After reading this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: Why are diversity and individual differences important? What is personality? How are personality and stress related? What are individual and cultural values?
Chapter Diversity, Personality, and Values Appreciation opens doors to opportunity Chapter Study Questions Why are diversity and individual differences important? What is personality? How are personality and stress related? What are individual and cultural values? Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Why are diversity and individual differences important? Individual differences attempts to identify where behavioral tendencies are similar and where they are different Capitalizing on differences requires an understanding of what they are and valuing the benefits they can offer Self awareness - being aware of one’s own behaviors, preferences, styles, biases, personalities, and so on Awareness of others - being aware of the behaviors, preferences, styles, biases, and personalities of others Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-3 Why are diversity and individual differences Components of Self important? Self-concept • The view individuals have of themselves as physical, social, spiritual, or moral beings • Self-esteem A belief about one’s self worth based on overall self-evaluation • Self-efficacy A belief in one’s ability to successfully accomplish a specific task Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-4 Why are diversity and individual differences Nature versus Nurture important? Heredity (nature) consists of those factors that are • determined at conception, including physical characteristics, gender, and personality factors • Environment (nurture) consists of cultural, social, and situational factors Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-5 Why are diversity and individual differences important? Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-6 Why are diversity and individual differences important? Valuing (or not Valuing) Diversity • Discrimination – the flip side of valuing diversity against women and minorities in the workplace • Glass Ceiling Effect – An invisible barrier or “ceiling” that prevents women and minorities from rising above a certain level of organizational • Race and Ethnicity – The value of heterogeneous perspectives within teams and organizations Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-7 Why are diversity and individual differences important? Gender Women bring a different set of skills and styles to the workplace “Leaking pipeline” #of women decreases the more senior the roles become Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 2-8 Why are diversity and individual differences Sexual Orientation important? Attitudes toward gays and lesbians have steadily • improved • Many states now have executive orders protecting the rights of gay and lesbian workers Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-9 Age Why are diversity and individual differences important? • Diverse workforce (40% Baby Boomers, 36% GenXers, 16% Millennials) • Generational mix provides an excellent example of diversity in action • Interesting discussion of this subject on current blogs (e.g CNNMoney) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-10 What is personality? How are personality and Emotional adjustment traits related? How much an individual stress experiences distress or displays • unacceptable acts • Type A orientation Type B orientation Copyright â 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-27 How are personality and stress related? Stress • A state of tension experienced by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-28 How are personality and stress related? Source of stress • Stressors The wide variety of things that cause stress for individuals • Types of stressors Work stressors Life stressors Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-29 How are personality and stress related? Workrelated stressors: • Task demands • Role ambiguities • Role conflicts • Ethical dilemmas • Interpersonal problems • Career developments • Physical setting Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-30 How are personality and stress related? Life stressors • Family events • Economic difficulties Personal affairs Copyright â 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-31 How are personality and stress related? Outcomes of Stress • Constructive stress (or eustress) Occurs at moderate stress levels by prompting increased work effort, stimulating creativity, and encouraging greater diligence • Destructive stress (or distress) Dysfunctional levels of stress negatively impact both the individual and the organization Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-32 How are personality and stress related? Coping Mechanisms • Problem focused Manage the problem that is causing the distress • Emotion focused Regulate emotions or distress Positive ‘self talk’ can help (Dr. Shad Helmstetter, video, 7 min.) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-33 How are personality and stress related? • Personal wellness Involves the pursuit of one’s job and career goals with the support of a personal health management program • Employee assistance programs Provide help for employees who are experiencing personal problems and related stress Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-34 What are individual and cultural values? Values • Broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes • Values influence attitudes and behavior Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-35 What are individual and cultural values? Terminal values • Reflect a person’s preferences concerning the “ends” to be achieved Instrumental values • Reflect a person’s beliefs about the means for achieving desired ends Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-36 Figure 2.3 Terminal and Instrumental Values in the Rokeach value survey Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & 1-37 What are individual and cultural values? Maglino’s categories of workplace values • • • • Achievement Helping and concern for others Honesty Fairness Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-38 What are individual and cultural values? Value congruence • Occurs when individuals express positive feelings upon encountering others who exhibit values similar to their own Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-39 What are individual and cultural values? Cultural Values • Culture is the learned and shared way of thinking and acting among a group of people or society Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-40 What are individual and cultural values? Sample country clusters on Hofstede’s Five Dimensions of Natural Values Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-41 ... they can offer Self awareness - being aware of one’s own behaviors, preferences, styles, biases, personalities, and so on Awareness of others - being aware of the behaviors, preferences, styles,... yourself as a member of a social group leads to ‘in-group’ identification In-group membership Out-group membership Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-1 2 What is personality? Personality • Combination... worth based on overall self-evaluation • Self-efficacy A belief in one’s ability to successfully accomplish a specific task Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 2-4 Why are diversity and individual