Part 1 book “Economic foundations for creative ageing policy” has contents: The politics of ageing and the challenges of ageing populations, understanding public policy on ageing, sociological and gerontological perspectives on ageing, creativity, and the third age, diversity of ageing policy concepts, diversity of ageing policy concepts.
Andrzej Klimczuk Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy Putting Theory into Practice Volume II Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy, Volume II Andrzej Klimczuk Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy, Volume II Putting Theory into Practice Andrzej Klimczuk Collegium of Socio-Economics Warsaw School of Economics Warsaw, Poland ISBN 978-1-137-53522-1 ISBN 978-1-137-53523-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-53523-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015005144 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Cover image © Open Door / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc The registered company address is: New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A Foreword by Richard Adler In Gray Dawn, a book published in 1999, the author, Peter Peterson, warned that as the result of population ageing, a gigantic wave of greedy geezers was rising that was threatening to sink the economy of many countries and disenfranchise subsequent generations.1 Peterson’s main culprits were governments, especially in the USA and in Europe that had overpromised a level of benefits to the elderly that was economically unsustainable A grim picture of the results of greater longevity! Ten years later, in 2009, another book was published, with the title A Long Bright Future.2 This book, by Stanford Professor Laura Carstensen, also focused on the challenges of ageing societies but offered a much more optimistic view of the consequences of an ageing society Professor Carstensen is best known as the developer of the theory of socioemotional selectivity that explains why older adults, on the whole, are happier and more contented than younger people and illuminates the notion that we do, in fact, develop a kind of wisdom about life as we get older She is also the founder of the Stanford Center on Longevity whose mission is to develop appropriate responses to the challenges of an ageing society.3 In her book, she offers suggestions for how we individually and collectively can make the most out of the “extra years” provided by increased longevity These two books, published a decade apart, provide nearly diametrically opposed viewpoints about the implications of population ageing But which is more likely to be correct? If we confine our perspective to the responses of national governments, we may have reason to be pessimistic For much of the twentieth century, v vi FOREWORD BY RICHARD ADLER the main focus of policy in relation to later life in many countries was the establishment of entitlements intended to support the financial and physical well-being of older citizens The USA, for example, introduced Social Security in 1935 to provide old age benefits for almost all of its citizens In 1965, the Medicare system was set up to comprehensive health care coverage for those over age 65 And that same year, the Older Americans Act provided federal funding for a variety of community-based social services for the elderly delivered through a national “ageing network” of local agencies Much the same thing happened in many other countries during the past century These programs have been successful in increasing the quality of life for older adults The poverty rate among seniors has fallen even as the life expectancy has increased with healthier lifestyles and the availability of lifeextending medical care But as we moved into the twenty-first century, we have entered a time of greater concern about the specter of public debt and the “burden” of ageing populations As Peter Peterson puts it, “graying means paying” in terms of greater national expenditures for pensions and health care According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), public spending for these purposes will increase dramatically in virtually every developed country: from 10.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1995 to 17.0 percent in 2030 in the USA; from 17.3 percent to 28.8 percent in Germany; and from 19.7 percent in 1995 to 33.3 percent of GDP in Italy in 2030.4 Peterson also points out that “the developed countries have accumulated massive unfunded pension liabilities on a par with the debt burden of nations at war”—amounting to 113 percent of GDP for the USA, 157 percent for Germany, and fully 242 percent of GDP for Italy.5 Given these daunting numbers, it is unrealistic to expect any new largescale programs to benefit the elderly in any of these countries As best, they will struggle to meet their existing obligations So where can we look for evidence to support an optimistic outlook about the future of ageing? The good news is that in the place of new or expanded major national programs, a wave of entrepreneurially driven innovation in ageing has begun to emerge, mainly at the local level, to respond to the evolving needs of the elderly Some of these have been led by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), others by local government agencies, and yet others by public–private partnerships FOREWORD BY RICHARD ADLER vii Let me give a couple of examples of the kinds of innovative grassroots initiatives that have appeared across the globe in recent years In 2002, a group of older residents of the historic Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, got together to see what they could to help themselves to “age in place” instead of having to move to a retirement community They ended up creating Beacon Hill Village, a membership program that facilitates access to the services they need to continue to live independently (ranging from pet sitting to home health care).6 This concept proved so successful that it began to spread to other communities Another example of inspired local innovation is Old’Up, an organization founded in Paris in 2008 to give a voice to older people (age 75+) who want to continue to play a meaningful role in society.7 Following the motto of “Plus si jeune, mais pas si vieux” (“No longer young, but not so old”), the group’s members provide mutual support to each other and pursue opportunities to make meaningful contributions Equally creative projects can be found in many other locations In Palo Alto, California, for example, a local medical group concerned about the well-being of its older patients has sponsored a time bank to enable seniors’ trade services with one another.8 In Westchester County, New York, the local Area Agency on Aging is helping to set up “Care Circles” that recruit volunteer caregivers for seniors who need support with everyday activities.9 In Tuymazy, Russia, a group of older volunteers produce a twice-monthly local TV program titled “Studio 50+” that explores issues of concern to older people and profiles elders who continue to interesting work.10 In many towns in Australia, England, and Ireland, Men’s Sheds have been set up to enable older men to work on building projects for themselves or for the community.11 Moreover, around the world, cities such as Oslo, Norway, Barcelona, Spain, Medellín, Columbia, and Qiqihar, China, have qualified to be designated as “age-friendly” communities Launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010, the movement encourages communities to listen to the needs of their ageing residents, to promote healthy and active ageing, and to support the full participation of older people in civic life.12 Each of these projects is responding to specific local needs Many are designed to encourage older adults to as much as possible for themselves and for their peers and neighbors, largely on a voluntary basis Worthy as these local initiatives are, they raise the question of how can be scaled up to meet the needs of all elders in the same way that large viii FOREWORD BY RICHARD ADLER national programs are inherently able to One promising answer is the emergence of what I describe as “networks of innovation” that take advantage of the Internet and other modern tools to spread the word about successful local programs For example, a Village-to-Village Network was established in 2010 to help existing villages to exchange best practices and help new villages under development.13 Today, the network has more than 200 members in the USA, Australia, and the Netherlands Men’s Sheds Associations were founded to promote the concept in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the UK, where there are now more than 1000 local sheds in operation.14 A Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (GNAFCC) set up by WHO now include more than 280 places in 33 countries.15 And a new web-based resource called the Pass It On Network, created and run entirely by older volunteers in a half-dozen different countries, provides a simple way to share ideas internationally about projects that promote positive ageing.16 Even if these creative local responses can be effectively scaled up, they will never entirely replace national programs that provide a vital safety net of financial security and other social benefits For example, one-quarter of Americans over age 65 depend on Social Security payments for nearly all of their income, and half of all seniors in the USA rely on Social Security to provide 50 percent of their total income.17 However, national programs could and should more to support the growth of local initiatives and encourage the development of mechanisms for replicating local successes more widely It is through a combination of established national support programs—which must be maintained—and innovative local initiatives that we will ensure that ageing populations will enjoy a long, bright future rather than herald the coming of a gray dawn Richard Adler Institute for the Future Palo Alto, CA, USA Foreword by Dominic Campbell For a cultural producer like myself to be invited to produce a foreword for a volume with the phrase “economic foundations” in its title is as rare as it is welcome It is a practical example, as well as an entertaining indication, of the thought and thoroughness of Andrzej Klimczuk’s approach It is self-evident that the scale of change created by longer-living population demand intelligence be applied to understanding the shifting demographic It is obvious the consequences of life with increasingly older populations worldwide require immediate, meaningful action What is less evident is how this can best occur Historically unprecedented longer-living populations are establishing a new societal landscape There is a need for fresh thinking, creative practice, new alignments, innovative paradigms, and original policy There is also need for clear and precise questioning How, for example, is it possible to articulate the unique potential arising from this evolution? In a process that mirrors recent changes in the environmental movement, those most engaged with the growth in longer-living populations are witnessing a welcome change in narratives Previously described negatively in terms of crisis, demand, and drain on resources the language surrounding the emerging ageing demographic is becoming more nuanced and informed These volumes are a welcome addition to this process As they detail ageing populations demand innovation, which create opportunity and encourage growth However, to pursue these we must firstly confront misconceptions and reframe much-existing understanding ix x FOREWORD BY DOMINIC CAMPBELL The new landscape needs exploring while the vehicles with which to navigate it are being built The demarcation between previously distinct areas of expertise is beginning to blur as successful responses are informed by collaborations between specialized areas that previously operated alone For example, in my work with Creative Aging International, there are often occasions to reflect on Richard Smith’s observation in the British Medical Journal that “If health is about adaptation, understanding and acceptance, then the arts may be more potent than anything that medicine has to offer.”18 However, even a brief perusal of innovative arts practice engaged with ageing and older populations brings the observer to recognize the equal wisdom in Grayson Perry’s statement: “Artists should not claim sole rights to creativity.” In fact, the case could be made that what marks out the best creative responses to ageing populations is their ability to convene, to cross over, and to hybridize Which is welcome Contemporary old age is complex Part individual journey, part public health success, it is the place where changes to a life course are happening in parallel with changes in generational succession Here issues of place-making are meeting those of intergenerational solidarity In our communal day after tomorrow, the issues and concerns of public health and architecture, social services, and transport need to align to determine how ageing populations might continue to live well Increasingly the cultural sector is becoming the area that may offer prototype mechanisms to suggest how this can occur Creative practices that demonstrate a deep understanding of collaboration have much to offer the navigators of this changing of the social landscape If successful social levers are as likely to be found by the government as markets, to be delivered by social organizations or networks, through formal or informal organization or territory, how best to nurture? Which brings challenges to policy structures grown in other eras and, in turn, demands new leadership skills Who is in the best position, through what agency, to deliver practical policy locally, nationally, and internationally for a population whose immediate geography might today be global but tomorrow rapidly reduces to the size of the table on their hospital bed? 152 A KLIMCZUK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1996); Martin S. Lindauer, Aging, Creativity, and Art: A Positive Perspective on Late-Life Development (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2003) Nicholas Delbanco, Lastingness: The Art of Old Age (New York: Grand Central, 2012); Linda Hutcheon and Michael Hutcheon, Four Last Songs: Aging and Creativity in Verdi, Strauss, Messiaen, and Britten (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2015) “Creative Aging Toolkit for Public Libraries,” accessed June 1, 2014, http://creativeagingtoolkit.org “Creative Aging Toolkit for Public Libraries: Planning a Program Theory & Practice,” accessed June 15, 2015, http://creativeagingtoolkit.org/creative-aging/theory/ Shannon K. McDonough, “Lifetime Arts,” Public Libraries 52, no (2013): 29 Joan Jeffri and Gay Hanna, “National Center for Creative Aging,” in The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Adulthood and Aging, ed Susan K. Whitbourne (Chichester England: John Wiley & Sons, 2016), 968 “Green Paper: Aging Creatively in the 21st Century,” National Center for Creative Aging, accessed June 1, 2014, http://blog artsusa.org/artsblog/wp-content/uploads/greenpapers/documents/NationalCenterforCreativeAging_GreenPaper.pdf, 1–2 Cf Gay P. Hanna and Susan Perlstein, “Creativity Matters: Arts and Aging in America,” Americans for the Arts Monograph, September (2008): 2–3 “Lifetime Arts,” accessed February 21, 2015, www.lifetimearts org “Creative Ageing: Arts and Older People,” accessed June 1, 2014, www.qmu.ac.uk/marketing/press_releases/creativeaging.htm “Arts and Health Australia: Creative Ageing,” accessed January 15, 2016, www.artsandhealth.org/creative-ageing.html “Creative Aging Calgary Society,” accessed June 15, 2015, www creativeagingcalgary.com Andreas Kruse, Active Ageing: Solidarity and Responsibility in an Ageing Society (Brussels: Centre for European Studies, 2012), 16–19 F. Bronzini et al., “Active Ageing and Public Space: The Creative City 3.0,” in Ambient Assisted Living: Italian Forum 2013, eds Sauro Longhi et al (Cham: Springer, 2014), 361–371 THE EMERGENCE OF THE CREATIVE AGEING MOVEMENT 153 20 Larson and Perlstein, “Creative Aging: A New Field for the 21st Century,” 145–146 21 Jeffri and Hanna, “National Center for Creative Aging,” 968–972 22 Hanna and Perlstein, “Creativity Matters: Arts and Aging in America,” 23 Robert N. Butler, Why Survive? Being Old in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1975) 24 David Cutler, Ageing Artfully: Older People and Professional Participatory Arts in the UK (London: Baring Foundation, 2009), 61–62 25 Janice Blanchard, “As the Pendulum Swings: a Historical Review of the Politics and Policies of the Arts and Aging,” Generations 30, no (2006): 54 26 Johanna Misey Boyer, Creativity Matters: The Arts and Aging Toolkit (New York: National Guild of Community Schools of the Arts, 2007), 3; Americans for the Arts, Recommendations from Mini-Conference on Creativity and Aging in America May 18–19, 2005 (Washington, DC: Americans for the Arts, 2005), 6–7; United States Older Americans Act of 1965, Public Law 89–73 27 Gay P. Hanna, Linda S. Noelker, and Beth Bienvenu, “The Arts, Health, and Aging in America: 2005–2015,” The Gerontologist 55, no (2015): 272 28 Cohen, The Creative Age 29 “National Center for Creative Aging: History,” accessed June 1, 2014, www.creativeaging.org/who-we-are/history 30 Cutler, Ageing Artfully, 62 31 White House, 2005 White House Conference on Aging: The Booming Dynamics of Aging from Awareness to Action Report to the President and Congress December 11–14, 2005 (Washington, DC: White House, 2005); “National Center for Creative Aging: History;” Boyer, Creativity Matters, 3; Hanna, Noelker, and Bienvenu, “The Arts, Health, and Aging in America: 2005– 2015,” 272–273 32 “National Center for Creative Aging: History.” 33 Boyer, Creativity Matters 34 “National Center for Creative Aging: History.” 35 Hanna and Perlstein, “Creativity Matters: Arts and Aging in America,” 1–15 36 Jessica E. Thomas and Katie Lyles, Creativity and Aging: Best Practices (Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts, 2007) 154 A KLIMCZUK 37 Cf Jeffri and Hanna, “National Center for Creative Aging,” 968–970 38 “National Center for Creative Aging: History.” 39 Ibid 40 Ibid 41 Chris Herman, “Creativity and Aging,” Practice Perspectives, no 15 (2011): 42 Cutler, Ageing Artfully, 61 43 Hanna, Noelker, and Bienvenu, “The Arts, Health, and Aging in America: 2005–2015,” 272 44 Ibid., 274 45 “National Center for Creative Aging: History.” 46 “National Center for Creative Aging: History;” Jeffri and Hanna, “National Center for Creative Aging,” 971 47 Joan Jeffri et al., Above Ground: Information on Artists III Special Focus New York City Aging Artists (New York: Research Center for Arts and Culture, Teachers College, Columbia University, 2007) 48 “National Center for Creative Aging: History;” Beth Bienvenu and Gay Hanna, “The Creative Age: How the Arts Can Help Us Live Longer, Healthier Lives,” National Endowment for the Arts, accessed June 15, 2015, http://arts.gov/art-works/2015/ creative-age-how-arts-can-help-us-live-longer-healthier-lives; Hanna, Noelker, and Bienvenu, “The Arts, Health, and Aging in America: 2005–2015,” 272 49 Hanna, Noelker, and Bienvenu, “The Arts, Health, and Aging in America: 2005–2015,” 273 50 “Arts & Human Development Task Force,” National Endowment for the Arts, accessed June 15, 2015, www.arts.gov/partnerships/task-force 51 Hanna, Noelker, and Bienvenu, “The Arts, Health, and Aging in America: 2005–2015,” 272 52 “Live Webcast of Summit on Arts and Aging,” National Endowment for the Arts, accessed June 15, 2015, http://arts gov/news/2015/live-webcast-summit-arts-and-aging-0 53 “The Summit on Creative Aging in America,” National Endowment for the Arts, accessed June 15, 2015, http://arts.gov/artisticfields/accessibility/summit-on-creative-aging-in-america 54 White House, The 2015 White House Conference on Aging: Final Report (Washington, DC: White House, 2015), 19–21, 27–28; THE EMERGENCE OF THE CREATIVE AGEING MOVEMENT 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 155 Gay Hanna, “White House Conference on Aging—A Reflection from the NCCA Executive Director,” National Center for Creative Aging, accessed September 1, 2015, www.creativeaging.org/ news-blog/blog/white-house-conference-aging-reflectionncca-executive-director “2016 The Creative Age: Global Perspectives on Creativity and Aging,” accessed January 17, 2016, www.creativeaging.org/ events-conference/2016-creative-age-global-perspectivescreativity-and-aging Cutler, Ageing Artfully, 59 Cf Ibid Ibid., 61–62 Ibid., 61–62 Jennifer Garratt, “Learning the Art of Care: Facilitating Culture, Development and Training,” Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, accessed June 23, 2015, www.wcmt.org.uk/sites/default/files/ report-documents/Garratt%20J%20Report%202014%20Final pdf, Cf Ibid., Cutler, Ageing Artfully, David Cutler, Getting On—Arts and Older People: A Baring Foundation Programme 2010–2014 (London: Baring Foundation, 2015) Penny Allen et al., Becoming a Dementia-friendly Arts Venue: a Practical Guide (London: Alzheimer’s Society, 2015) Joe Randall, Technically Older—An Update on Digital Arts and Creative Ageing (London: Baring Foundation, 2015) “Age of Creativity,” accessed December 15, 2015, www.ageofcreativity.co.uk “Winston Churchill Memorial Trust: Reports Library,” accessed December 15, 2015, www.wcmt.org.uk/fellows/reports Cutler, Ageing Artfully, 59 “Age and Opportunity,” accessed January 18, 2016, www.olderinireland.ie Áine Ní Léime and Eamon O’Shea, An Evaluation: The Bealtaine Festival: A Celebration of Older People in the Arts (Galway, Dublin: National University of Ireland; Age & Opportunity, 2008), 22 Eamon O’Shea and Áine N Í Léime, “The Impact of the Bealtaine Arts Programme on the Quality of Life, Wellbeing and 156 A KLIMCZUK 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Social Interaction of Older People in Ireland,” Ageing & Society 32, no (2012): 855 United Nations, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (A/ RES/217A,III), U.N. Doc A/810, 1947 Ibid., 855 Léime and O’Shea, An Evaluation: The Bealtaine Festival, 12; Cutler, Ageing Artfully, 59 Léime and O’Shea, An Evaluation: The Bealtaine Festival, 16–35 Department is Department of Health, The National Positive Ageing Strategy Ireland (Dublin: Department is Department of Health, 2013) “Creative Aging International,” accessed May 1, 2015, www.creativeaginginternational.com “NCAOP—National Council on Ageing and Older People,” accessed January 18, 2016, www.ncaop.ie “Irish Senior Citizens’ Parliament,” accessed January 18, 2016, https://iscp.wordpress.com/about/ “National Centre for the Protection of Older People,” accessed January 18, 2016, www.ncpop.ie/index “Age Friendly Ireland, Cities and Counties Programme,” accessed January 15, 2015, http://agefriendlyireland.ie “Age Friendly University,” accessed March 12, 2015, www.dcu ie/agefriendly/about.shtml Ibid “Arts and Health Australia,” accessed November 15, 2015, www artsandhealth.org “Arts and Health Australia: Conferences,” accessed September 1, 2015, www.artsandhealth.org/conferences.html Gina Fairley, “New Taskforce to Promote Arts for Successful Ageing,” ArtsHub, accessed September 25, 2015, http://visual artshub.com.au/news-article/news/museums/gina-fairley/ new-taskforce-to-promote-arts-for-successful-ageing-249177; “NSW Minister for Health Announces New Arts & Health Taskforce,” accessed January 18, 2016, http://regionalartsnsw com.au/2015/08/nsw-minister-for-health-announces-newarts-health-taskforce/#ixzz3kNEtPOjV “NSW Government: Health and the Arts,” accessed January 18, 2016, www.health.nsw.gov.au/arts/Pages/default.aspx Garratt, “Learning the Art of Care,” 21–31 THE EMERGENCE OF THE CREATIVE AGEING MOVEMENT 157 89 “Local Government NSW: Creative Ageing LG Grants Program,” accessed July 26, 2015, www.lgnsw.org.au/member-services/ creative-ageing-local-government-grants-program 90 Local Government NSW, Local Government Creative Ageing Grants: Program Final Report: Volume One: The Grants Program (Sydney: Local Government NSW, 2015), 91 Ibid., 55 92 European Commission, The Lisbon European Council: An Agenda of Economic and Social Renewal for Europe: Contribution of the European Commission to the Special European Council in Lisbon, DOC/00/7 (Brussels: European Commission, 2000) 93 “EPALE—European Commission,” accessed January 19, 2016, https://ec.europa.eu/epale/ 94 “European Shared Treasure,” accessed January 19, 2016, www europeansharedtreasure.eu 95 “EMIL: European Map of Intergenerational Learning,” accessed June 1, 2014, www.emil-network.eu 96 “ECIL—A European Certificate in Intergenerational Learning,” accessed June 1, 2014, www.ecileu.eu 97 “The Art of Ageing: About,” accessed May 22, 2015, www artofageing.eu/about 98 Wiley Heidi, Elsa Varenne and Paula Oevermann, eds., The Art of Ageing: Bringing the Burning Issue of Global Demographic Change to Europe‘s Stages: Creative Research (Paris: European Theatre Convention, 2015) 99 Kathryn Price, “Creativity in Later Life: an Explorative Essay to Examine the Importance of Creativity in Old Age,” accessed June 1, 2014, www.bgs.org.uk/pdf_cms/essays/2013_amulree_price pdf, 20–21 100 Sara Grut, “The Challenge of Ageing Populations—Assessing the Contribution of Heritage and Creative Learning,” in Creativity, Lifelong Learning and the Ageing Population, eds Anna Hansen, Sofia Kling and Jakoba S. Gonzalez (Östersund: Nordic Centre of Heritage Learning, 2013), 27 101 Ibid., 28 102 Almuth Fricke and Sylvia Dow, eds., Cultural Participation and Creativity in Later Life: A European Manual (München: kopaed, 2009); Andrea Ehlert, Almuth Fricke and Maureen Marley, The InCreaSe Guide: A Manual About Intercultural Creativity of 158 A KLIMCZUK 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Older Age (Badajoz, Glasgow, Remscheid, Wolfenbüttel: InCreaSe Learning Partnership, 2010); Almuth Fricke et al., The Mix@ges Experience: How to Promote Intergenerational Bonding Through Creative Digital Media (Remscheid: Institut für Bildung und Kultur e.V., 2013) “Institut für Bidlung und Kultur—About Us,” accessed January 19, 2016, http://ibk-kultur.de/en/about-us.html “Long Live Arts,” accessed May 1, 2015, www.longlivearts.eu; “Long Live Arts Manifesto: Towards a Broader Framework for Cultural Participation by Older People,” Long Live Arts, accessed March 15, 2016, www.longlivearts.eu/upload/files/LONG%20 LIVE%20ARTS%20MANIFESTO(1).pdf Jan Jaap Knol et al., Lang leve kunst: Over ouderen en cultuur [Long live arts! On older people and culture] (Rotterdam: NAi010 Uitgevers, 2013) “Long Live Arts.” “SEN@ER,” accessed June 1, 2014, www.silvereconomy-europe org; Peter Enste, Gerhard Naegele, and Verena Leve, “The Discovery and Development of the Silver Market in Germany,” in The Silver Market Phenomenon: Business Opportunities in an Era of Demographic Change, ed Florian Kohlbacher and Cornelius Herstatt (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2008), 325–339; Martin Ferry et al., Regions for All Ages: The Implications of Demographic Ageing for Regional Policy (Glasgow: European Policies Research Centre; University of Strathclyde, 2006), 31–33, 80–90; Boris Augurzky and Uwe Neumann, Economic Resources of Senior Citizens: Regional Economic and Fiscal Effects of Promoting the Senior Citizens Economy in North Rhine-Westphalia (Bonn: Ministerium für Gesundheit, Soziales, Frauen und Familie des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, 2005) “Silver Valley,” accessed March 12, 2015, www.silvervalley.fr/ English-version “Silver Normandie,” accessed October 14, 2015, http://silvernormandie.fr “CORAL—Community of Regions for Assisted Living,” accessed March 12, 2015, www.coral-europe.eu “CASA Europe—Regions for Smart Living,” accessed March 12, 2015, www.casa-europe.eu “Aging2.0,” accessed April 20, 2015, www.aging2.com THE EMERGENCE OF THE CREATIVE AGEING MOVEMENT 159 113 “Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014–2015 Health, Demographic Change and Wellbeing Revised, Decision C (2014)4995,” European Commission, accessed July 30, 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/ wp/2014_2015/main/h2020-wp1415-health_en.pdf 114 “Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme,” accessed June 1, 2014, www.aal-europe.eu 115 “The European Silver Economy Strategy,” accessed March 15, 2016, http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/index_ en.cfm?section=active-healthy-ageing&pg=silvereconomy ; European Commission, Growing the Silver Economy in Europe: Background Paper (Brussels: European Commission, 2015); European Commission, Innovation for Active & Healthy Ageing: European Summit on Innovation for Active and Healthy Ageing, Brussels, 9-10 March 2015—Final Report (Brussels: European Commission, 2015) 116 “Towards an Age-Friendly Europe: Launch of the EU Covenant on Demographic Change,” accessed December 7, 2015, www.agefriendlyeurope.org/news/press-release-towards-age-friendly-europe-launch-eu-covenant-demographic-change; “Legal Statutes of the Covenant on Demographic Change,” accessed December 7, 2015, http://afeinnovnet.eu/sites/default/files/Statutes_ Covenant_on_Demographic_Change_Final_EN_0.pdf 117 “European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing,” European Commission, accessed July 10, 2014, http:// ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/index_en.cfm?section= active-healthy-ageing 118 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japanese Government, White Paper on Science and Technology 2006 Challenges for Building a Future Society: The Role of Science and Technology in an Aging Society with Fewer Children (Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japanese Government, 2006) 119 David R. Phillips, Alfred C. Chan, and Sheung-Tak Cheng, “Ageing in a Global Context: The Asia-Pacific Region,” in The Sage Handbook of Social Gerontology, ed Dale Dannefer and Chris Phillipson (London, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2010), 443 120 David Cutler, Living National Treasure—Arts and Older People in Japan (London: Baring Foundation, 2015), 16 121 Ibid., 3–4 160 A KLIMCZUK 122 Fergus Early, “Dance and Older People in Japan,” Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, accessed June 1, 2014, www.wcmt org.uk/sites/default/files/migrated-reports/776_1.pdf ; Melaneia Warwick, “How Adults with Disabilities are Accessing Arts Projects in Japan and the USA,” Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, accessed June 1, 2014, www.wcmt.org.uk/sites/default/ files/migrated-reports/1216_1.pdf 123 Cutler, Living National Treasure, 4–14 124 Ibid., 4–6 125 Ibid., 126 Ibid., 7–8 127 Ibid., 8–9 128 Ibid., 11–14 129 “Arts Alive—About,” accessed July 19, 2015, www.artsalivejp org/en/about/index.html; Cutler, Living National Treasure, 12 130 Francesca Rosenberg et al., Meet Me: Making Art Accessible to People with Dementia (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2009) 131 “Arts Alive—ACP (Art Communication Project),” accessed July 19, 2015, www.artsalivejp.org/en/program/index.html 132 Beat T. Hannemann, “Creativity with Dementia Patients: Can Creativity and Art Stimulate Dementia Patients Positively?,” Gerontology 52, no (2006): 64 133 Edward Johns, “Kotoen: For 50 years, a Model of Intergenerational Care & Solidarity in Japan,” AARP The Journal Print Edition, 2013, 63 134 Rick Swindell, “Successful Ageing and International Approaches to Later-Life Learning,” in Active Ageing, Active Learning: Issues and Challenges, eds Gillian Boulton-Lewis and Maureen Tam (Dordrecht: Springer, 2012), 53–56 135 Yukiko Sawano, “Lifelong Learning to Revitalize Community Case Studies of Citizens’ Learning Initiatives in Japan,” in Second International Handbook of Lifelong Learning, eds David N. Aspin et al (New York: Springer, 2012), 669 136 Ibid., 668–669 137 Kaoru Okamoto, “Lifelong Learning and the Leisure-Oriented Society: The Developments and Challenges in the Far East,” in International Handbook of Lifelong Learning: Part One, eds David Aspin et al (Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001), 318–319 THE EMERGENCE OF THE CREATIVE AGEING MOVEMENT 161 138 Katrina Moore, “The Pursuit of Healthy Longevity: Leisure, Learning, Sociality, and Gender in Aging Japan,” Harvard Asia Quarterly 11, no (2008): 34 139 Nicholas L. Danigelis, “Leisure,” in Encyclopedia of Gerontology, ed James E. Birren (Oxford: Academic Press, 2007), 34–45 140 Moore, “The Pursuit of Healthy Longevity,” 35 141 “Creative and Aging Societies: Views from Japan and Finland,” Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA; Keizai Doyukai, accessed June 1, 2014, www.eva.fi/wp-content/uploads/files/1719_creative_and_aging_societies.pdf, 37–38 142 Mayumi Hayashi, “Japan’s Fureai Kippu Time-banking in Elderly Care: Origins, Development, Challenges and Impact’,” International Journal of Community Currency Research 16 (2012): 30–44 143 Robert S. Weiss et al., “Japan’s Silver Human Resource Centers and Participant Well-Being,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 20, no (2005): 50–51 144 Kazue Haga, “Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Aging Societies: Theoretical Reflection and a Case Study from Kamikatsu, Japan: Paper Presented at the Innovation Forum VI—2014 Crisis, Innovation and Transition,” accessed July 26, 2015, http://cit2014.sciencesconf.org/conference/cit2014/ pages/full_paper_kazue_haga.pdf, 14–18 145 Werner Pascha and Cornelia Storz, “How Are Markets Created? The Case of Japan’s Silver Market,” Duisburg Working Papers on East Asian Studies, no 78 (2008): 19 146 Maxigas, “Hacklabs and Hackerspaces: Tracing Two Genealogies,” The Journal of Peer Production, no (2012), accessed January 28, 2016, http://peerproduction.net/issues/issue-2/peerreviewed-papers/hacklabs-and-hackerspaces/ 147 Kenneth Haase, “Why the Media Lab Works: A Personal View,” IBM Systems Journal 39, 3.4 (2000), 419–431 148 See Minoru Asada and Shu Ishiguro, “Next Generation Robot Industry in Japan; Robot Renaissance from Osaka—RoboCity CoRE Project: Paper from Biorobotics Workshop, Center for Special Studies and Programs, Egypt,” accessed June 1, 2014, www.bibalex.org/cssp/presentations/attachments/next%20 generation%20robot.pdf; “Knowledge Capital The Osaka North Yard Development,” accessed June 1, 2014, http://kc-i.jp 149 W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, Blue Ocean Strategy (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2005) 162 A KLIMCZUK 150 Cf Chris Phillipson and J. Vincent, “Globalization and Aging,” in Encyclopedia of Gerontology, ed James E. Birren (Oxford: Academic Press, 2007), 631 151 HelpAge International, Global AgeWatch Index 2014: Insight Report (London: HelpAge International, 2014), 21 152 Ibid., 19 153 Ibid., 18 154 United Nations Population Fund, Ageing in the Twenty-first Century: A Celebration and a Challenge (New York: United Nations Population Fund, 2012), 128–131 155 HelpAge International, Global AgeWatch Index 2014, 17 156 “AIUTA,” accessed May 18, 2015, www.aiu3a.com/indexen html 157 Renata Konieczna-Woźniak, Uniwersytety Trzeciego Wieku w Polsce: Profilaktyczne aspekty edukacji seniorów [Universities of the third age in Poland: preventive aspects of senior education] (Poznań: Eruditus, 2001), 40–43; Harry R. Moody, “The New Ageing Enterprise,” in The Sage Handbook of Social Gerontology, eds Dale Dannefer and Chris Phillipson (London, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2010), 485 158 Beata Ziębińska, Uniwersytety Trzeciego Wieku jako instytucje przeciwdziałaja ̨ce marginalizacji osób starszych [Universities of the Third Age as institutions to counteract the marginalization of older people] (Katowice: Uniwersytet Śla ̨ski, 2007), 156–164 159 Andrzej Klimczuk, “Universities of the Third Age in Poland: Emerging Model for 21st Century,” Journal of Education, Psychology and Social Sciences 1, no (2013): 8–14 160 Withnall, “Lifelong or Longlife? Learning in the Later Years,” 653–654 161 Swindell, “Successful Ageing and International Approaches to Later-Life Learning,” 44–46 162 Ibid., 56–59 163 Ibid., 43, 53–56, 59 164 Doreen Schwarz, Janine Lentzy, and Christiane Hipp, “Senior Educational Programs for Compensating Future Student Decline in German Universities,” in The Silver Market Phenomenon: Business Opportunities in an Era of Demographic Change, eds Florian Kohlbacher and Cornelius Herstatt (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2008), 481–494 THE EMERGENCE OF THE CREATIVE AGEING MOVEMENT 163 165 Peter Karl Kresl and Daniele Ietri, The Aging Population and the Competitiveness of Cities: Benefits to the Urban Economy (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010) 166 Sean Caulfield, “Art, Museums, and Culture,” in Enhancing Cognitive Fitness in Adults: A Guide to the Use and Development of Community-Based Programs, eds Paula E. Hartman-Stein and Asenath LaRue (New York: Springer, 2011), 301–323 167 “ARTZ: Artists for Alzheimer’s,” accessed February 22, 2015, www.imstillhere.org/artz; “Programsforelderly.com: Artz Artists for Alzheimer’s,” accessed February 26, 2015, www.programsforelderly.com/memor y-ar tz-ar tists-for-alzheimers.php ; “NCCA: Art’s the Spark,” accessed February 22, 2015, www creativeaging.org/creative-aging-program/6318; “NCCA: Meet Me at the Movies & Make Memories,” accessed February 22, 2015, www.creativeaging.org/creative-aging-program/7644 168 John Zeisel, Inquiry by Design: Environment/Behavior/Neuroscience in Architecture, Interiors, Landscape, and Planning (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006); John Zeisel, I’m Still Here: A New Philosophy of Alzheimer’s Care (New York: Avery, 2009) 169 “Programsforelderly.com: Cross-cultural Solutions 50–plus Volunteer Program,” accessed February 26, 2015, www.programsforelderly.com/contributing-cross-cultural-solutions50+-volunteer.php; “Cross-Cultural Solutions,” accessed February 26, 2015, www.crossculturalsolutions.org 170 “Programsforelderly.com: Go Eco Senior Volunteers for Ecological & Humanitarian Projects,” accessed February 26, 2015, www.programsforelderly.com/contributing-go-eco-volunteer-abroad.php; “GoEco’s 50+ Senior Volunteering,” accessed February 26, 2015, www.goeco.org/tags/50plus 171 “Senior Experten Service,” accessed August 6, 2014, www.sesbonn.de 172 “Programsforelderly.com: Mens Shed,” accessed February 26, 2015, www.programsforelderly.com/contributing-mens-shedretired-men-contributing-social-activity.php; “UK Men’s Sheds Association—UK Men’s Sheds Association—Home,” accessed February 26, 2015, www.menssheds.org.uk; “Men’s Sheds,” accessed April 2, 2015, www.mensshed.org; Barry Golding, The Men’s Shed Movement: The Company of Men (Champaign, Illinois: Common Ground Publishing, 2015) 164 A KLIMCZUK 173 World Health Organization, Global Age-friendly Cities: A Guide (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007) 174 Chi-Wai Lui et al., “What Makes a Community Age-friendly: a Review of International Literature,” Australasian Journal on Ageing 28, no (2009): 116–121; AGE Platform Europe, Towards Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Places for All Ages (Brussels: AGE Platform Europe, 2010) 175 “WHO Global Network of Age-friendly Cities and Communities,” World Health Organization, accessed June 1, 2014, www.who int/ageing/age_friendly_cities_network/; “Age-friendly World,” World Health Organization, accessed November 1, 2014, http:// agefriendlyworld.org 176 Cf Rudolf Giffinger et al., Smart Cities: Ranking of European Medium-sized Cities (Vienna: Centre of Regional Science, Vienna UT, 2007) 177 See AGE Platform Europe, Towards Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Places for All Ages; Tine Buffel and Chris Phillipson, “Ageing in Urban Environments: Developing ‘Age-Friendly’ Cities,” Critical Social Policy 32, no (2012): 597–617; Antoine Geissbühler et al., eds., Inclusive Smart Cities and e-Health: 13th International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics, ICOST 2015, Geneva, Switzerland, June 10–12, 2015, Proceedings (Cham: Springer, 2015); Geoff Green, “Age-friendly Cities of Europe,” Journal of Urban Health 90, no (2013): 116–128; Eleonora Riva Sanseverino et al., eds., Smart Rules for Smart Cities: Managing Efficient Cities in Euro-Mediterranean Countries (Cham: Springer, 2014); Knud E. Skouby et al., “Smart Cities and the Ageing Population,” Outlook: Visions and Research Directions for the Wireless World, no 12 (2014): 1–13; Hisatsugu Tamai, “Fujitsu’s Approach to Smart Cities,” Fujitsu Sci Tech J 50, no (2014): 3–10; Mohan Thite, “Smart Cities: Implications of Urban Planning for Human Resource Development,” Human Resource Development International 14, no (2011): 623–631; “Top Intelligent Communities of the Year,” accessed April 20, 2015, www.intelligentcommunity.org/top7; Anthony M. Townsend, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia (New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2013); Vinod Kumar, T. M, ed., E-Governance for Smart Cities (Singapore: Springer, 2015); Comparative Study of THE EMERGENCE OF THE CREATIVE AGEING MOVEMENT 165 Smart Cities in Europe and China 2014, 1st ed 2016 (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2016); Annalisa Cocchia, “Smart and Digital City: A Systematic Literature Review,” in Smart City, ed Renata P. Dameri and Camille Rosenthal-Sabroux (Cham: Springer, 2014), 13–43; Boyd Cohen, “The Smartest Cities In The World,” accessed April 20, 2015, www.fastcoexist com/3038765/fast-cities/the-smartest-cities-in-the-world ; Mark Deakin, Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition (London: Routledge, 2014); European Commission, A Compilation of Good Practices: Innovation for Age-friendly Buildings, Cities and Environments (Brussels: European Commission, 2013); Kelly G. Fitzgerald and Francis G. Caro, “An Overview of Age-friendly Cities and Communities Around the World,” Journal of Aging & Social Policy 26, 1–2 (2014): 1–18 KEY TERMS age-friendly cities and communities arts and health best practices community arts comparative policy analysis entrepreneurship globalization lifelong learning welfare states SUGGESTED READINGS AGE Platform Europe “Towards an Age-friendly European Union: Advocacy Toolkit for Older People and Their Organisations.” Accessed February 4, 2016 www.age-platform.eu/images/stories/Publications/AGE_advocacy_ toolkit_for_age-friendlyEU_2016.pdf Aspin, David N., Judith Chapman, Karen Evans, and Richard Bagnall, eds Second International Handbook of Lifelong Learning New York: Springer, 2012 Beard, John, Simon Biggs, David E. Bloom, Linda P. Fried, Paul R. Hogan, Alexandre Kalache, and S. J Olshansky, eds Global Population Ageing: Peril or Promise? Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2011 166 A KLIMCZUK European Commission A Compilation of Good Practices: Innovation for Agefriendly Buildings, Cities and Environments Brussels: European Commission, 2013 Kunkel, Suzanne, J. S Brown, Frank J. Whittington, and Jasleen Chahal Global Aging: Comparative Perspectives on Aging and the Life Course New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2014 Moulaert, Thibauld and Suzanne Garon, eds Age-Friendly Cities and Communities in International Comparison Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016 Neill, Greg O., and Rachel Pruchno “Toward the 2015 White House Conference on Ageing: Creating an Ageing Policy Vision for the Decade Ahead.” The Gerontologist, 55 no (2015): 179–182 OECD Ageing in Cities Paris: OECD, 2015 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Growing Smarter, Living Healthier: A Guide to Smart Growth and Active Aging Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009 World Health Organization Centre for Health Development Measuring the Agefriendliness of Cities: A Guide to Using Core Indicators Kobe: World Health Organization Centre for Health Development (WHO Kobe Centre), 2015 Xu, Qiao “Smart Growth and Age-friendly Communities: Evaluating EPA’s Active Aging Award-winning Programs.” Master’s Thesis, Michigan State University, 2011 Accessed March 14, 2015 http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd%3A1448/datastream/OBJ/download RELEVANT WEBSITES AFE INNOVNET Repository: www.afeinnovnet.eu/repository Age of Creativity: www.ageofcreativity.co.uk Arts and Health Australia: www.artsandhealth.org Bealtaine Festival: www.bealtaine.com European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing: http://ec.europa eu/research/innovation-union/index_en.cfm?section=active-healthy-ageing European Map of Intergenerational Learning: www.emil-network.eu Grantmakers in Aging: www.giaging.org Lifetime Arts: www.lifetimearts.org National Center for Creative Aging: www.creativeaging.org The Baring Foundation: www.baringfoundation.org.uk World Health Organization—Age-friendly World: http://agefriendlyworld.org World Health Organization—Global Database of Age-friendly Practices: https:// extranet.who.int/datacol/custom_view_report.asp?survey_id=3536&view_ id=6301&display_filter=1 ... Socio-Economics Warsaw School of Economics Warsaw, Poland ISBN 978 -1- 137-53522 -1 ISBN 978 -1- 137-53523-8 (eBook) DOI 10 .10 57/978 -1- 137-53523-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2 015 00 514 4... creative ageing policy Selected potential benefits and outcomes of the creative ageing policy Basic stages of the creative ageing programs 21 2 01 209 214 236 xxi List Table 1. 1 Table 3 .1 Table 4 .1. . .Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy, Volume II Andrzej Klimczuk Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy, Volume II Putting Theory into