After reading this chapter, you will be able to: Define human relations and determine why its study is important; summarize early studies that laid the groundwork for understanding employee motivation; compare and contrast the human-relations theories of Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg;...
Chapter Ten Motivating the Work Force © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Human Relations 10-1 The study of the behaviour of individuals and groups in organizational settings © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited The Motivation Process Need 10-2 More money for unexpected medical expenses Goaldirected behaviour Ask for a raise Work harder to gain a promotion Look for a higherpaying job Steal Need Satisfaction More money © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Worker Satisfaction 10-3 More Older Workers Are Satisfied with Their Current Employers Age % Satisfied under age 35 58% 35 54 70% 55andolder 93% â2003McGrawưHillRyersonLimited Source:CDBResearch&Consultingfrom USATodaySnapshot,October7,1998 HistoricalPerspectives onEmployeeMotivation ClassicalTheoryofMotivation (FrederickW.Taylor) TheHawthorneStudies (EltonMayo) 10-4 â2003McGrawưHillRyersonLimited MaslowsHierarchyofNeeds Selfư Actualization Needs 10-5 Esteem Needs Social Needs Security Needs Physiological Needs © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Source: adapted from Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychology Review 50 (1943): 370396 Herzberg’s TwoFactor Theory 10-6 Hygiene Factors • Company policies • Supervision • Working conditions • Salary • Security © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Motivational Factors • Achievement • Recognition • The work itself • Responsibility • Advancement Theory X and Theory Y 10-7 Theory X Management view that assumes workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their jobs Theory Y Management view that assumes workers like to work and under proper conditions, employees will seek responsibility to satisfy social, esteem, and selfactualization needs © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Comparison of North American, Japanese, and Theory Z Management Styles 10-8a Duration of employment Rate of promotion North American Japanese Relatively short Lifelong; no term; workers layoffs subject to layoffs when business slows Long term; layoffs rare Rapid Slow Slow Considerable; Amount of specialization worker develops expertise in one area only Theory Z Minimal; worker Moderate; worker develops expertise learns all aspects in all aspects of the of the organization organization © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Source: Adapted from William Ouchi, Theory Z How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge, p. 58. © 1981 by AddisonWesley Publishing Company, Inc Reprinted by permission of AddisonWesley Publishing Company, Inc Comparison of North American, Japanese, and Theory Z Management Styles North American 10-8b Decision making Individual Japanese Theory Z Consensual; input Consensual; emphasis from all concerned on quality parties is considered Responsibility Assigned to the individual Shared by the group Assigned to the individual Control Explicit and formal Less explicit and less formal Informal but with explicit performance measures Concern for workers Focus is on work Focus extends to Focus includes worker's only worker's whole life life and family © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Source: Adapted from William Ouchi, Theory Z How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge, p. 58. © 1981 by AddisonWesley Publishing Company, Inc Reprinted by permission of AddisonWesley Publishing Company, Inc Other Theories of Motivation 10-9 What I get back What I put in Equity Theory © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Can I get it? Do I want it? Expectancy Theory Job Design Strategies 10-10a Job Rotation Job enlargement Job enrichment © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Exposes employees to a variety of tasks as they move from one job to another Teaches employees new tasks in their present job Gives employees more control and authority in their present job, along with additional tasks Job Design Strategies 10-10b Flexible scheduling strategies Allow employees to work schedules other than the traditional 40hourper week 9to5 job to accommodate their personal needs. Management by objectives Involves employees in their own goal setting process; they set their own objectives, are evaluated, and receive rewards based on their achievement of those objectives © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Flextime, Showing Core and Flexible Hours 10-11 Core Time Possible Start Times Possible End Times © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Steps in Management by Objectives 10-12 Individuals negotiate or are assigned a set of objectives to achieve within a specified period of time Individuals are evaluated periodically to see how they are doing © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Individuals are rewarded on the basis of how close they come to achieving their stated goals Favorite Techniques by CEOs for Staying Motivated 10-13 Finding a new challenge inside the business Exercising Finding a new challenge outside the business Taking time off Praying Listening to a motivational audiotape Attending a motivational speech © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited 63.9% 8.5% 6.0% 3.9% 3.2% 2.8% 1.8% Source: “How Entrepreneurs Stay Motivated,” Inc., March 1998, p. 94 Why Workers Don’t Show Up 10-14 Stress Reasons For Absence Entitlement Mentality 1995 Family Issues 1998 Personal Needs Personal Illness 10 © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited 20 Percent 30 40 Source: “Why Workers Don’t Show Up,” Business Week, November 16, 1998, p. 8 Road Warrior Stress 10-15 One in four business professionals say their stress is raised by business travel. Travelers who say these cause stress on the road: Time away from family 75% 63% Work piling up Keeping up with email, faxes, voice mail Arranging personal business 46% 46% 38% Travel logistics 20% Preparing expense report © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Source: USA Today, September 21, 1998, B1 Solve the Dilemma 10-16 a Which motivational theories are in use at St. Lawrence? b What is the value of getting employees to compete against a goal instead of against one another? c Put yourself in the shoes of one of the four regional sales managers and argue against potential cutbacks to the motivational program © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Explore Your Career Options 10-17 What are some of the considerations that you will evaluate in deciding where to take your first job? How would you go about assessing offers in Victoria, British Columbia versus Winnipeg, Manitoba? © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Ethics & Diversity 1018 Is DaSilva warranted in requiring only English being spoken? Is the B.C. crew defensible in their insistence on using their language on and off the job? What could happen if this matter is not resolved quickly? What basis does DaSilva have to demand the use of English? What are the goals of the company and how does this matter help or hinder the attainment of these goals? © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Additional Discussion Questions and Exercises 10-19 What is meant by the equity theory? How can the equity theory guide managers in dealing with subordinates? In what areas are the typical North American management style and the typical Japanese style different? What is the main purpose of offering flexible scheduling strategies for employees? What was the importance of Frederick W. Taylor’s and Elton Mayo’s studies to human relations? © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Chapter 10 Quiz 10-20a Which of the following employeemotivation theories is most similar to Japanese management styles? a Theory X b Theory Y c Theory Z d Frederick Taylor’s theory Which of the following is most likely to result in less than 40 hours of employment? a compressed workweek b management by objectives c flextime d job sharing © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Chapter 10 Quiz 10-20b Which of Maslow’s hierarchy of basic needs is first to be satisfied? a physiological needs b security needs c esteem needs d selfactualization needs The inner drive that directs behavior toward goals is known as a motivation b need c objective d morale © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited ... quickly? What basis does DaSilva have to demand the use of English? What are the goals of the company and how does this matter help or hinder the attainment of these goals? © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited... © 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited Additional Discussion Questions and Exercises 1 0-1 9 What is meant by the equity theory? How can the equity theory guide managers in dealing with subordinates? In what areas are the typical North American management ... Which motivational theories are in use at St. Lawrence? b What is the value of getting employees to compete against a goal instead of against one another? c Put yourself in the shoes of one of the four regional sales managers and argue against