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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DAM THI TAM VILLAGE ORGANIZATION OF NUNG PHAN SLINH PEOPLE IN DONG HY DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS IN ANTHROPOLOGY Hanoi - 2020 This work has been completed at GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Science instructors: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Ngoc Thanh Assoc Prof PhD Lam Ba Nam Reviewer 1: Prof PhD Nguyen Chi Ben Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Van Minh Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Van Suu This thesis is defended before the Academy-level examanination board at Graduate Academy of Social Science, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi At on date This thesis can be found at the following libraries: - Library of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences - Vietnam National Library LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS Dam Thi Tam (2013) "Nung Phan Slinh people in Dong Hy with funeral rites for Tao", Journal of Ethnic Minority Affairs, No Dam Thi Tam (2016) "A number of non-local organizations in the Nung Phan Slinh village in Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, No 7, pp.76 - 83 Dam Thi Tam (2016) "The role of prestigious people in the Nung Phan Slinh village in Dong Hy district", Journal of Science & Technology - Thai Nguyen University, vol 156, No 11 Phi Hung Cuong, Dam Thi Tam (2017) "Establishment of the Nung Phan Slinh clan in Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province", Journal of Ethnic Studies, No 19, pp.99 - 102 Dam Thi Tam (2019), "The origin of the Nung Phan Slinh clan in Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province", Journal of Social Sciences Information, No 6, pp.44 - 49 INTRODUCTION The urgency of the thesis The village organization plays a key role in the cultural and social life of ethnic minorities in the Northern midland and mountainous areas of Vietnam It is the cradle that every human being was born, raised and integrated with the community; it is a place where they are surrounded, sheltered, nurtured and live for years Village shows expression of community and self-management, which contains profound human values, contributes to preserving the traditional cultural characteristics of the ethnic group through the maintenance of customs, conventions, regulations and unspoken rules The village has the role of making all members of the community become unified, durable in the process of formation, survival and development; it is a cultural space containing a spirit of sympathy and communion between people House after house, village after village which forms a harmonious whole of space among nature - land - sky - people Over a long time of history and culture, the village organization of ethnic minorities has generally undergone many changes, especially in the 20th century - the era of the democratic national revolution of people across the country, and the 21st century - the era of globalization, integration and development In the context of exchange, cross-cultural and acculturation being promoted, along with the impact of the guidelines, policies and laws of the Party and State, the village organization is increasingly shifting towards modernization, from its name, size, structure, to social relationships, customs and practices revolve around it These changes are partly in line with the inevitable movement of history, at request of the Renewal; On the other hand, there are also many issues that need to be thought about social management and cultural work Facing the advantages and disadvantages of the time, the Nung Phan Slinh village in Dong Hy, Thai Nguyen province also has issues to consider in the current trend of socio-economic development of the country The traditional village does not only contain old and outdated elements, but also positive ones that have contributed significantly to the construction of new rural areas in the locality Making the socio-economic life of the people grow without changing the inherent unique cultural identity of the people is a very urgent thing in the present time Therefore, the study of the Nung village, specifically the Nung Phan Slinh village in Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province, is a scientific and practical work Study’s purpose and objective 2.1 Purpose - From the fieldwork materials of Ethnography - Anthropology, the thesis clearly indicates the characteristics and roles of the traditional and transformed Nung Phan Slinh village - Analyze the role and position of the village in building new rural areas and local economic development - Point out the factors affecting the change of traditional village organization of the Nung Phan Slinh in Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province 2.2 Objective - An overview of the study situation of foreign and domestic authors about villages; apply some theory and concepts related to the content of the thesis - Indicate the ethnic origin, residence history of Nung Phan Slinh, economic - cultural - social characteristics and generalize the study area - Study the residence form, structure and social relationships of the traditional and changed villages Study’s scope and subject 3.1 Subject The subject of the thesis is village organization of the Nung Phan Slinh people, including the followings: residence characteristics, village structure, traditional and transformed social relations 3.2 Scope Spatial scope: the thesis focuses on in-depth study in Hoa Binh, Tan Long, Van Han and Van Lang communes, these are localities where many Nung Phan Slinh people live in Dong Hy district After migrating to Thai Nguyen, they have basically settled in these places, there is not much noticeable population movement Time scope: Before 1945 and after 1945 to now (2019) PhD student chose this point of time to consider the change of Nung Phan Slinh village Because after the August Revolution of 1945, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (or the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, nowadays) removed the administrative management system of the feudal State of Vietnam and the French colonial authority, gradually replaced with a new administrative and population management system, and at the same time placed the village organization - in a semi-formal way - under its management along with names and methods of new self-government In general, the time after 1945, the village organization was heavily influenced by socio-political organizations such as the Party, government, and frontline The village became blurred during the period of high-level cooperative organization and expansion of cooperatives nationwide (19601986) From Renovation up to now, especially since 1995, the selfmanagement of the village has been enhanced with the emergence of the role of a village leader replacing the head of the cooperative Moreover, in historical and ethnographic documents, the Nung village (and the village institution of the ethnic groups in Vietnam in general) is often described from a traditional perspective This is more or less convenient for PhD student when comparing between traditional and modern versions Methodology and study methods 4.1 Methodology The thesis is presented and justified in view of dialectical and historical materialism of Marxism - Leninism in the description and analysis of the issue of village structure and social organization of the village Besides, the thesis is also based on the views of the Party and the State expressed through the construction of new institutions, on the basis of inheriting the values during the revolution and building new rural areas In addition, the thesis inherits the research achievements of ethnographers in the world and in Vietnam on studying villages of ethnic minorities in general and the Nung in particular 4.2 Study methods To carry out the research objectives and tasks, the PhD student applied a number of specialized research methods such as: Ethnographic fieldwork method, comparison method, chart method, collection method, total merge and exploit secondary documents In particular, the Ethnographic fieldwork method is mainly with the following forms: Observe, observing participation; In-depth interview; Discussion groups Besides, the author also consulted with experts in Anthropology to supplement and complete the missing knowledge in the process of finalizing the thesis New contributions to the science of the thesis The thesis has the following major contributions: - On the basis of research on the village of Nung Phan Slinh, the thesis presents a comprehensive view of the organization of traditional and modern villages in a mountainous district of Thai Nguyen province in the context of new rural construction today - Contributing to clarifying the structure, role and function of the village organization in the Nung Phan Slinh community and their relationship with some other ethnic groups living in the same residence area - Point out some impact factors and change trends in the organization of the villages of Nung Phan Slinh, Dong Hy district, contributing to preserving and promoting the national cultural identity in the process of building a new rural area now on Theoretical and practical meanings of the thesis 6.1 Theoretical meaning - The dissertation analyzed village organization - a type of social institution in the midland and mountainous areas of Vietnam from tradition to change - Define the Social Spatial Theories, Social Change Theory to highlight research points about the village organization of the Nung Phan Slinh village in Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province 6.2 Practical significance - The results of the thesis contribute to the preservation of good traditional cultural values for the process of building a new countryside, and at the same time improve the cultural life of Nung Phan Slinh people in the context of industrialization and globalization - Providing scientific arguments as a basis for planning guidelines and policies of the Party and State, contributing to preserving and promoting the positive cultural elements of the village in the process of economic development - local culture and society Layout of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References, Appendix, the main content of the thesis is presented in chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation, theoretical basis and researched ethnic group Chapter 2: Characteristics and structure of the Nung Phan Slinh villages Chapter 3: Social institutions and social relations in the village Chapter 4: The impact factors, changing trend of the village and some issues raised Chapter OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL BASIS AND RESEARCHED ETHNIC GROUP 1.1 Overview of the research situation 1.1.1 Overview of foreign research situation There are many research works on village-related issues such as organizational structure, social space and development trends The development of each village depends on the geographical conditions, historical, cultural and social circumstances of each country These are valuable sources of reference for PhD student in the process of project implementation 1.1.2 Overview of domestic research situation The topic on villages of ethnic minorities in Vietnam has received a lot of research interest from both local and foreign Ethnologists Since Doi Moi 1986, a number of works related to village organization have been published, but concentrated mainly in the Tay, Thai, Muong, Dao, Ha Nhi ethnic groups In addition to the advantages, the above works reveal some of the following limitations: - Mainly presenting the tradition, paying little attention to the village conversion process and the change of the village management model through each historical period, especially from Doi Moi (1986) to the present - Not paying attention to the role and position of the village in the construction of new rural areas in mountainous and ethnic minority areas Studies on the Nung and the Nung Phan Slinh focus on a number of topics such as historical origins, material culture, rituals in the life cycle, social institutions (lineages) The study area is mainly concentrated in the provinces of Cao Bang, Lang Son and Bac Kan, few studies on Nung Phan Slinh people in Thai Nguyen 1.2 Theoretical basis 1.2.1 Definitions The thesis clarifies the following basic concepts: village, social organization, association, group, network, tradition, transformation, social transformation, collective ownership, private ownership, ownership land, land tenure, common ownership of the community, conventions, conventions, self-governing institutions and the family These terms are closely related to each other and to the research topic of this thesis Depending on the terminology, the author of the thesis has quoted the definitions of the previous scientists, or from anthropology dictionaries or Vietnamese dictionaries, from there, stating the author's views on that language 1.2 Theoretical basis The thesis has applied the following theories: social spatial theory Applying the above theory, the PhD student will approach the research of Nung Phan Slinh village organization as a meaningful social space for survival, where the community through it to establish and maintain relationships with the environment, economic relationships, and social relations such as neighbors, lineages, marriage-family, cultural and linguistic exchanges This system is always expanding, spreading, improving continuously, not standing still and changing the social space which is village Social space always contains social relations, problems and practices of ethnic societies larger than the mere geographical space of residence, so the study on village organization is not limited to the intrinsic elements within it, which must be related to the wider relationships that envelop it Social change theory: With this thesis, the PhD student focused on social change among Nung Phan Slinh people from the perspective of organizational change, due to the impacts of the Party and the State's guidelines and policies for ethnic minorities; Renewal policies and new rural construction programs have been implemented in recent years In the process of applying these policies at the grassroots level, the organization of the Nung Phan Slinh village has had many changes in space, form of residence to the economic - cultural - social life according to the construction and general development of the country in the stage of building a new cultural life 1.3 Overview of Dong Hy district and Nung Phan Slinh people 1.3.1 Overview of Dong Hy district Until 1962, Dong Hy consisted of 29 communes (including Hop Tien commune of Yen The district, Bac Giang province) Since 1985, Dong Hy district includes 17 communes and towns (Chua Hang, Trai Cau and Song Cau) The territory of Dong Hy district today stretches on geographical coordinates from 21032 'to 21051' north latitude, from 105046 'to 106004' East longitude The North borders Vo Nhai district and Bac Kan province, the South borders Phu Binh district and Thai Nguyen city, the East borders Bac Giang province, the West borders Phu Luong district and Thai Nguyen city 1.3.2 Overview of Nung Phan Slinh people in Dong Hy 1.3.2.1 Name The Nung Phan Slinh people in Dong Hy, Thai Nguyen province originated from Lang Son immigrants and farther on the history of their 28 people, accounting for 0.029%: Thái people: people, accounting for 0.083%; Hmong: people, accounting for 0.05%, Muong: people, accounting for 0.04% 1.4.4 Van Lang Commune Van Lang is a mountainous commune, the furthest from the center of Dong Hy district, with an area of 63,03km2 The commune is adjacent to Quang Chu commune in Cho Moi district, Bac Kan province in the west and northwest, adjacent to Than Sa commune in Vo Nhai district in the northeast and east, adjacent to Tan Long commune in the southeast, adjacent to Hoa Binh commune in the south, bordering with Yen Lac and Phu Do communes of Phu Luong district in the west and southwest Van Lang is divided into 16 villages: Khe Hai, Lien Phuong, Ban Tay, Van Lang, Van Khanh, Tam Va, Dat, Tan Lap I, Tan Lap II, Tan Son, Tan Thinh, Tan Thanh, Mong, Khe Quan, Khe Can and Mo Nuoc The commune has over 1,200 households, with 4,555 people from ethnic groups, of which: Kinh people: 1,474 people, accounting for 32.3%; Hmong: 1,356 people, accounting for 29.7%; Dao: 809 people, accounting for 17.7%; Nung: 691 people, accounting for 15.1%; Tay: 174 people, accounting for 3.8%; San Diu: 26 people, accounting for 0.57%; San Chay: 21 people, accounting for 0.46%; Muong: people, accounting for 0.087% Conclusion of Chapter Chapter presents previous research works that focus on the villages organization of a number of countries around the world, contributed additional resources for PhD student to refer to during the dissertation implementation In Vietnam, in recent years, there have been many research projects on ethnic minority villages with specific cultural characteristics of the region However, the research of the Nung villages in general and the Nung Phan Slinh in particular is still lacking The Nung Phan Slinh people - a local group of Nung people migrated from the districts of Lang Son province to Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen more than a century ago Over time, the Nung Phan Slinh people have stabilized their lives and developed their new homeland 10 The thesis applies a number of theories such as Social Space theory, Social Change theory Therefore, the PhD student has an objective basis to assess the issues of villages organization from the tradition form to the current transformation Chapter CHARACTERISTICS AND STRUCTURE OF THE NUNG PHAN SLINH VILLAGES 2.1 Some criteria for classification of villages As a sedentary farming resident, strongly dependent on wetland cultivation, most of the Nung villages are located in areas like the Tay, which are valleys surrounded by rivers, streams and hills In general, the Nung villages in general, the Nung Phan Slinh villages in Dong Hy in particular are still the village type of agricultural residents who have been sedentary and settled in the midland or valley basin 2.2 Name of villages Each of the Nung Phan Slinh village in Dong Hy district has its own name These names became close, sacred and stable, passing on every generation of every community Besides, there are a few village names that only remain in the people's memory The survey showed that naming villages of Nung Phan Slinh people in Dong Hy, Thai Nguyen province in some ways such as naming villages by natural terrain characteristics, naming villages after animal and plant names and naming new names 2.3 Principles of establishing villages The villages of Nung Phan Slinh people in Dong Hy is an area concentrating of stilt houses based on the strip of land, hillsides, mountain ranges or in valleys The conception of the elderly is to rely solely on the back of mountains and high hills can they have spring water Sometimes the village is in the middle of the field to facilitate cultivation, but the most advantageous place is near the water source, near the field, maybe as close to the terrace as possible Soil quality (thickness, humus content) might be the most important basis for establishing fields, but is not a decisive criterion for establishing villages In addition, they also have the idea that 11 where there are a lot of forests there will be groundwater flowing out at the foot of the hill, at the foot of the mountain, it is convenient for settling and planting rice 2.4 Spatial organization of the village 2.4.1 Bounderies between villages and inter-villages Since the establishment of the village up to now, the Nung Phan Slinh people have a common convention of boundaries between villages There are two types of boundary discrimination: The first is based on the watershed The second is based on the available natural terrain such as fields, streams, hills, stumps Boundaries between villages are largely set by the first generation of land reclamers, the following generations voluntarily followed, not a single member violated that boundary Although the boundary is only a convention, villagers can still determine the scope of their rights to the common property of the community From there, they also consciously respect and protect their living space 2.4.2 Residential characteristics of families (rooftops) in the villages The survey showed that in the villages organization of the Nung Phan Slinh People, there are some forms of residence as follows: First, it is also the most common, that is, houses are arranged along concrete roads or along local roads Second, houses are resided along the mountains, scattered along hillsides, mountains in no order Third, houses are arranged in small constellations around hills or at the foot of rocky mountains Fourth, houses are resided along the stream 2.4.3 Living space of the villages Living space of the village includes sacred space, semi-sacred space, stilt houses, cultural houses 2.5 Population composition of the villages Depending on the conditions of arable land, water sources, transportation, historical and social circumstances in each period, the villages have different sizes The larger the village is, the more diverse the population is, not only by the number of families (roofs) but also by the number of clans in the village and its ethnic diversity over time 12 2.5.1 Social units in the village 2.5.1.1 Family - an element of the village Today, nuclear families make up the majority of the Nung Phan Slinh community The population increase makes the family line more and more widely distributed throughout the residence area 2.5.1.2 The lineages in the village The Nung Phan Slinh families in Dong Hy district live in the same locality or may be scattered in different communes When they live in the same commune, it will be more advantageous to consolidate community strength in common activities For the village, the lineages are a structural element rather than a power factor 2.5.2 Ethnic composition in the village Villages of the Nung in the past used to be purely populated by only one ethnic group, many of which only consist a group of Nung gathered Later, due to the development of the population in the region and the movement of other ethnic groups, the ethnic composition (as well as the local groups of a ethnic group) in the village became increasingly diverse and plentiful Some villages have from to ethnic groups residing together Conclusion of Chapter The Nung Phan Slinh village in Dong Hy district was formed freely and spontaneously according to the need to find a new land, which converges all the elements of the weather - favorable conditions - harmony Each village's name is associated with animals, plants and some other social and natural phenomena That is, the names are simple, easy to remember, easy to find and stick with the daily life of the people The Nung Phan Slinh village has its boundaries associated with the characteristics of closeness, simplicity and daily life The village boundary is only a convention, but it is preserved by the people from generation to generation Each village is a collection of many families, mainly nuclear families, with patriarchal nature and concentrated power in the hands of men and family 13 heads In the village, the family line is also very diverse, the small one is from to families, many can reach up to a dozen families Ethnic composition in the village is also quite rich, some villages have enough ethnic groups to reside together Chapter SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE VILLAGE 3.1 Ownership and use of land 3.1.1 Collective ownership It can be said that the common properties in the villages of the Nung Phan Slinh are all available in nature from the past, including: the natural land area of the whole village (rivers, streams, hills, mountains, land forests, grazing grounds, graveyards ) 3.1.2 Private ownership Land and land use rights among ethnic communities in Dong Hy district in general and Nung Phan Slinh in particular have changed Currently, people have the right to use land for living, agricultural production and transfer in accordance with the law Red-headed household owners certify agricultural land use rights, green cover certifies forest land use rights 3.2 Form of village management 3.2.1 Head of the village and his role The role of the village leader is also shown in productive labor, economic development, improving family and community life, contributing to local economic development 3.2.2 Those who practice religion and belief Today, in Nung Phan Slinh villages, there are still priests who specialize in serving the spiritual needs of the community on funerals, holidays, weddings 3.2.3 Non-official organizations in the village Some local organizations still exist in each Nung Phan Slinh village: wards support production, wards support house building, wards support funerals, 14 wards support other jobs demonstrate strong community cohesion The members of the village love and rely on each other to develop 3.2.4 Socio-political organizations at the grassroots level After the August Revolution of 1945, in line with the general trend of many other places, new socio-political organizations were attached to the socialist regime (Communist Party Cell, Party Working Committee, Party Cell) Farmer's Union, Women's Union, Veteran's Union, Youth Union, Youth's Team ) have gradually entered the daily life of the Nung Phan Slinh village 3.2.5 Convention of the village In general, the conventional types of the Nung Phan Slinh people in Dong Hy only exist in oral form from person to person, generation to generation The survey results show that the Nung Phan Slinh convention still exists in the following areas: - Convention on security protection - Convention on the protection of natural resources - Convention on community cultural activities - Conventions in mutual help 3.3 Community relations in the village 3.3.1 Community in economic activities It can be said that the economic relationship of the Nung Phan Slinh people is mainly simple and not complicated Each family is an independent economic unit, independent of other families The economic characteristics of the village are mainly self-sufficient They only shop at the market for necessary items to meet the needs of daily activities 3.3.2 Community relations in customs and practices Today the support in the customs and traditions of the people still exists, still expressing the solidarity, support and mutual assistance Moreover, this support also appears more members are Kinh, San Chay ethnic groups living in the same area of residence 3.3.3 Relationship between clans In the Nung Phan Slinh family, there are basic relationships such as wife husband, parents - children, grandparents - descendants 15 In a husband's family that decides all relationships, the wife gives her input to the husband to maintain and promote those relationships In addition, there are other relationships in the village: brothers, relatives, neighbors 3.4 The relationship between the Nung Phan Slinh village and the village of another ethnic group In the process of formation and development, indispensable residential villages will generate intricate socio-economic relations This can be marriage, economic relations, internal political relations (internal), or social relations (external) Conclusion of Chapter In the villages of the Nung Phan Slinh, there are two forms of ownership: collective ownership (forest land, road land, clean water, grazing grounds, dams, etc.) with private ownership (residential land) residential land, farmland, forest land ) The origin of the land in the villages is quite clear: the first is the inheritance of the land of a part of the San Chay people, the second is the acquisition of local authorities and the third is the selfexploration during the preparation of the village Self-governing institutions such as village heads, religious practitioners, village regulations play an important role in organizing, adjusting and maintaining activities in the community The Nung Phan Slinh village has many relationships such as the relationship among the lineages; the relationship between the village and each household; the relationship between the village and the village The overlap of relationships becomes a complex and diverse social system that only the community can understand and solve, the stagnation or development goes up steadily Depends on whether self-management activities are effective or not The activities of the ward organizations have helped strengthen the trust system in the community, increasing mutual support on the principle of reciprocity based on a system of standard values Thereby creating a network of close social links in the village community In particular, the emergence of socio-political organizations has contributed to improving the status of the village in the current context 16 Chapter THE IMPACT FACTORS, CHANGING TREND OF THE VILLAGE AND SOME ISSUES RAISED 4.1 Factors affecting the village variation 4.1.1 Impact from the Renewal line of the Party Since 1986, the people of the Dong Hy ethnic groups in general and the Nung Phan Slinh ethnic group in particular have had important changes in all aspects of economic, cultural and social life This year marks a complete transformation after a long time the State implemented the subsidy and bureaucracy At the same time, our Party and State also democratize social life, promote the human element and gradually build a rule of law state of the people, by the people for the people 4.1.2 Impacts from State and local policies Ethnic and mountainous policies are comprehensively implemented in many fields, with the aim of reducing the development gap between ethnic groups and regions It can be said that many programs and policies have come to life effectively, giving ethnic minorities in general, Nung Phan Slinh people in Dong Hy, Thai Nguyen province in particular, to have a better life than before 1986 4.1.3 Impact from the New Rural Construction Program Since the implementation of the New Rural Construction Program, economic life among Nung Phan Slinh people has prospered In the organization of production and economic development, localities have focused on investing and forming a number of thriving breeding production areas, bringing high economic efficiency and stabilizing people's lives 4.1.4 Impact of cultural exchange and integration Cultural exchanges also include the reception of Nung cultural elements from people of other ethnic groups Nung community-based festivals with the participation of other ethnic groups gradually shift from ethnic festivals to local festival, etc 4.1.5 Impact of ethnic psychology If according to the previous customs, according to the old psychology, only people of the same ethnic group should get married, while taking other 17 ethnic people will face many limitations in the behavior, psychology, lifestyle, language, etc Nowadays, the phenomenon of heterosexual marriage is becoming more and more popular as a factor to promote the integration process among village communities 4.2 Trends of change Currently the Nung Phan Slinh villages have some changing trends, that is: - Trend of change in village space - Trend of change in population and social organization - Trend of change in social relations - Trend of change in people's awareness in the village 4.3 Some issues raised in the current period 4.3.1 Identify the positives and drawbacks of the village organization Organizing villages in particular and traditional social institutions in general is an impersonal entity that has a very strong impact and needs to be fully measured in the process of renewing the political system 4.3.1.1 Positive points - The villages of Nung Phan Slinh have a concentrated residence lifestyle, showing the connection between the members and the community The relationships of neighbors, bloodline, relatives and common family are intertwined, creating sustainable solidarity among members - From past to now, the villages is the only social unit where customary laws on the use and protection of natural resources are promoted The village organization is also the place where ethnic communities perform the role of conciliation and dealing with conflicts between individuals, families, clans, before it is necessary to bring them to a higher legal system to resolve them - The self-governing apparatus of traditional villages is composed of village patriarch, chiefs, and prestigious people (healers, priests, midwives) who are powerful partners for village heads and political organizations - society, the "centipedes" of grassroots government - The villages is the place to preserve and practice the most complete system of folk knowledge and ethnic cultural identity 18 - Traditional villages are an important environment contributing to each person's personality - The villages is a grassroots residential organization that plays an intermediary role between the grassroots government and individuals, households 4.3.1.2 Limitations - The tradition of solidarity is a beauty, but a high sense of community always accompanies local and family-oriented tendencies - Although the traditional organization of the organization is cohesive and sympathetic, it is not strong enough to protect the community from outside threats - The promotion of people's ownership of the homeland in a new context is still passive, sometimes depending on the voice of reputable people - To a certain extent, democratic practices based on the principle of harmony often go hand in hand with egalitarianism, leveling, and if not regulated there is also the risk of freedom and anarchy - Economic and cultural exchanges between villages are limited, mainly between individuals and social groups The village as the separate social unit also creates a burden on the communal administrative and political management apparatus when each policy and policy has to go through many intermediaries to reach the village - The mobilization of the village's socio-cultural resources in new rural construction has not achieved much result - Today, the villages have changed a lot in terms of identities, spatial structure and social characteristics The processes of population, population, new administrative systems and laws have blurred the community, separating the connection between people and the natural environment - One of the current big problems for village organizations is the decline in cohesion, solidarity and mutual affection in the community under the impact of market economy, expressed through conflicts of interest among personal and family - Building the current cultural villages is not only an urgent issue but also a matter of mental intellect to guide social development 19 4.4.1 For local authorities Economy: Local authorities need to come up with sustainable solutions to develop the economic pace of each locality, especially those where the Nung Phan Slinh people live; instruct people to apply many agricultural production models for efficiency and high productivity to improve the economic life better and better In the field of culture and society: Properly applying guidelines, guiding ideas, healthy humanistic ideas, policies issued by the Party and the State to analyze and separate clearly what are pure customs and traditions should preserve and promote, what are the obsolete elements should be removed Regarding education: Creating conditions for ethnic minority children to go to many trades to form a contingent of ethnic minority intellectuals on building increasingly rich, beautiful villages and hometowns 4.4.2 For local people Every Nung Phan Slinh needs to be aware of preserving, preserving and promoting cultural values in the new era Positive cultural factors should be promoted; negative factors should be limited to build a growing community From the past until now, the inferiority mentality of the nation has also been a major cause of the fading cultural identity Each person should not have the idea that his/her culture is inferior to other ethnic groups, culture is just a difference Those are the unique features that make up the cultural identity of the peoples Therefore, it is necessary to have a proper awareness of our ethnic culture 20 Sub-conclusion of chapter It can be said that the impact of the renovation policy and policies of the Party and State over the past decades has led to changes in the economic, cultural and social aspects of the Nung Phan Slinh people all over Dong Hy district In particular, the new Rural Program has improved the lives of all people, upgraded socio-economic infrastructure In the coming years, the changing trend of the Nung people will take place within the villages space, in which the expansion of traffic, the conversion of crop purposes are the premise for socio-economic development The composition of the population will be more diversified by the two processes of population disturbance in an area and the inter-regional population disturbance The Nung villages is a type of rural commune, the village's self-governing apparatus is a powerful partner for villages heads and heads of sociopolitical organizations However, there are still limitations that need to be overcome and eliminated, such as: the habit of being more customary than the law, economic and cultural exchanges between villages It still limited; mainly is the exchange between individuals and social groups Postgraduate also would like to make some recommendations to preserve, preserve and promote the national culture, that is, the government increasingly goes deeply into the reality of the people with programs and policies bring high economic efficiency CONCLUSION The villages is a unit of residence in mountainous areas, with ethnic minorities that are of interest to researchers of Ethnology, Anthropology, History, Sociology, and Cultural Studies Many articles and researches on villages are published in specialized magazines or books, so on For each ethnic group, the villages show distinct ethnic cultural traits The villages play an important role in preserving and promoting the traditional cultural values It contributes to the identity of the nation forever handed down to the descendants forever 21 Nung Phan Slinh villages in Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province have a history of over one hundred years Each villages is associated with a friendly and close name The arrangement of residence is quite diverse: concentrated residence along the road of people; mountain residence, scattered along hillsides and mountains; residing in small clusters, around hills or at the foot of rocky mountain; residing along the stream, houses arranged intimately This creates a unique feature compared to the villages of other ethnic groups such as Kinh, San Chay, Hmong, Dao, so on This is a noticeable feature to distinguish the villages - their residence unit with distinct ethnic characteristics The villages is a gathering of many families and families mainly migrating from Lang Son to Dong Hy In the villages, the focus of the family is mainly on men The size of each village is often very different, with the large population ranging from 70 to 100 families, the small villages from 30-50 families The village of Nung Phan Slinh often has many lines of residence, today, in many villages there is a diversity of ethnic groups Compared to the villages of the Tay and Thai ethnic groups in Vietnam, the scale of Nung Phan Slinh villages is only average On the one hand, due to the short settling time, on the other hand, the custom of splitting new villages (organizing an overcrowded villages will again split up to form a new village) The villages are a organized, coherent, social organization Before the August Revolution in 1945, the villages were under the control of the feudal government and the French colonial government Since the August Revolution, the grassroots political system was established; the villages was strengthened by a new management apparatus, including the secretary of the Party cell, the villages chief and the presidents of the socio-political organizations Thanks to these institutions, the village organization in Nung Phan Slinh was maintained and promoted effectively Besides, those who practice beliefs such as Mr Tao, Mr Po and Mr Put are still respected by the community In the community, they are the people who preserve and transmit the culture of the ethnic groups 22 The villages is a social unit that supports and helps each other The organizations (wards such as production support, house building support, funeral assistance and other jobs) are still promoted, demonstrating community cohesion within the villages and inter-village Currently, these organizations still exist and tend to develop the enrollment of members of other ethnic groups The Nung Phan Slinh villages also has conventions for protecting natural resources, cultural activities of the community, helping each other and protecting the security Some conventions are just word of mouth, some are written to make it easier for people to remember and follow Thanks to the convention, the villages maintain its order and management system effectively The expression of community in economic activities, customs and linkages In Nung Phan Slinh, community support is expressed through common tasks such as rebuilding the family, building houses, and making roads for people In the village, each Nung Phan Slinh family has three relatives: father's family, mother's family and father's family Influenced by Confucian ideology, the paternal line is more important than the maternal line This, deeply ingrained in the minds of every citizen from birth by the time they lived with the paternal side is mainly With foreign parties, they only visit, go out on holidays, Tet or other unexpected events Relationship with brothers from the outside so it is not dear, close emotional like the paternal side Nung villages also have relationships with villages of other ethnic groups in the same locality as Kinh, Hmong, Dao, and San Chay Although many ethnic groups reside together, the solidarity between peoples is always strengthened and always ready to help each other in life The trend of people from different ethnic groups living together will grow more and more, making the villages of the Nung Phan Slinh more rich and diverse The villages is a traditional social institution with many positive aspects expressed in self-management capacity, but besides that, there are still limitations: the economic exchange between villages is still limited, the institution is closed However, the mobilization of the village's socio23 cultural resources in new rural construction has not yet achieved good results This is a situation that needs to be changed gradually from thinking to the development of economic activities of the people 10 Under the influence of the Party's policies, the State's policies and laws, the Nung Phan Slinh villages have had many changes in both economy and socio-culture However, in the current period, the Party and the State need to increase investment in ethnic minorities in general and the Nung in particular in order to build new rural areas in mountainous and ethnic minority areas the number reaches the desired effect This process needs to be carried out in specific periods of time, each specific locality At the same time, people and authorities of all levels need to closely monitor the construction of new rural areas to reach a high level, giving people a better quality of life 11 Currently, our country is on the path of industrialization and modernization of the country Each ethnic group will also play a part in this success Therefore, it is necessary to clearly identify the role and importance of villages organization in order to promote positive factors and limit negative factors to build a more and more developed village./ 24 ... little attention to the village conversion process and the change of the village management model through each historical period, especially from Doi Moi (1986) to the present - Not paying attention... due to its association with the locality of Van Thanh Chau (China), the former home of the Nung people Phàn Slinh word translates from Van Thanh Chau into Vietnamese 1.3.2.2 Residence history... 2900 people, residing in villages: Dong Vung, Dong Cau, Tan Do, Pho Hich, Tan Yen, Tan Thanh, Trung Thanh, most of the population is Kinh people, the number is 1,783 people that accounts for
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