tourism development economics, management and strategy 1604568534

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY ALEJANDRO D RAMOS AND PABLO S JIMÉNEZ EDITORS Nova Science Publishers, Inc New York Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Tourism development : economics, management, & strategy / Alejandro D Ramos and Pablo S Jiménez (editor) p cm ISBN 978-1-60876-259-0 (E-Book) Tourism Tourism Management Tourism Economic aspects Protected areas-Public use I Ramos, Alejandro D II Jiménez, Pablo S G155.A1T58915 2008 910.68 dc22 2008023352 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc  New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter Innovations for Tourism in National Parks Maia Lordkipanidze, Yoram Krozer, Tantri Kadiman, Marcel Crul and Han Brezet Chapter Management of Nature-Based Tourism in Protected Areas (The Case of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico) Ludger Brenner, Julius Arnegger and Hubert Job 47 Chapter The Influence of Climate Change on Tourism in Europe Andreas Wittmer 71 Chapter Terror, Tourism and Misidentification Nick Johns and Michelle Jolley 87 Chapter Causal Relations among Tourism Development, Exchange Rate, Exports and Economic Activity Ming-Hsiang Chen Chapter The Development of Mining Heritage Tourism: A Systemic Approach Esteban Ruiz Ballesteros, Macarena Hernández Ramírez and Eugenio M Fedriani Martel Chapter Recent Developments in the Italian Tourism Market Bernardina Algieri and Antonio Aquino Chapter Innovation among Tourism Entrepreneurs and the Implications for Rural Development: The Case of Rural Tourism in LaPalma F M Díaz-Pérez, C Férnandez-Hernández, J A Alvarez González and V Jiménez González Chapter International Students’ Perceptions of the University Bar on an Australian University Campus Aaron Tham Min-En 101 121 145 171 191 vi Chapter 10 Index Contents The Macroeconomic Contribution of Tourism Javier Capó and Elisabeth Valle 201 227 PREFACE Over the last decades, tourism has become a key sector in the world economy: its contribution to balance of payments, incomes and employment has significantly increased over time While in 1950 international tourism receipts totaled about billion dollars, by 2006 this value had reached 735 billion dollars —about billion dollars a day (World Tourism Barometer, 2007) Nowadays, the sector originates more than one third of world exports of services and over 70% of those in the poorest countries (European Commission, 2007) Tourism is therefore an important driver of growth and prosperity and, particularly within developing countries, the sector is also important for poverty reduction (World Economic Forum, 2007) Mainly dominated by small-medium enterprises, tourism accounts for 4% of the Euro Area’s GDP, with about two million enterprises employing about 4% of the total labor force(approximately eight million jobs) When linkages to other sectors are considered, the contribution of tourism to GDP increases to about 11%, and the employment rate reaches about 12%, creating about 24 million jobs Besides incomes and jobs, tourism has fostered development in the vast majority of European regions; infrastructures built for tourism reasons contribute to local development, and jobs are created or preserved even in areas suffering industrial or rural decline or experiencing urban regeneration (European Commission, 2007) This book provides new research on tourism development from around the globe Chapter - The paper aims to show the possibilities that can reduce negative impacts from the activities in protected areas and advocates that sustainable use of protected areas can avoid future hazards and sustain the natural resource base and support the livelihood of people and communities The paper reviews literature related to the protected area management, values, benefits and financial possibilities following with the review of the empirical evidence of using innovative approach towards the management of the protected areas Development and support of appropriate tourism activities is one of the ways that protected areas can use to generate revenues and to contribute to their development The conclusion underlines change from protectionism strategy towards the development strategy through innovative entrepreneurial activities that can reduce negative impacts from activities by means of sustainable innovations The study illustrates outcomes of the Mopark project (Mobility and National Parks project financed by EU Interreg IIIB North Sea Region program), which is concerned with the nature conservation, sustainable development of tourism and the financing sustainability of eight national parks in North-West Europe viii Alejandro D Ramos and Pablo S Jiménez Chapter - Pristine nature, spectacular landscapes, rare species, or the opportunity to watch wild animals are certainly quality features of tourism destinations such as National Parks, Biosphere Reserves and other Protected Areas (PAs) Accordingly, the United States National Parks have become a magnet for tourists, attracting more than 270 million visitors in 2006 (www.nps.gov; accessed Feb/08) However, effective nature conservation requires funding as well as the support of local communities and other actors involved In this context, fostering tourism-driven regional economic development has come to be a major concern of management authorities, both in industrialized and less-developed countries Chapter - This article focuses on climate change and its impact on tourism in Europe It summarises studies on climate change and draws conclusions with respect to the impact on tourism It considers the economic impact on tourism as a result of actual public and political discussions concerning the limitation of emissions based on air travel as an example Finally some questions for research are stated in the conclusions section Chapter - This chapter builds on previous work by one of the authors (Johns 2007) The central argument is that tourism and anti-terror policy are part of a holistic agenda which in the short term is about creating ‘status privileges’ for white westerners at the expense of people in less developed countries and black and minority ethnic (BME) citizens However, the ultimate strategy appears to be a modern form of colonialism driven by the desire for global hegemony (Chomsky 2003) by the United States, with the collusion of allies such as the United Kingdom While in many ways the agenda of global domination is much more explicit than previously, its magnitude is concealed by the process labelled as misidentification by Edelman (2001) The time has come, the authors suggest, for those in the ‘developed’ world to make a choice, to accept hegemony or to challenge it in the name of survival Chapter - This chapter investigates the causal relations among tourism development, exchange rate, exports and economic growth within four Asian tourist destinations- China, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan These markets are examined through a multivariate framework of Granger causality tests, and, while some results support previous studies of tourism-led economic growth, the findings primarily lend support to the conclusion of Kim et al (2006) that mixed results regarding the existence of tourism-led economic growth may be due to the level of openness of an economy, travel restrictions, and the size of the national economy, as measured by population and gross domestic product This chapter also reveals that the ability of tourism expansion to energize economic growth is dependent upon the degree to which a country’s economic development is dependent upon tourism Moreover, unlike the previous studies, the present research incorporates and examines the impact of various tourism-related mega events, such as the 1997–98 Asian financial crisis, the September 11 terrorist attacks in the US and the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, on tourism development, economic activity, exchange rates and exports in the various tourist destinations Along the way, the paper documents the crucial role of exchange rates in contributing to the national economy, tourism, and exports Finally, export growth is found to significantly promote tourism expansion in all four Asian tourist destinations This finding suggests that a promising direction for future research in tourism development will be to focus on the causality between “tourism and exports” rather than between “economic and tourism growth.” ... understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY ALEJANDRO D RAMOS AND PABLO... employment, exports and imports In the last section the conclusions will be made In: Tourism Development: Economics, Management and Strategy ISBN 978-1-60456-853-0 Editor: Alejandro D Ramos and P S Jimenez... in tourism development will be to focus on the causality between ? ?tourism and exports” rather than between “economic and tourism growth.” Preface ix Chapter - The link between heritage and tourism