Lecture Information technology project management - Chapter 2: The project management context and processes

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Lecture Information technology project management - Chapter 2: The project management context and processes

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This chapter discusses some of the components involved in understanding the project environment, such as using a systems approach, understanding organizations, managing stakeholders, matching product life cycles to the project environment, understanding the context of IT projects, and reviewing recent trends that affect IT project management.

Chapter 2: The Project Management  Context and Processes adopted from PMI’s PMBOK 2000 and  Textbook : Information Technology Project Management  (author : Dr. Kathy Schwalbe) contents • Three Sphere Model – system philosophy, system analysis and system management • Project Life Cycle – Concept, development, implementation and support • • • • • • • Project life cycle vs product life cycle Management reviews in project phases organization structure Success factors in project management Project Management job functions : 15  Skill required in project manager Project management process: – initiating, planning, executing, controlling and closing • PM processes vs knowledge areas Chapter 2 Projects Cannot Be Run In Isolation • Projects must operate in a broad  organizational environment • Project managers need to take a holistic or  systems view of a project and understand  how it is situated within the larger  organization • See example in opening and closing case  to illustrate this concept Chapter 2 A Systems View of Project  Management • A systems approach emerged in the 1950s to  describe a more analytical approach to  management and problem solving • Three parts include: – Systems philosophy • View things as systems, interacting components working  within an environment to fulfill some purpose – Systems analysis • problem­solving approach – Systems management • Address business, technological, and organizational issues  before making changes to systems Figure 2­1. Three Sphere Model  for Systems Management Project Life Cycle and Project  phases • A project life cycle is a collection of  project phases • Project phases vary by project or industry,  but some general phases include – – – – concept development implementation support Chapter 2 Figure 2­2. Project Life Cycle and   Project Phases Product Life Cycles • Products also have life cycles • The Systems Development Life Cycle  (SDLC) is a framework for describing the  phases involved in developing and  maintaining information systems • Typical SDLC phases include planning,  analysis, design, implementation, and  support Chapter 2 Sample SDLC Models • Waterfall model: has well­defined, linear stages  of systems development and support • Spiral model: shows that software is developed  using an iterative or spiral approach rather than a  linear approach • Incremental release model: provides for  progressive development of operational software • RAD model:  used to produce systems quickly  without sacrificing quality • Prototyping model: used for developing  prototypes to clarify user requirements9 Figure 2­3. Spiral Model of Software  Development (Boehm, 1988) 10 Recognize the Importance of  Project Stakeholders • Recall that project stakeholders are the people  involved in or affected by project activities • Project managers must take time to identify,  understand, and manage relationships with all  project stakeholders • Using the four frames of organizations can help  meet stakeholder needs and expectations • Senior executives are very important stakeholders Chapter 2 19 Table 2­2. What Helps Projects  Succeed? • According to the Standish Group’s report CHAOS 2001:  A Recipe for Success, the following items help IT projects  succeed, in order of importance: – – – – – – – – – Executive support User involvement Experience project manager Clear business objectives Minimized scope Standard software infrastructure Firm basic requirements Formal methodology Reliable estimates Chapter 2 20 Need for Top Management  Commitment • Several studies cite top management commitment  as one of the key factors associated with project  success • Top management can help project managers  secure adequate resources, get approval for  unique project needs in a timely manner, receive  cooperation from people throughout the  organization, and learn how to be better leaders Chapter 2 21 Need for Organizational Commitment to  Information Technology (IT) • If the organization has a negative attitude  toward IT, it will be difficult for an IT  project to succeed • Having a Chief Information Officer (CIO)  at a high level in the organization helps IT  projects • Assigning non­IT people to IT projects  also encourage more commitment Chapter 2 22 Need for Organizational  Standards • Standards and guidelines help project managers  be more effective • Senior management can encourage – the use of standard forms and software for project  management – the development and use of guidelines for writing  project plans or providing status information – the creation of a project management office or center  of excellence Chapter 2 23 Table 2­3. Fifteen Project  Management Job Functions* • Define scope of project • Identify stakeholders, decision­ makers, and escalation  procedures • Develop detailed task list (work  breakdown structures) • Estimate time requirements • Develop initial project  management flow chart • Identify required resources and  budget • • • • • • • • Evaluate project  requirements Identify and evaluate risks  Prepare contingency plan Identify interdependencies Identify and track critical  milestones Participate in project phase  review Secure needed resources Manage the change control  process Report project status *Northwest Center for Emerging Technologies, "Building a Foundation for Tomorrow:   Skills Standards for Information Technology,"Belleview, WA, 1999 24 Suggested Skills for a Project Manager Communication skills:  listening, persuading Organizational skills:  planning, goal­setting, analyzing Team Building skills:  empathy, motivation, esprit de  corps Leadership skills:  sets example, energetic, vision (big  picture), delegates, positive Coping skills:  flexibility, creativity, patience, persistence Technological skills:  experience, project knowledge Chapter 2 25 Table 2­3. Most Significant Characteristics of  Effective and Ineffective Project Managers Effective Project Managers        Ineffective Project Managers • Sets bad example • Leadership by example • Not self­assured • Visionary • Lacks technical expertise • Technically competent • Poor communicator • Decisive • • • • Good communicator Good motivator Stands up to upper  management when necessary Supports team members • Encourages new ideas • Poor motivator 26 Project Management Process  Groups • Project management can be viewed as a number  of interlinked processes • The project management process groups include – – – – – initiating processes planning processes executing processes controlling processes closing processes Chapter 2 27 Figure 2­5. Overlap of Process Groups  in a Phase (PMBOK Guide, 2000, p. 31) 28 Table 2­5. Relationships Among Process  Groups, Activities, and Knowledge Areas 29 Table 2­5. Relationships Among Process  Groups, Activities, and Knowledge Areas 30 Developing an IT Project  Management Methodology • Most projects are unique – approaches to project management are also  unique • Many organizations develop their own  project management methodologies – especially for IT projects – Example: Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan  used the PMBOK as a guide in developing  their IT project management methodology Chapter 2 31 Figure 2­6. IT PM Methodology See figure in text.  Note that many parts of this approach map to the PMBOK, but  some activities have been changed to meet the needs of the organization 32 Summary • Three Sphere Model – system philosophy, system analysis and system management • Project Life Cycle – Concept, development, implementation and support • Organization structure – functional, project and matrix • Success factors in project management – many, but most important is management support • Project Management job functions : 15 – define, identify, develop, estimate… participate and report • Skill required in project manager – communications skill, organizational skill, team building, leadership skills,  coping skill and technical skill • Project management process: – initiating, planning, executing, controlling and closing 33 ... the use of standard forms and software for project management – the development and use of guidelines for writing  project plans or providing status information – the creation of a project management office or center  of excellence Chapter 2... of interlinked processes • The project management process groups include – – – – – initiating processes planning processes executing processes controlling processes closing processes Chapter 2 27... also encourage more commitment Chapter 2 22 Need for Organizational  Standards • Standards and guidelines help project managers  be more effective • Senior management can encourage – the use of standard forms and software for project

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  • Chapter 2: The Project Management Context and Processes

  • contents

  • Projects Cannot Be Run In Isolation

  • A Systems View of Project Management

  • Figure 2-1. Three Sphere Model for Systems Management

  • Project Life Cycle and Project phases

  • Figure 2-2. Project Life Cycle and Project Phases

  • Product Life Cycles

  • Sample SDLC Models

  • Figure 2-3. Spiral Model of Software Development (Boehm, 1988)

  • Project Life Cycles vs Product Life Cycles

  • Why Have Project Phases and Management Reviews?

  • What Went Right?

  • Understanding Organizations

  • What Went Wrong?

  • Many Organizations Focus on the Structural Frame

  • Figure 2-4. Functional, Project, and Matrix Organizational Structures

  • Table 2-1. Organizational Structure Influences on Projects

  • Recognize the Importance of Project Stakeholders

  • Table 2-2. What Helps Projects Succeed?

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