Translation strategies for the addressing forms between english and vietnamese in the novel “hunger” = các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô anh việt trong tiểu thuyết đói

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES TRƯƠNG THỊ HUYỀN TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR THE ADDRESSING FORMS BETWE

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

TRƯƠNG THỊ HUYỀN

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR THE ADDRESSING FORMS

BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

IN THE NOVEL “HUNGER”

(Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô Anh-Việt trong tiểu thuyết “Đói”)

MAJOR MASTER THESIS

Major: English Linguistics Supervisor: Assoc Prof.Dr Le Hung Tien

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

TRƯƠNG THỊ HUYỀN

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR THE ADDRESSING FORMS

BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

IN THE NOVEL “HUNGER”

(Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô Anh-Việt trong tiểu thuyết “Đói”)

MAJOR MASTER THESIS

Major: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01

Supervisor: Assoc Prof.Dr Le Hung Tien

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I, the undersigned, herby certify that this project entitled Translation

strategies for the addressing forms between English and Vietnamese in the novel “Hunger” (Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô Anh-Việt trong tiểu thuyết “Đói”) is my original work I have duly acknowledged all the sources

from which the ideas and extracts have been taken This project is submitted

in partial fulfillment of requirements for degree of Master in English Language

Approved by SUPERVISOR

Assoc Prof.Dr Le Hung Tien

Date:

I am also grateful to all my lecturers of Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies

at the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi who give me an opportunity and the best conditions to do this research

Last but not least, my special gratitute is for my family and my friends from whom I have received alot of spiritual encourage and material support

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF TABLE V LIST OF FIGURE V

PART A: INTRODUCTION 1

1 Rationale 1

2 Scope of the research 2

3 Research objectives and research questions 2

3.1 Research objectives 2

3.2 Research questions 3

4 Research significance 3

5 Research method 3

6 Thesis structure 4

PART B: DEVELOPMENT 5

CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW 5

1 Translation 5

1.1 Definitions of translation 5

1.2 Translation strategies 7

2 Addressing forms 9

2.1 Definition of addressing forms 9

2.1.1 Pronouns 12

2.1.2 Names 15

2.1.3 Titles 16

2.1.4 Kinship terms 17

2.1.5 Endearment expressions 20

2.2 Translating addressing forms from one language to another 20

3 Previous Studies 25

CHAPTER II: RESEARCH METHOD 28

1 Research Approach 28

2 Data and Data Sources 29

3 Research Instruments 30

4 Data Collection Techniques 33

5 Data Analysis Techniques 34

CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 35

1 Findings 35

1.1 The types of Addressing Forms 35

1.2 The Translation Strategies of Addressing Forms 36

2 Discussion 43

PART C CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 45

1 Summary of findings 45

2 Conclusions 45

3 Suggestions 47

3.1 For translator 47

3.2 For students majoring in translation 47

3.3 For researchers 47

REFERENCES 48 APPENDIX I

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: English Pronouns System (according to Larson, 1984) 12

Table 2: Vietnamese Pronouns System by Ngo (2006) 12

Table 3: Example of Addressing People Using Names in English 15

Table 5: The Meanings and Usages of the Vietnamese Kinship Terms 18

Table 6: The Table Data Sheet 32

Table 7 The Frequencies of Types of Addressing Forms in the novel “Hunger” 35

Table 8: The Translation Strategies of Addressing Forms 37

Table 9: Pronouns 37

Table 10 Names 38

Table 11: Titles 39

Table 12: Kinship Terms 41

Table 13: Endearment expressions 42

LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1 The Diagram of Types of Address Terms 36

Figure 2 The Diagram of Translation Strategies 42

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

Translation is one of important and not easy skills in the course of English learning, especially in the process of world economic integration today It is a crucial tool and plays important role in the life and in various fields such as communication, education, culture, tourism, economy as well as literature, ect Translation helps people from different countries be able to understand and connects together Depending on each field, proper and certain strategies and procedures are applied to gain a good translation Because translation is the process of transferring meaning, it is necessary to have great attention when translating from source language into target language to get the profound insight about the source language Translating from English into Vietnamese means transferring the meaning from English culture into Vietnamese culture

Addressing forms are indispensable in any acts of communication In language in general, they express the hierarchical, attitude and emotional relationship between the persons involved in the conversation Therefore, the important thing is to select proper addressing forms in order to get a smooth and good conversation Almost English learners, however, face some difficulties in translating addressing forms from English into Vietnamese Like other fields, translation of addressing forms from English into Vietnamese is not easy which depends on various factors and elements such

as culture and translation strategies

The system of addressing forms in Vietnamese language is very rich and diverse which depends on each circumstance and relationship The rules

of addressing in Vietnamese are also varied and complicated Personal

Vietnamese which cannot be found in English This is one of the difficulties

in the course of translating such type of addressing forms from English into Vietnamese This forces the translator to focus, pay attention and find signs to distinguish and find words with the same meaning in two languages

On the other hand, the cultural difference is also an element leading to different use of addressing forms in English and Vietnamese Cultural factors and social norms require each language to have a proper system of addressing forms In short, during communication, in English or Vietnamese, addressing forms should be selected and adjusted by each individual to suit the subject as well as the context of communication Hence, this paper is carried to refect the similarities and differences between the system of addressing forms in English language and Vietnamese language as well as translation strategies

for translating the addressing form in the novel “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun

2 Scope of the research

Through the process of translation, various versions of target texts can

be created from a source language The translation process is also impacted

by different factors These factors can consist of translator behavior or cultural problem in which cultural factor has a big influence As a result, the translator must have good understanding on the background of each culture to

have the best translation The addressing forms in the novel “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun and “Đói” of T.B.Tan are collected by the author to be used as

research data

3 Research objectives and research questions

3.1 Research objectives

The research aims to:

 Describe types of addressing forms that occur in “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun

 Describe types of translation strategies used in “Đói” of T.B.Tan

3.2 Research questions

Two following questions are formulated for this research:

1 What types of addressing forms occur in “Hunger” of Knut

Hamsun?

2 What are the types of translation strategies used to translate

addressing terms in “Đói” of T.B.Tan?

4 Research significance

The research is carried out to help the readers and English learners to take in the meaning of addressing forms effectively by understanding the notion of addressing forms, the types of addressing forms and the factors affecting the use of addressing forms and the similarities and differences of the system of addressing forms in English and Vietnamese language The result of this research also helps people understand that the use of different translation strategies will lead to the change of addressing forms It then will

be a good reference for teachers and students as well as translators, writers of language who are interested in studying the addressing forms in linguistics in general and in translation in particular

5 Research method

Research procedures:

 Developing a theoretical background

 Collecting and synthesizing the system of addressing forms in both English and Vietnamese for analysis and comparison

 Finding out the similarities and differences of the system of addressing forms between English and Vietnamese

 Drawing out the common translation strategies for the addressing forms

 Data collection: the addressing forms in the novel “Hunger” of

Knut Hamsun and “Đói” of T.B.Tan

 Descriptive and comparative methods are used in this research

6 Thesis structure

This research consists of three main parts and a reference

Part A: Introduction

Briefly introduces rationale for the research, research objectives, scope

of the research, research significance and research methodology

Part B: Development

The development includes two chapters:

Chapter I – Literature reviews deals with the literature reviews relevant

to translation definition; translation types, translation process, translation strategies, addressing forms, previous studies and brife summary on the novel

“Hunger” of Knut Hamsun

Chapter II – Research method

Chapter focuses on the research approach, data and data sources, research instruments, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques

Chapter III – Findings and discussion present the research’s results

and related discussion

Part C: Conclusions and suggestions give conclusions and

suggestions drawn from the research’s results

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW

All literature theories related to translation and addressing forms which are necessary for analyzing all research objectives are discussed in this chapter Many reference sources from books, articles and journals from the internet are collected and used for the completion of this chapter The previous studies of other researchers are also mentioned as the references for this research

1 Translation

1.1 Definitions of translation

The term of translation has been concerned by many authors It is mentioned as a way to transfer the meaning from one language into another Larson (1984) defines translation is a way of rendering the meaning of the source language into the target language According to him, the render of language is conducted in a semantic manner by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language He also says that the lexicon, grammatical structure and communication situation are studied during the translation and their meaning is defined, and then reconstructing the same meaning by using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are suitable for the receptor’s language and that language’s cultural content Nida (1969) also similarly states that translation is the process of reproducing the receptor’s language to the closest natural equivalence of the SL message, first

in the terms of meaning and followed by the terms of style Hatim and Munday (2004) states that translation is the process of transferring a written text from source language to target language The translator needs to use some strategies to transfer a meaning in an accurate and natural manner

Catford (1995) mentions that translation is to replace textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) According to Newmark (1988), translation is rendering the meaning of a text from one language into another language based on the intention and purpose

of the author Hatim and Mason (1990) suggest that translation is a process of the negotiation of meaning between producers and receivers of the text Picken (1989) defines that general translation is transferring messages in the oral and written forms from writing to speech or from one language to another language Bell (1991) mentions that translation is to replace a text in one language by an equivalent text in another language Newmark (1981) views translation as a craft that attempts to replace a message and/or statement in written in one language by the equivalent message or statement in another language And also, he defines translation is a science, a skill, an art, and a matter of taste Regarding a science, translation consits of the knowledge and assessment of the facts and the language that describes them; as a skill, translation contains the appropriate language and acceptable usage; as an art, translation differentiates good writing from bad and involves innovative, intuitive and inspired levels; and lastly, he views translation as a matter of taste includes the fact that the translator resorts to his/her own preferences; so, the translated text varies from one translator to another Kelly (2005) states translation as the skill of understanding the source text and rendering it in the target language by using the register, the background knowledge, and other language resources according to the intended purpose Therefore, a translator

is considered as a mediator of the two languages and cultures who can transfer the source language to the target language

From those definitions mentioned above, it can be summarized that translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by

means of an equivalent target-language text Additionally, the translator must pay attention to the meaning to reach a good translation Especially, there are various factors affecting the translation of a literary work The close, natural and equivalent translation must be ensured to have a good translation work

1.2 Translation strategies

Translation strategies are categorized, classified and suggested by different authors and experts The term of translation strategies is often mentioned along with other terms such as procedure, technique, method, tactic, and approach, etc Many researchers study two types of translation strategies include literal translation and free translation Vinay & Darbelnet describe these two strategies in the form of word-for-word translation and sense-for-sense translation, source-oriented translation and target-oriented translation, direct translation and oblique translation Meanwhile Eugene Nida views them through adequacy and acceptability, formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence; Peter Newmark describes via semantic translation and communicative translation

Lorscher (1991) defines translation strategy is a procedure or a sequence

of actions Krings (1986) views translation strategies as “potentially conscious plans for solving a translation problem” Strategies related to using procedures

to deal with problems, and the chosen procedure will affect the result

Gerloff (1986) expresses that the text processing strategies include problem identification, linguistic analysis, storage and retrieval, general search and selection, inferencing and reasoning strategies, text contextualizatoin, editing, and task monitoring

Chesterman (1997) and other researchers agree on a few characteristics

of a translation strategy in which translation strategy is goal-oriented;

problem-centered; requires making coordinated decisions; is potentially conscious; and involves text manipulation

Baker (1992) lists eight strategies which are used to deal with the problematic issues during the process of translation

 Translation by a more specific word: This often involves choosing among several different words, as there may be many Vietnamese words that

correspond to the general category or meaning expressed by English word

Example: “Carry” in English can be translated into “mang”, “địu”,

“xách”, “cầm”, “thồ”, “địu” etc in Vietnamese

Or “Rice” is used commonly for “thóc”, “gạo”, “cơm”, “cháo”, etc depending on whether one is planting it, is harvesting it or cooking it

 Translation by a more general word: in this strategy, a more general

word is used to replace the more specific one

Example: the English words “paw”, “foot” or “leg” may all be translated by the Vietnamese word “chân”

 Translation by a more neutral/ less expressive word: uses more

neutral/less word to replace word which doesn’t have equivalent one

Example: Source language: The number of talent students in English class has mushroomed in recent days

Target language: Số lượng học sinh tài năng trong lớp tiếng Anh đã tăng nhanh trong những ngày gần đây

Back-translation: The number of talent students in English class has increased fastly in recent days

In this example, the verb “mushroom” mentions the fast growth, but it means “mọc lên như nấm” in Vietnamese which implies a negative meaning

In Vietnamese, “mọc lên như nấm” is often used to refer to the over-heated or uncontrollable development Therefore, in this case, it should be replaced by a

word “increase” which is more neutral because the growth in quantity of talent students is a good news

 Translation by cultural substitution: This strategy involves replacing a cultural-specific item with one of the different meaning but similar impact in

the target language

Example: “Mother day”  Ngày lễ vu lan

 Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation: This strategy is used to handle culture-specific items in which loan word should be

followed with an explanation

Example: HIV and AIDS are two loan words which are familiar concepts with Vietnamese Thus, they are often used without accompanying explanation

 Translation by omission: This strategy means the deletion of a word or words from the source language which do not have equivalent words in the

target language during the translation

Example: Vietnamese culture is very various, diverse

 Nền văn hóa của Việt Nam rất đa dạng

 Translation by illustration: This strategy is used in case where is no

equivalent in target language

Example: Chain hotels

 Chuỗi khách sạn (The hotel has branches around the world, such as Hyatt,

Marriott and Hilton)

2 Addressing forms

2.1 Definition of addressing forms

Addressing forms is indispensable in any communication and defined

in a various manner by different authors and experts C.Richards, H Platt (1999) mentions addressing forms consist of the word and words used to

address somebody in speech or writing text The way in which a person addressing one another usually depends on their age, sex, social group, and

personal relationship For example, in the British family relationship, the

younger generation uses and kinship terms to address the above generation, and the older generation addresses the below generation by the first name In society, they use formal terms such as title, first name, respected and intimated words to address In Vietnam, people use almost the kinship terms

to call in both family and in society, for formal communicated situation, they use title and respected words to address

Fasold (1990) mentions addressing forms are the words that speakers use to call the person who they are talking According to him, in most languages, there are two main kinds of addressing forms including names and second-person pronouns Braun (1998) defines address as basis concept of the theory of address Addressing forms consist of words or expressions used to indicate certain relations between people, or to show the difference in identity, position and social status They reflect national cultures Addressing forms plays a very important role in the communication in person because it

is the first information transferred to others This means that a person who has higher social status in society may address people from their lower social status by using a familiar form, although he/she had received any formal forms On the other hand, the familiar title or class of people may influence the power of addressing someone

According to Khang (2008), “addressing terms are words used to call

self and others, which used to address or call the hearer or speaker in the communication”

Luong (1990) mentions “Both the use and the meanings of Vietnamese

addressing forms are saliently and inextricably linked to the power,

solidarity, and formality dimensions in the relations among the addressor, addressee, as well as the referred parties.”

Addressing forms can be classified into different categories In many language, addressing forms may have relations with social status or family There are some authors and experts which categorized addressing forms into few types Dunkling (1990) in A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address divides address terms into two types, nominal vocatives and verbal vocatives While Braun (1988) classifies addressing forms into five types which consist

of pronouns of address, verb forms of address, noun of address and bound forms of address and free forms of address

The Vietnamese addressing forms is much more diversified and

complicated According to Luong (1990), for example, English I and you,

“have as their counterparts in the Vietnamese system dozens of linguistic forms of various grammatical subclasses” These include personal pronouns,

kinship terms, status terms, and proper nouns (personal names)

Addressing terms can be classified into various categories In many languages, addressing forms may have relations with social status or family There are some experts which categorized addressing forms into few types Therefore, in this research, the researcher will discuss pronouns, names, titles and endearment expressions in terms of group of word or phrase Further, the researcher will focus on the addressing forms which is categorized into group

of word or phrase Before the researcher starts to explain about group of word

or phrase in address terms, the researcher will discuss about the main idea of addressing forms, that idea is relevant with Trudgil (1992) and other authors Addressing forms are divided into the following types:

Table 1: English Pronouns System (according to Larson, 1984)

mình

bọn mình

We, us

(male),

bà (female)

Mày, bạn

(male), các bà (female)

Chúng mày, các bạn

Thằng

đó

He, him

Các ông

ấy, các ngài ấy, các anh

ấy

Mấy thằng

đó, bọn

nó

They, them

nó

They, them

From the mentioned above table, the system of pronouns of both English and Vietnamese is categorized into the same form The finding illustrates that pronouns of both languages have the same function Both English and Vietnamese pronouns are categorized into three persons: first person, second person and third person However, English pronouns depend mostly on the grammatical role while Vietnamese pronouns can indicate the social status or the relation of the speaker and other persons

In terms of grammatical role, English pronouns are classified into subject pronouns and object pronouns

A subjective pronoun is used to indicate that the pronoun is acting as the object of the verb

Example: Marry is a writer She was awarded outstanding writer

In this example, “she” takes the place of “Marry” which is the subject

of the sentence

An objective pronoun is used to indicate that the pronoun is acting as the object of the verb or preposition

Example: Tom knows her

In this example, Tom is the subjective case Her is the objective case

In addition, English pronouns must be in accordance with the gender and the number of people mentioned

Regarding gender, there are three genders in English pronouns: masculine, feminine and neuter In term of number, English pronouns are divided into singular and plural pronouns

Therefore, English pronouns used depend on the grammatical role and must be in concord with the gender and number of people indicated

As showed in the table above, the Vietnamese pronouns system is much more complicated than English pronouns system Unlike English

pronouns, the Vietnamese pronouns are not divided into subjective pronouns and objective pronouns A Vietnamese pronoun can be used as both the subject and object of the sentence

Example, in English we say:

Marry is a writer She was awarded outstanding writer I idolize her

Compare with the way we say in Vietnamese:

Marry là một nhà văn Cô ấy được nhận giải thưởng nhà văn xuất sắc Tôi rất thần tượng cô ấy

From the example above we can see that in English, the pronoun “she” is the subject of the verb “was awarded” and “her” is the object of the verb

“idolize”, but in Vietnamese we can use the pronoun “cô ấy” for both the subject

of the verb “được nhận giải thưởng” and the object of the verb “thần tượng”

Vietnamese pronouns are not only in concord with the person, gender and number like the English pronouns but also can show the social status of

the speaker and the other people in the communication For example, the first person “tôi” is the only pronoun used in polite speech The second person

“ta” does not only reveal a higher status of the speaker, this second person

also is used when talking to oneself as in a soliloquy The other inferior forms in the first and second persons (tao, mày, mi, bay), which are considered impolite, are commonly used in familiar social contexts, such as among family member (Huynh, 2009”)

superior-to-The following example will illustrate this difference:

I think this restaurant looks like good I want to have lunch here

 Tôi nghĩ nhà hàng này có vẻ được đấy Tôi muốn ăn trưa ở đây

In this sentence: context is formal and form is inferior-to-superior

 Tao thấy nhà hàng này có vẻ được đấy Tao muốn ăn trưa ở đây

In this sentence: context is informal, form is superior-to-inferior or between two people at the same age

2.1.2 Names

Names are used by humans to addressing people, names are mentioned

as part of addressing forms by Trudgill (1992) There are various descriptions about names to address someone Names is used for addressing when two people are talking to each other How to mention someone in Vietnamese is different from in English

Table 3: Example of Addressing People Using Names in English

Family name/Surname/Last

In the example above, Barrack is first name, Hussein is middle name and Obama is last name The last name is used to address someone in US and Western countries In this example, the last name Obama is used when we want to mention the former President of the US

The use of first name + family name (surname) is also used in English when we are not sure if the person we are talking to knows who we are talking about while first names only appear in informal situations

Generally, in some English speaking countries, a woman will change her last name when getting married However, not all women do like that And, a widowed woman often keeps her husband’s name unless she remarries A divorced woman often changes her name back to her maiden name

Table 4: Example of Addressing People Using Names in Vietnamese

Family name/Surname/Last

Normally, Vietnamese names consist of three parts: Family name/Surname/Last name, middle name and first name name Vietnamese family name comes first and then middle name and first name Based on table

4 above, it can be showed that Nguyen is family name, Linh is middle name and Giang is first name Vietnamese always say the first name when they want to mention someone Moreover, unlike US and Western culture, a married Vietnamese woman always keeps her family name She will rarely use her husband’s last name on occasions for formal addressing only

2.1.3 Titles

According to Wardhaugh (2006), title used in addressing other people indicates the least intimate relationship A speaker addresses his/her interlocutor only by his/her title, such as Professor, Doctor A Dr or Prof title

is used in more formal situations Dr or Prof title is only used to determine the ranks of occupation The use of Dr or Prof can be encountered in an official situation when the speaker knows the social status or occupational rank The title Dr short for Doctor is generally used for a medical doctor (MD) or a Ph.D used for hard sciences Other title such as Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss is often used to people who are foreign or can be used title for the foreign For example: “Mr” for men “Mrs” for married women “Ms” used for women if they are married or not or in the case of women who do not want to disclose their marital status Some women take on their husband’s surname The title

“Mrs” when they get married Some women prefer to keep their surname and use the title Ms “Miss” also indicates single status or not married Sometimes people use the words “madam”, “miss” or “sir” in a service situation This is because when younger as a speaker does not know the name of the addressee, but they want to be polite and respect the addressee

Different from English, Vietnamese has its own different honorific titles in accordance with the culture of Vietnam There is a significant difference between the Vietnamese honorific system and other systems, in

addressing certain family members For example, suppose your first cousin

once removed (son or daughter of your cousin) is older than you Despite being of greater age, your first cousin once removed would (formally) have to

address you as “Anh (your first name)” or just “anh”, if the addressed is male, and “Chị (your name)” or just “chị”, if the addressed is female Both terms on their own mean“my elder” Such a situation is an example of how

hierarchy in the family takes precedence even over age

2.1.4 Kinship terms

Wardhaugh (2006) states that kinship term is related to generation and ageoriented Kinship terms are a very important part of the Vietnamese system to address or refer to oneself and others They are even used much more than true personal pronouns Even though the listener is not a family member or relative, kinship terms can also used as pronouns to address and refer to friends and unfamiliar interlocutors (Luong, 1990) The Vietnamese kinship term system is quiet complicated, it is not only very challenging for foreigners but also sometimes hard for Vietnamese people to master all kinship terms There are many terms for which cannot find equivalents in English In English, there is hardly any kinship term to be used as personal pronoun The below table summarizes the meanings and usages of the Vietnamese kinship terms:

Table 5: The Meanings and Usages of the Vietnamese Kinship Terms

To a very elderly person

grandparent

Very elderly person to or by much younger person

To a very elderly person

(great uncle)

Male about grandparent's age

to or by young person

Male (arrogant)

Among male equals

(great aunt)

Female about grandparent’s age

to or by young person

Female (arrogant)

Among female equals

bố/

Father to or by offspring

Young man (humorous, ironical)

offspring

Young woman (humorous, ironical)

Person speaker’s age

or above

by child

Woman younger than speaker

Man younger than speaker

Intimate friends Man younger than speaker

male cousin

Husband to or by wife

Older male to or by younger person

Male equals (general)

or cousin

Wife to or by husband Younger female by

or to older person

Younger to older

Man and woman younger than speaker (intimate)

con offspring

To or by person about same age as offspring

cháu grandchild,

nephew, niece

To or by person much younger than speaker

(Cooke, 1968)

The Vietnamese kinship terms can show the relation of the speakers and listeners in a very clear manner, and this is a very interesting feature of Vietnamese system

Example:

“I will take you to school then pick up you after school.”

Father to son: “Bố sẽ đưa con đến trường rồi đón con khi tan học.” Older brother to younger brother: “Anh sẽ đưa em đến trường rồi đón

em khi tan học.”

2.1.5 Endearment expressions

Terms of endearment are forms of address used in spoken communication For instance, such words as honey or sweetheart are considered as traditional terms of endearment (Morelock, 2005)

Casnig (2012) states endearment expressions universally valuated qualities, such as sweetness, beauty, peacefulness, innocence, warmth, playfulness, word providence or cuddliness

Both English and Vietnamese often use endearment terms such as

“honey”, “bear”, “sweetie”, “love”, or “darling” to express the fondness and affection

Example: My dear fellow  Cô bạn yêu quý của tôi

“Dear” is added to show the close relationship between two friends

2.2 Translating addressing forms from one language to another

In translation, the choose of the most proper equivalent forms of

address is relatively difficult Baker (1992) states that “the

familiarity/deference dimension in the pronoun system is among the most fascinating aspects of grammar and the most problematic in translation This causes obstacles to the translation’s expressions of the relationship among the characters and the speaking context” Thus, the translator must

understand the nature as well as the complexity of the system of address forms in both source language and target language to avoid the problem of non-equivalence Odber de Baubeta (1992) argues that the translator has to select the most appropriate form based on the relationship between the people involved in the interaction According to Odber de Baubeta (1992), specific factors such as the identity of speakers, their roles, social position, the degree

of intimacy between interlocutors and emotional attitude will determine the choice of one form of address rather than another Translators have to take into account these factors to gain a proper target translation Garcez (1992)

states that “the translators of English dialogue have traditionally opted to

keep the target text formally rather than functionally close to the text in the source language”

Methven (2006) studied the difficulties in translating kinship addressing forms and honorific pronouns in Chinese and English He reported that since there are large lexical gaps in translating Chinese family forms of address and honorifics into English, the only way for their translation is through the pragmatic translation of address forms into its simple deictic equivalent

Xiao Ying (2007) studied the translation of addressing forms from the aspects of cultural and cognitive perspectives In his research, he used experimental view and cultural model to deal with the problem of translating cultural connotations in addressing forms From the research’s results, he showed that only by using different translating techniques can reach an equivalent rendering of addressing forms

Ngo (2006) conducted a study of the strategies used in translation of addressing forms from Vietnamese into English in four short stories She investigated the effectiveness degree of translation strategies in conveying the

rich nuances of the addressing forms She suggested that, since these are distant between two languages and cultures, translators may need to pay more attention to the need to meet the linguistic and cultural elements of the source text in their translation not only for a better understanding of the original text but also for providing the target reader with enhanced knowledge of the customs and culture of another country

Inez Probst Lucena (2009) investigated and analyzed the addressing forms in the translation of Animal Farm from English to Brazilian She believes that it is not easy for the translator to convey the message in other contexts via other equivalents, which cause the same reaction in the reader, so

it is necessary for the translator to understand the exact meaning and apply the best way to convey the whole meaning

Culture is the apparent origin of the difference between English and Vietnamese Sometimes the translator faces a serious problem when trying to understand the cultural terms The translator needs to apply the rule of the target language, and then the target readers will understand the translation result, while the translator is also trying to be faithful to the original text

The characteristic of English addressing forms shows the high range of differentiation especially in the culture By generating all of the problems in this research, the researcher used some strategies which were proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet who identified different translation procedures (Munday, 2011) to analyze the degrees of meaning equivalence, below is each of translation strategies:

- Borrowing: It happens when the source language word is transferred directly to the target language

Example: Internet  Internet

Pizza  Pizza

- Calque: It is “a special kind of borrowing” where the source language expression or structure is transferred literally

Example: AIDS  Hội chứng suy giảm miễn dich mắc phải

Blacklist  Sổ đen

- Transposition: means the replacing of one word-class by another without changing the sense and meaning

Example: Ledger  Sổ cái,

Staff  Đội ngũ nhân sự

- Modulation: It changes the point of view to have variation in the

in different way

Example: Sunrise industry Ngành công nghiệp đang lên

Sunset industry Ngành công nghiệp đang tàn

- Equivalence: This is used when both languages describe the same

situation by different stylistic or structural means especially in translating

proverbs and idioms

Example: A picture is worth a thousand words  Nói có sách mách có chứng

Be in the red  Lãi

- Adaption: This method is used in case where a situation in the source

culture does not exist in the target culture, adaptation happens by changing the cultural reference Adaption is mainly applied for translating film name or

novel name, poem and song

Example: When Heaven and Earth changed places  Khi trời đất đổi thay Just married  Yêu là cưới

Other translation procedures and strategies which are used are that of Newmark Some of them which are related to the present study are mentioned here (Newmark, 1988)

- Transcription: It is the process of converting from one alphabet to another

Example: Marry  Marry

Berlin  Berlin

- Literal translation: It is known as translation from word to word; group

to group; collocation to collocation; clause to clause; sentence to sentence in

which the grammar of source language and word-order are transferred

Example: To live and work according to the Constitution and laws

 Sống và làm viê ̣c theo hiến pháp và pháp luật

This is my sister

 Đây là chị gái tôi

- Through-translation: is a special kind of borrowing which means a

word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation It is also the literal translation of collocation, name

of organizations, the components of compound, also known as loan

translation

Example: World bank  Ngân hàng thế giới

Black market  Chợ đen

- Cultural equivalent: The SL word is translated by the target language

cultural word with the same stylistic function The purpose of cultural

equivalent is to bridge cultural overlap between 2 languages

Example: Each bird loves to hear himself signing

 Mèo khen mèo dài đuôi

Prime Minister  Thủ tướng

- Translation couplets: The transcription of an institutional term followed by its translation in brackets

Example: Hosting house  Nhà chứa (in Quan ho culture)

Transference + descriptive equivalent

- Deletion: A term of little importance in the target language culture may

be deleted in translation, provided it is marginal to the text, and some

indication of function given where required

Example: If there was a real promises of hope for the disable people  Một lời hẹn ước chân thật cho người khuyết tật

- Naturalization: a source language word is adapted to a target language equivalence (pronunciation and morphology)

Example: Coffee  Cà phê

Pedal  Pê-đan

- Addition: a word or some words are added to clarify meaning

Example: Corporate strategic plan

 Kế hoạch chiến lược cho công ty

3 Previous Studies

For supporting this research, the researcher presents some previous studies in which investigate and mention the translation of addressing forms conducted by some authors which assessed the translation of addressing forms and translation strategies Those studies support the researcher in comparing any sources related to the research and gaining the final findings from the previous studies, whether it will be support or contrary

The first research is come from Fauliyah (2012) in which he analyzed

the translation of addressing forms in Ketika Cinta Bertasbih II

(Indonesian-English Subtitle) This research result motivates the researcher to conduct a

further analysis of addressing forms in different content (novel), and in

different language transfer (English-Vietnamese) The research result of

Fauliyah intends to find the most frequently addressing forms and the most frequently strategies used by the translator in the movie of Ketika Cinta

Bertasbih II The result shows that the most frequently found addressing forms is pronoun and the most frequently strategy found is a more general word strategy This means that Indonesian addressing forms is often translated into a more common and general English addressing forms and the translation tends to accommodate the target readers instead of maintaining the culture of Indonesia addressing forms

The second research was conducted by Ngo (2006), Translation of Vietnamese Terms of Address and Reference The result of Ngo’s research aims to explore the strategies applied in the translation of the terms and the degree to which these strategies are effect in conveying the rich nuances of the terms The research results shown that both the source language-oriented and target language-oriented approaches were employed However, the translations of all the texts adhered more extensively to the principles of the TL- oriented translation approach This resulted in a substantial loss of the socio-cultural meanings and pragmatic implications of the richly nuanced Vietnamese terms of address and reference Those meanings and implications were found to be essential for an adequate understanding of the original texts There are cases, however, where the translators adopted the SL-oriented strategy to transfer the linguistic and socio-cultural elements of the original terms, they were successful in conveying the meanings and implications intended by the original writers through their use of the terms, thus helping the target readers develop a similar understanding of the target texts as the original readers would have of the source texts The research raised the need for translators of Vietnamese-English literary texts, especially in treating terms of address and reference, to pay close attention to the linguistic and cultural elements of the source texts