with additional attractions and a wide range of tourist infrastructure to meet the tourists’ needs Therefore, we may also say that many car-related spaces described in the book offer compound tourism products based on experiences As shown in Chap 2, a significant conception in tourism geography is that of tourism space (Liszewski 1995, Włodarczyk 2009) The conception derives from the theory of geographical space (see: Lisowski 2003, Thrift 2003) According to Włodarczyk (2009, pp. 74–75), tourism space is a geographical subspace, in which tourist traffic occurs An additional (though not indispensable) element distinguishing this particular space is tourist infrastructure, i.e buildings and facilities providing tourist services (e.g restaurants or hotels) As shown in Chap 3, car tourism space is a type of tourism space where the purpose of travel is to use car-related tourism assets and products Car tourism space includes multifunctional visitor centres, visitor centres, museums and spaces of car exhibitions, race tracks and trade fair centres The relation between places where cars are manufactured and tourism has already been signalled in earlier publications (see: Hinterhuber et al 2001; Pechlaner et al 2008; Coles 2004, 2008; Cudny and Horňák 2016) and confirmed in this book 138 6 Summary Direct observation and the information obtained from the employees of visitor centres or museums operating next to car factories show that these spaces generate substantial tourism For instance, the largest multifunctional visitor centre described here, i.e in 2013, the Autostadt in Wolfsburg (Germany), received 2,166,000 visitors The Autostadt is currently a major tourist destination in Germany Its statistics show that about 9% of the visitors are foreign tourists The Autostadt offers a compound tourist product whose core is the possibility to personally observe the technological processes at the Volkswagen factory, supplemented with a number of additional attractions, such as the ZeitHaus museum, the driving experiences or cultural and entertainment events (e.g the famous summer water show, concerts and festivals) The Autostadt tourism product includes a wide range of gastronomic establishments and accommodation facilities (the Ritz-Carlton Superior Hotel) as well as a choice of guided tours We may well say that the Autostadt product represents the structure of a compound tourism product described in numerous publications (Smith 1994; Kaczmarek et al 2002; Altkorn 2005; Frew 2008) The offer of smaller visitor centres, such as Audi Forum Ingolstadt (Germany), also includes a wide range of interesting attractions, the visiting of which is a powerful and unusual experience for the visitor An example of such an experience is the possibility to visit the Audi factory in Ingolstadt, with the Audi Forum located nearby Moreover, the centre includes a very interesting museum, which can be regarded as a corporate museum devoted to the Audi brand (for corporate museums see: Danilov 1992; Bonti 2014; Piątkowska 2014) In 2011, the museum was visited by 122,570 people and, over the period 2000–2011, by a total of 1,627,854 visitors, which proves the popularity of the facility Audi Forum Ingolstadt is a tourism asset which after adding additional services (gastronomy, guided tours, driving experiences) became an interesting tourism product (Cudny and Horňák 2016) Visitor centres are run by large car companies and are often located near large car factories They present the offer of a given automotive company and they are places where one can have a unique adventure with cars (e.g test a car model, visit a factory or museum) Finally, customers often pick up their new cars directly from the factory For instance, in 2013, a total of 160,230 new cars were collected in this way at the Autostadt, and over the period of 2000–2013, the number exceeded two million Centres of this type also include unusual constructions, such as the Car Towers at the Autostadt or the Glass Factory in Leipzig (Germany), which are corporate flagship buildings All these elements are a part of partnership, experiential or flagship marketing (Coles 2008) An important factor generating tourist traffic as part of car tourism as well as one of the most important subspaces of car tourism space are museums and other facilities where car collections are exhibited The analysis presented in Chap shows that in Europe there are many such institutions Museums are commonly regarded as a significant tourism asset (Lew 1987) They perform many functions apart from the tourist one, such as collecting, cataloguing, protecting and displaying exhibits, not to mention the educational function (Pomian 2009) There are many types of museums around the world, public and private, classified according to the type of 6 Summary 139 the collection, and one of them is the car museum Car museums exhibit cars and elements connected with their functioning (e.g engines, parts), production and use The exhibits are presented to a wide audience and the collected artefacts are stored in proper conditions They are conserved and serviced; they may also be used, e.g in classic car rallies Car museums run educational, publishing and research activity related to cars as well They can be public property or belong to private companies, in which case they become corporate museums (e.g the Porsche Museum in Stuttgart, Germany) Companies run corporate museums in order to preserve artefacts connected with their history and achievements The facilities are also used for the purposes of marketing communication with potential clients (Piątkowska 2014) Events are another major booster of car tourism They are a tourism asset, and with additional services and attractions, they turn to event tourism products (Kaczmarek et al 2002) Chapter shows that car tourism events are organized, one-off or regular events, held at a given place and time They involve participating in sporting events, events presenting new car models (motor fairs) or offer the possibility to use cars of various types (driving experiences, driving schools) Here, cars used for sporting purposes are the basic element attracting tourists and offering tourism experience In this sense, car events should be included in car tourism We may talk about different types of such events, from corporate to noncorporate According to the division of events provided by Getz (2008), car events may be divided into occasional mega events, periodic hallmark events and local and regional events The most important car events distinguished in the book are races, rallies, classic car conventions and car trade fairs Moreover, the spaces in which car events are held, such as race tracks or exhibition centres (in the case of car trade fairs), belong to the car tourism subspace Automotive companies participate in car races or rallies because of the numerous benefits they get from it Car events give them an opportunity to promote the brand and car models, as well as enable them to test new technological solutions On the other hand, sports competition is an attractive experience for the spectators who observe races or rallies in the media, as well as take part in them personally The situation is similar with car trade fairs – companies use them as marketing communication space Visitors at such events are people representing the automotive industry and journalists who attend them as part of business or MICE tourism However, the events are also visited by individual customers and motor fans, often interested in specific information concerning given brands or models Spaces where events like car races are held offer the visitors compound tourism products The core of such a product (e.g a race) is supplemented with additional tourist attractions (e.g a museum) and services (e.g hotels, restaurants, guiding services) A perfect example of such a compound tourism product is the offer of a German race track – Hockenheimring, described in Chap The analysis presented in this chapter showed that car events are a tourism asset attracting thousands of tourists For instance, in 2012, the Hockenheimring was visited by 650,000 people, including about 20% of foreign tourists Car events strongly enhance the tourist attractiveness of the countries where they are held (e.g car races) (Newlands 2001; Hassan O’Connor 2009) This is due to the fact that they are broadcast in the media 140 6 Summary all over the world – on TV, social networks or channels like YouTube These in turn are powerful tools of marketing communication and using them makes it possible to promote destinations where car events take place An additional factor developing car events is the growing importance of business tourism, which includes, e.g car trade fairs Fairs are an element of the MICE sector and attract both businessmen involved in the automotive industry and individual visitors interested in this industry Travelling to this type of events is a part of business tourism, but trips like that are also made by individuals motivated by their interests or the desire to see a specific car model The largest fairs in the world attract hundreds of thousands of visitors, e.g the Paris Motor Show 2014 attracted 1,253,000 people In the light of the analysis presented in this book, motor fairs are events presenting cars and attracting different types of tourists Therefore, they may be included among tourism assets which generate car tourism In turn, spaces like fair centres hosting motor fairs belong to car tourism space One of the aims of this publication was to present a model illustrating the functioning of car tourism in contemporary tourism space According to Berezowski (1980 cited in Cudny 2016, p. 157), “A model is a system of assumptions made in a given science while analysing a problem, in order to make it simpler, easier or even possible to solve It is called a nominal model A model can also be a system of objects, events or situations, analysed instead of a complicated or more difficult real system under study, but sufficiently similar to it (isomorphic) as regards its basic aspects We call it a real model of a given system (Berezowski 1980, p.36)” The definition above implies that there are different types of models in geography, including those which concern the functioning of geographical space For instance, an interesting model illustrating tourism space as an impact of human tourist activity on geographical space was presented by Włodarczyk (2009, p.214) This book represents a similar approach, in which the main social, economic and cultural factors which have led to making car tourism a separate type of tourism are presented in the form of a graphic model The author also wanted to show the components of car tourism The third element of the model is the description of the effects car tourism has on the tangible and intangible dimensions of tourism space The model was divided into two parts: the left side presents the main elements related to car tourism development, and the right one, in more detail, the factors modifying the development of this type of tourism (Fig. 6.1) In conclusion, the growing importance of the car for the contemporary economy and culture is one of the fundamental factors of car tourism development Another one is the growth of experience societies and experience economy Visiting places associated with cars has become an extraordinary experience (Fig. 6.1.) The processes described above have led to the creation of car tourism as a separate type of tourism, which emerged as a result of both tourists’ interest and institutional changes There appeared firms and institutions which for various reasons started to care about car tourism development They included automotive companies building visitor centres or car museums, institutions organizing car events and regions and countries supporting them This, in turn, created a number of car tourism assets and products (Fig. 6.1.) References 141 Growing importance of the car in An increasing role of cars in the economy An increasing role of cars in culture, including pop-culture contemporary world Growing socio-economic importance of experiences Development of experience societies and experience economy Creating car tourism separate type of tourism as a Tourists’ interest in cars and places where they are manufactured, presented and used, and in car tourism events Automotive companies’ interest in using tourism for the purposes of marketing communication with clients Development of firms and institutions organizing car events, Regions’ interest in organizing and supporting car events Creating tourism assets and products related to car tourism Development of various car events, such as car races, rallies, etc Growing importance of car trade fairs as an element of the business tourism sector (MICE) Creating car tourism space as a Creating a number of subspaces related to car tourism, such as visitor centres, car museums, car exhibitions, race tracks, part of tourism space etc Generating tourist traffic related to car tourism Generating income from car tourism Using car tourism for the promotion of tourist destinations Fig 6.1 A model presenting the process of car tourism development (Source: Author) The processes described above resulted in the creation of the car tourism subspace where car tourism occurs According to the analysis presented in the book, it should be treated as a part of tourism space and, consequently, as one of the geographical space components The appearance of car tourism subspace had an impact on general space As shown in some publications concerning geographical (Lisowski 2003) or tourism (Włodarczyk 2009) space, they consist of a number of tangible and intangible elements The situation is similar as regards car tourism space Its tangible elements include physically existing subspaces, e.g visitor centres, race tracks or trade fairs centres Intangible elements include car tourism events, tourist traffic related to car tourism and additional income for regions and countries where car tourism develops or the possibility to use car tourism assets and products for territorial promotion (Fig. 6.1) References Altkorn J (2005) Marketing w turystyce Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa Berezowski S (1980) Metody badań w geografii ekonomicznej WSiP, Warszawa Bonti M (2014) The corporate museums and their social functions: some evidence from Italy Eur Sci J 1:141–150 file:///C:/Users/Cudny/Downloads/4761–13974-1-PB%20(1).pdf Coles TE (2004) Tourism and retail transactions: lessons from the Porsche experience J Vacat Mark 10(4):378–389 142 6 Summary Coles TE (2008) International car manufactures, brandscapes and tourism: engineering the experience economy In: Coles TE, Hall CM (eds) International business and tourism: Global issues, contemporary interactions Routledge, London, pp 238–255 Cudny W (2016) Festivalisation of the urban spaces The factors, processes and effects Sprigner, Cham Cudny W, Horňák M (2016) The tourist function in a modern car factory Audi Forum Ingolstadt example Bull Geogr Socio–Econ Ser 33:23–38 Danilov VJ (1992) A planning guide for corporate museums, galleries, and visitor centers Greenwood Press, Westport Frew EA (2008) Industrial tourism theory and implemented strategies In: Woodside AG (ed) Advances in culture, tourism and hospitality research, vol Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp 27–42 Getz D (2008) Event tourism: definition, evolution, and research Tour Manag 29:403–428 Hassan D, O’Connor S (2009) The socio-economic impact of the FIA world rally championship 2007 Sport Soc Cult Commer Media Polit 12(6):709–724 Hinterhuber HH, Pechlaner H, Matzler K (2001) Industrieerlebniswelten – Von Standort zur Destination Erich Schmid Verlag, Berlin Kaczmarek J, Stasiak A, Włodarczyk B (2002) Produkt turystyczny Turystyka i Hotelarstwo 1:33–54 Kowalczyk A (ed) (2010) Turystyka zrównoważona PWN, Warszawa Lew AA (1987) A framework of tourist attraction research Ann Tour Res 14:553–575 Lisowski A (2003) Koncepcje przestrzeni w geografii człowieka Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa Liszewski S (1995) Przestrzeń turystyczna Turyzm 5(2):87–103 Moscardo G (2009) Understanding tourist experiences through mindfulness theory In: Kozak M, Decrop A (eds) Handbook of tourist behavior: theory & practice Routledge, London/New York Newlands K (2001) Tourism and rally New Zealand J Sport Tour 6(2):14–15 Pearson M, Smith D (1994) Debriefing in experience – based learning In: Boud D, Keogh R, Walker D (eds) Reflection turning experience into learning Routledge, Oxon Pechlaner H, Hammann EM, Fischer E (2008) Industrie und Tourismus: innovatives Standortmanagement für Produkte und Dienstleistungen ESV-Verlag, Berlin Piątkowska K (2014) The corporate museum: a new type of museum created as a component of company marketing Int J Incl Mus 6(2):29–37 Pomian K (2009) Muzeum: kryteria sukcesu Muzealnictwo 50:57–58 Richards G (2001) The experience industry and the creation of attractions In: Richards G (ed) Cultural attractions and European tourism CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, pp 55–69 Schulze G (2005) Die Erlebnisgesellschaft: Kultursoziologie der Gegenwart Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/New York Smith S (1994) The tourism product Ann Tour Res 21(3):582–595 Stasiak A (2013) Tourist product in experience economy Tourism 23(1):27–35 Thrift N (2003) Spcae: the fundamental stuff of geography In: Holloway SL, Rice S, Valentine G (eds) key concepts in geography Sage, London, pp 95–108 Włodarczyk B (2009) Przestrzeń turystyczna Istota, koncepcje, determinant rozwoju, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu łódzkiego, Łódź Yoganandan G, Pugazh E (2015) Male car owners’ perception and buying behaviour EduPedia Publications, New Delhi ... in the development of modern tourism, including car tourism Defining the concept and range of car tourism as a new type of tourism 4 1 Introduction Presenting cars, spaces connected with their... shown as a separate type of tourism Keywords Car • Car tourism • Experiences • Tourism product • Types of tourism 2.1 E xperiences as the Basis of Contemporary Tourism Development The basic... vintage car rallies, car fairs and spaces where these events are organized 11 Presenting a model of car tourism development and its impacts on tourism space The aim of the scientific analysis carried

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