Andrzej Klimczuk Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy Putting Theory into Practice Volume II Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy, Volume II Andrzej Klimczuk Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy, Volume II Putting Theory into Practice Andrzej Klimczuk Collegium of Socio-Economics Warsaw School of Economics Warsaw, Poland ISBN 978-1-137-53522-1 ISBN 978-1-137-53523-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-53523-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015005144 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Cover image © Open Door / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc The registered company address is: New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A Foreword by Richard Adler In Gray Dawn, a book published in 1999, the author, Peter Peterson, warned that as the result of population ageing, a gigantic wave of greedy geezers was rising that was threatening to sink the economy of many countries and disenfranchise subsequent generations.1 Peterson’s main culprits were governments, especially in the USA and in Europe that had overpromised a level of benefits to the elderly that was economically unsustainable A grim picture of the results of greater longevity! Ten years later, in 2009, another book was published, with the title A Long Bright Future.2 This book, by Stanford Professor Laura Carstensen, also focused on the challenges of ageing societies but offered a much more optimistic view of the consequences of an ageing society Professor Carstensen is best known as the developer of the theory of socioemotional selectivity that explains why older adults, on the whole, are happier and more contented than younger people and illuminates the notion that we do, in fact, develop a kind of wisdom about life as we get older She is also the founder of the Stanford Center on Longevity whose mission is to develop appropriate responses to the challenges of an ageing society.3 In her book, she offers suggestions for how we individually and collectively can make the most out of the “extra years” provided by increased longevity These two books, published a decade apart, provide nearly diametrically opposed viewpoints about the implications of population ageing But which is more likely to be correct? If we confine our perspective to the responses of national governments, we may have reason to be pessimistic For much of the twentieth century, v vi FOREWORD BY RICHARD ADLER the main focus of policy in relation to later life in many countries was the establishment of entitlements intended to support the financial and physical well-being of older citizens The USA, for example, introduced Social Security in 1935 to provide old age benefits for almost all of its citizens In 1965, the Medicare system was set up to comprehensive health care coverage for those over age 65 And that same year, the Older Americans Act provided federal funding for a variety of community-based social services for the elderly delivered through a national “ageing network” of local agencies Much the same thing happened in many other countries during the past century These programs have been successful in increasing the quality of life for older adults The poverty rate among seniors has fallen even as the life expectancy has increased with healthier lifestyles and the availability of lifeextending medical care But as we moved into the twenty-first century, we have entered a time of greater concern about the specter of public debt and the “burden” of ageing populations As Peter Peterson puts it, “graying means paying” in terms of greater national expenditures for pensions and health care According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), public spending for these purposes will increase dramatically in virtually every developed country: from 10.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1995 to 17.0 percent in 2030 in the USA; from 17.3 percent to 28.8 percent in Germany; and from 19.7 percent in 1995 to 33.3 percent of GDP in Italy in 2030.4 Peterson also points out that “the developed countries have accumulated massive unfunded pension liabilities on a par with the debt burden of nations at war”—amounting to 113 percent of GDP for the USA, 157 percent for Germany, and fully 242 percent of GDP for Italy.5 Given these daunting numbers, it is unrealistic to expect any new largescale programs to benefit the elderly in any of these countries As best, they will struggle to meet their existing obligations So where can we look for evidence to support an optimistic outlook about the future of ageing? The good news is that in the place of new or expanded major national programs, a wave of entrepreneurially driven innovation in ageing has begun to emerge, mainly at the local level, to respond to the evolving needs of the elderly Some of these have been led by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), others by local government agencies, and yet others by public–private partnerships FOREWORD BY RICHARD ADLER vii Let me give a couple of examples of the kinds of innovative grassroots initiatives that have appeared across the globe in recent years In 2002, a group of older residents of the historic Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, got together to see what they could to help themselves to “age in place” instead of having to move to a retirement community They ended up creating Beacon Hill Village, a membership program that facilitates access to the services they need to continue to live independently (ranging from pet sitting to home health care).6 This concept proved so successful that it began to spread to other communities Another example of inspired local innovation is Old’Up, an organization founded in Paris in 2008 to give a voice to older people (age 75+) who want to continue to play a meaningful role in society.7 Following the motto of “Plus si jeune, mais pas si vieux” (“No longer young, but not so old”), the group’s members provide mutual support to each other and pursue opportunities to make meaningful contributions Equally creative projects can be found in many other locations In Palo Alto, California, for example, a local medical group concerned about the well-being of its older patients has sponsored a time bank to enable seniors’ trade services with one another.8 In Westchester County, New York, the local Area Agency on Aging is helping to set up “Care Circles” that recruit volunteer caregivers for seniors who need support with everyday activities.9 In Tuymazy, Russia, a group of older volunteers produce a twice-monthly local TV program titled “Studio 50+” that explores issues of concern to older people and profiles elders who continue to interesting work.10 In many towns in Australia, England, and Ireland, Men’s Sheds have been set up to enable older men to work on building projects for themselves or for the community.11 Moreover, around the world, cities such as Oslo, Norway, Barcelona, Spain, Medellín, Columbia, and Qiqihar, China, have qualified to be designated as “age-friendly” communities Launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010, the movement encourages communities to listen to the needs of their ageing residents, to promote healthy and active ageing, and to support the full participation of older people in civic life.12 Each of these projects is responding to specific local needs Many are designed to encourage older adults to as much as possible for themselves and for their peers and neighbors, largely on a voluntary basis Worthy as these local initiatives are, they raise the question of how can be scaled up to meet the needs of all elders in the same way that large viii FOREWORD BY RICHARD ADLER national programs are inherently able to One promising answer is the emergence of what I describe as “networks of innovation” that take advantage of the Internet and other modern tools to spread the word about successful local programs For example, a Village-to-Village Network was established in 2010 to help existing villages to exchange best practices and help new villages under development.13 Today, the network has more than 200 members in the USA, Australia, and the Netherlands Men’s Sheds Associations were founded to promote the concept in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the UK, where there are now more than 1000 local sheds in operation.14 A Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (GNAFCC) set up by WHO now include more than 280 places in 33 countries.15 And a new web-based resource called the Pass It On Network, created and run entirely by older volunteers in a half-dozen different countries, provides a simple way to share ideas internationally about projects that promote positive ageing.16 Even if these creative local responses can be effectively scaled up, they will never entirely replace national programs that provide a vital safety net of financial security and other social benefits For example, one-quarter of Americans over age 65 depend on Social Security payments for nearly all of their income, and half of all seniors in the USA rely on Social Security to provide 50 percent of their total income.17 However, national programs could and should more to support the growth of local initiatives and encourage the development of mechanisms for replicating local successes more widely It is through a combination of established national support programs—which must be maintained—and innovative local initiatives that we will ensure that ageing populations will enjoy a long, bright future rather than herald the coming of a gray dawn Richard Adler Institute for the Future Palo Alto, CA, USA Foreword by Dominic Campbell For a cultural producer like myself to be invited to produce a foreword for a volume with the phrase “economic foundations” in its title is as rare as it is welcome It is a practical example, as well as an entertaining indication, of the thought and thoroughness of Andrzej Klimczuk’s approach It is self-evident that the scale of change created by longer-living population demand intelligence be applied to understanding the shifting demographic It is obvious the consequences of life with increasingly older populations worldwide require immediate, meaningful action What is less evident is how this can best occur Historically unprecedented longer-living populations are establishing a new societal landscape There is a need for fresh thinking, creative practice, new alignments, innovative paradigms, and original policy There is also need for clear and precise questioning How, for example, is it possible to articulate the unique potential arising from this evolution? In a process that mirrors recent changes in the environmental movement, those most engaged with the growth in longer-living populations are witnessing a welcome change in narratives Previously described negatively in terms of crisis, demand, and drain on resources the language surrounding the emerging ageing demographic is becoming more nuanced and informed These volumes are a welcome addition to this process As they detail ageing populations demand innovation, which create opportunity and encourage growth However, to pursue these we must firstly confront misconceptions and reframe much-existing understanding ix x FOREWORD BY DOMINIC CAMPBELL The new landscape needs exploring while the vehicles with which to navigate it are being built The demarcation between previously distinct areas of expertise is beginning to blur as successful responses are informed by collaborations between specialized areas that previously operated alone For example, in my work with Creative Aging International, there are often occasions to reflect on Richard Smith’s observation in the British Medical Journal that “If health is about adaptation, understanding and acceptance, then the arts may be more potent than anything that medicine has to offer.”18 However, even a brief perusal of innovative arts practice engaged with ageing and older populations brings the observer to recognize the equal wisdom in Grayson Perry’s statement: “Artists should not claim sole rights to creativity.” In fact, the case could be made that what marks out the best creative responses to ageing populations is their ability to convene, to cross over, and to hybridize Which is welcome Contemporary old age is complex Part individual journey, part public health success, it is the place where changes to a life course are happening in parallel with changes in generational succession Here issues of place-making are meeting those of intergenerational solidarity In our communal day after tomorrow, the issues and concerns of public health and architecture, social services, and transport need to align to determine how ageing populations might continue to live well Increasingly the cultural sector is becoming the area that may offer prototype mechanisms to suggest how this can occur Creative practices that demonstrate a deep understanding of collaboration have much to offer the navigators of this changing of the social landscape If successful social levers are as likely to be found by the government as markets, to be delivered by social organizations or networks, through formal or informal organization or territory, how best to nurture? Which brings challenges to policy structures grown in other eras and, in turn, demands new leadership skills Who is in the best position, through what agency, to deliver practical policy locally, nationally, and internationally for a population whose immediate geography might today be global but tomorrow rapidly reduces to the size of the table on their hospital bed? INDEX knowledge, xxviii, 7, 22, 40, 44, 45, 64, 70, 73, 109, 110, 112, 117, 121, 126, 134, 136, 169, 174–177, 181, 182, 198, 200, 210, 217, 234, 238, 241, 269, 275, 277, 281–283, 285, 288, 289 Knowledge Capital Zone (Japan), 136, 137 Kocka, Jürgen, 199 Kohler Arts Center (United States), 140 Komp, Kathrin, 47, 48 Kotoen (Japan), 133 Krogsrud Miley, Karla, 218 Kruse, Andreas, 106, 194 kubia (Centre of Competence for Arts and Education in Later Life) (Germany), 114, 125, 126 Kyoyohin Foundation (the Accessible Design Foundation of Japan), 136 L labeling, 8, 38, 78, 274 labor market, 6, 37, 38, 42, 62, 63, 66, 68, 72, 73, 76, 80, 106, 134, 135, 196, 208, 255 Ladder to the Moon (United Kingdom), 116 language, ix, 38, 58, 87, 172, 179, 181, 184, 269, 278, 279, 281 Larson, Renya T. H., 234 late-life, 255 Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre— Population Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CELADE-ECLAC), xxvi 359 law, 2, 18, 30, 85, 213, 271 leadership, x, xxvi, 86, 112, 121, 177, 181, 195, 254 Leadership Council of Aging Organizations (LCAO) (United States), learning, xi, xxx, 47, 65, 67, 69, 75, 86, 90, 113, 120, 123, 128, 134, 136, 139, 142, 144, 174, 180, 183, 211, 220, 235, 236, 238, 261, 275, 283, 284, 286 leisure time, xxvii, xxxii, 75, 103, 167, 171, 194, 198, 208, 241, 283, 287 Lerman, Liz, 107, 111 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT), 42, 257 Levine School of Music (United States), 109, 111 libraries, 105, 111, 118, 173, 182, 193, 235, 237 life course perspective, x, 3, 9, 25, 30, 39, 40, 42–44, 46, 55, 60, 62, 63, 70–72, 84, 86, 88, 105, 113, 171, 173, 178, 193, 208, 210, 253, 277 life cycle perspective, 30, 45, 55, 75, 85, 86, 88, 108, 193, 270, 277 life expectancy, vi, 28, 36, 61 life satisfaction, 60, 108, 115, 238 life stages, 60, 286, 289 Lifelong Learning (LLL), xxxii, 7, 44, 48, 63, 75, 80, 87, 91, 104–106, 108, 110–113, 118–120, 123, 133, 134, 139, 144, 147, 167, 169, 171–174, 177, 180, 181, 183, 196, 208, 210, 211, 218–220, 233–235, 253–255, 261, 277, 283, 284, 289 Lifelong Learning Institutes (LLIs), 139, 218 360 INDEX Lifesongs (United States), 111 lifestyle, 9, 44, 57, 66, 67, 72, 75, 76, 82, 140, 170, 171 Lifetime Arts (United States), 105, 235 Lindén, Tord S., 56, 58 Lisbon Strategy, 123 literature, xxix, xxxii, 46, 62, 66, 67, 103, 104, 112, 130, 134, 145, 168, 170, 177, 178, 191, 213, 217, 236, 240, 254, 267, 268 Live Longer, Work Longer, 64–65 Living Care (Australia), 122 living labs, 136, 145, 198, 221, 255 Living National Treasures (Japan), 131 local authorities, xxv, 56, 116, 118, 120, 124, 131, 134, 141, 177, 181, 182, 199, 241 local communities, 71, 90, 91, 174, 196, 261, 276, 283, 288 local government, vi, 25, 88, 127, 177, 195–197, 274, 288 Local Government of New South Wales (LGNSW) (Australia), 122 local level, vi, xxxiii, 3, 4, 45, 56, 58, 77–79, 90, 122, 142, 177, 182, 194, 201, 251, 254, 256, 257, 281 locality, 194, 195 Iona Senior Services (United States), 109 loneliness, 39, 121, 130, 132, 177, 252 A Long Bright Future, v Long Live Arts project, 114, 126, 174, 176 longevity, v, 7, 60, 66, 70, 75, 83, 87, 114, 168, 170–172, 183, 267–270 longevity economy, 75, 270 long-term care (LTC), 3, 6, 10, 48, 59, 61, 64, 70, 78, 84, 88, 105, 210, 218, 219, 235, 260, 268, 274, 275, 284, 287 Los Angeles (United States), 110, 145 Lost Chord (United Kingdom), 116 Louvre (France), 140 Lozada, Arturo Emilio Quintana, 269 Luckmann, Thomas, 38 Luella Hannan Memorial Foundation (United States), 111 Luxembourg, 73 M MacRae-Krisa, Leslie D., 182 Maddox, George L., 40 Madison, James, 29 Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA) (United Nations), 7, 56, 70–73, 79, 169, 170, 210, 265 Magic Me (United Kingdom), 115, 116 mailbox economy, 36 mainstreaming ageing, xxvi, 5, 56, 72, 191, 197, 256 Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society, 64 makerspaces, 136, 198, 221, 235, 239 Malaysia, 117 management arts, 104, 207, 233 business, 268 comanagement, 22 cultural, xxxi, 207 managers, xxxii, 19, 20, 22, 167, 195, 233, 234, 238 Manchester (United Kingdom), 120 Marche Polytechnic University (Italy), 106 marginalization, 25, 38, 171, 252 Mark Morris Dance Group (United States), 111 INDEX market failure, 27, 28 marketing, xxx, 119, 127, 135, 141, 173, 177, 233, 236–238, 254, 270 Marshall, Alfred, xxviii Marshall, Victor W., 39 Marx, Karl, 24 Marxism, 10, 25, 37 Massachusetts (United States), 140 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (United States), 136, 255 mass media, 40, 41, 44, 170 Matthew effect, 279 McAdam Aged Care Recreation Therapy (Australia), 122 Mead, George H., 38 Medellín (Columbia), vii media, xxx, 2, 3, 9, 38, 68, 76, 107, 113, 116, 125, 127, 136, 143, 174, 176, 182, 183, 212, 217, 220, 221, 235, 237–239, 255, 267, 278, 284 media labs, 136, 284 Medicaid (United States), vi, medical technology, 105 Medicare (United States), medicine, x, 67, 105, 128, 281 meditation, 62, 168 Mediterranean countries, 199 megacities, 270 Melbourne (Australia), 122 memories, 47, 79, 117, 285 Memories in the Making (United States), 111 memory, 38, 82, 279 Men’s Sheds, vii, viii, 9, 141 mental health, 7, 26, 115, 121, 168, 177, 212, 218 Mental Health Foundation (United Kingdom), 117 mentoring, 77, 78, 88, 104, 112, 138, 141, 142, 170, 172, 181, 200, 238, 254 361 Merton, Robert, 35 MetLife Foundation (United States), 111, 112 Mexico, 74, 120, 141, 270 microfinance, 23 middle age, 84 migrants, migration, 3, 6, 44, 169, 257 Mini Mini Dance Circle (Japan), 131 Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (Singapore), 86 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan), 87 minorities, 77, 257 mobile devices, 10, 117 mobility, xxviii, 6, 144, 210, 270, 274, 278, 281, 286 mobilization, 2, 61, 90, 129, 256 modernization theory of ageing, 35, 39, 40, 44, 50, 84 Moloney, Orla, 200, 211, 236 money, xxvii, 2, 6, 37, 80, 135, 280, 282 monitoring, 10, 18, 26, 64, 70, 73, 80–82, 120, 127, 143–145, 196, 198, 216, 236–238, 288 monopoly, 27, 29, 30, 195 Moody, Harry R., 90, 218, 253 moral economy of ageing, 44, 49, 50 Morel, Nathalie, 208 Morocco, 141 movies, 38, 212, 278 multiculturalism, 200 multisectoral approach, xxvi, xxxiii, 1, 10, 55, 67, 70, 75, 79, 89, 128, 194, 208, 233, 257 Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) (United States), 133, 140 museums, 9, 88, 111, 116, 131, 133, 140, 173, 217, 237 362 INDEX music, 38, 83, 88, 112, 116, 122, 131, 134, 212, 217, 220, 234, 278, 280 My House of Memories (United Kingdom), 117 N National Association of Music Merchants (United States), 110 National Center for Creative Aging (NCCA) (United States), xxxi, 105, 107, 109–114, 137, 168, 172–174, 235 National Centre for the Protection of Older People (Ireland), 120 National Centre of Expertise for Cultural Education and Amateur Arts (Netherlands), 126 National Council on Ageing and Older People (NCAOP) (Ireland), 118, 119 National Council on Aging (NCA) (United States), 109 National Council on Aging (NCOA) (United States), 109 National Council on Senior Citizens (NCSC) (United States), National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) (United States), 108–110, 112, 113 National Endowment for the Humanities (United States), 108, 113 National Forum on Ageing Futures Group (United Kingdom), 105 National Gallery of Australia, 140 National Guild for Community Arts Education (United States), 110 National Guild of Community Schools of the Arts (United States), 110, 111 National Institute on Health and Ageing (INRCA) (Italy), 106 National Institutes of Health (NIH) (United States), 113 national level, 3, 4, 58, 119, 172, 181 National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo (Japan), 132 National Museums Scotland (United Kingdom), 116 National Science Foundation (United States), 113 National Transfer Accounts (NTA), xxvi Negri, Antonio, 45 Negroponte, Nicholas, 136 neighborhoods, 23, 45, 80, 84, 184, 194, 277, 285 neo-institutionalism, 30 Netherlands, viii, xxxii, 73, 74, 103, 126, 127, 145 networking, 121, 124, 131, 136, 254, 258 networks, viii, x, xxx, 3, 69, 90, 126–129, 139, 169, 174–176, 178, 183, 200, 212, 216, 233, 241, 252, 254, 256, 268, 281 New Deal, New Jersey Performing Arts Center (United States), 110 Newman, Sally, 88 newspapers, 238, 278 New York City (United States), vii, 105, 111, 120, 133, 140, 235 New Zealand, viii, xxxii, 76, 103, 117, 139, 141, 142 Ney, Steven, 58 NGO Committee on Ageing (NGOCOA), Nigeria, 74, 264 Nilssen, Even, 65, 68 Nintendo (company), 137 Nippon Active Life Club (NALC) (Japan), 134, 135 INDEX Nobel Prize, 23, 26 Noelker, Linda S., 180 Nomura, Makoto, 131 non-communicable diseases (NCDs), 128 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), vi, xxxiii, 3, 6, 8, 17, 18, 21, 24, 28–30, 42, 46, 49, 55, 62, 68, 80, 85, 105, 106, 110, 118, 119, 124–130, 132, 137, 139, 140, 142, 175, 177, 182, 194, 196–200, 210, 233, 237, 239, 262, 268 non-governmental sector, 281, 282, 284 See also third sector Nordic countries, xxxii, 5, 74, 103, 199 Nordrhein-Westfalen (Germany), 127 normative approach, 24, 55, 69, 168 norms, 1, 19, 26, 31, 38, 40, 41, 50, 59, 64, 68, 89, 106, 184, 276–278, 281, 282, 284, 288 North America, 104, 139, 145, 268 North, Douglass C., 26, 215 North West (United Kingdom), 127 Norway, vii, 74, 103 nursing, 6, 9, 25, 26, 37, 41, 43, 78, 80, 84, 88, 107, 133, 135, 193, 216, 218, 220, 274, 275, 277, 281, 283, 284 Nussbaum, Martha, xxviii nutrition, 10, 43, 144, 213, 218, 269 O OASIS Institute (United States), 111 objectification, 216 objectives that are Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic, and Time-related (SMART), 178 occupations, 37 363 Oi Bokke Shi (Ageing Dementia Death) (Japan), 131 old age, vi, x, xi, xxvii, xxxi–xxxiii, 3–5, 7, 8, 19, 27, 28, 38, 42–44, 46, 55, 56, 61, 63, 65, 66, 70, 72, 75–77, 84, 88, 103, 104, 106, 118, 139, 147, 167, 171, 172, 174, 176, 193, 252, 253, 257, 260, 265, 268, 269, 279, 281, 283, 286, 288, See also ageing Older Americans Act (OAA) (United States), vi, 9, 108, 113, 199 older artists, 113, 131, 173, 211, 285 older citizens, vi, 3, 5, 20, 23, 24, 36, 40, 42, 57, 61, 72–74, 82, 89, 90, 104, 134, 147, 171, 193, 199, 210, 253, 265, 267 older consumers, xxvi, 5, 41, 43, 127, 176, 260, 268, 270 older customers, 127, 287 older migrants, 125, 169, 257 older parents, 80 older-person centered and integrated care, 70, 79, 115, 143, 168, 194, 197, 233 older workers, 5–7, 28, 58, 76, 143, 171, 208, 260, 273, 275, 287 oldest-old, 47, 48, 81 open innovation, 129 openness, 66, 106, 136 opera, 137, 217, 280 opportunities, vii, ix, xxviii, xxix, xxxii, 6, 7, 10, 19, 38, 40–41, 46–48, 63, 66, 68, 71, 76, 77, 80, 86, 87, 90, 104–106, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 120, 123, 125, 129, 130, 132–135, 137, 138, 140, 141, 144, 167, 169–172, 174, 177, 199, 208, 211, 212, 220, 221, 234, 238, 241, 253, 260–262, 273, 278, 282, 286, 287, 289 364 INDEX organizational forms, xxx, xxxiv, 22, 136, 207, 218, 233, 241–242, 288 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), vi, 56, 64, 66, 68, 194, 197 organizations arts, 112, 114, 116, 172, 173, 177, 178, 194, 213, 220, 221, 236, See also hybrid organizations See also non-governmental organizations (NGOs) originality, 171, 259, 279 Orpington Hospital (United Kingdom), 116 Osher Life Long Learning Institutes (United States), 111 Oslo (Norway), vii Ostrom, Elinor, 26 outcomes, xxix, xxx, xxxii, 19, 22, 42, 47, 57, 58, 63, 64, 72, 75, 76, 87, 113, 117, 127, 168, 172, 173, 175, 178, 180, 199, 207, 208, 210–213, 216, 217, 234, 238, 239, 241, 242, 252, 253, 281, 282, 289 outputs, 22, 168, 178, 207, 208, 210, 217, 242, 282, 285 ownership, 25 Oxford Institute of Population Ageing (United Kingdom), 124 P Paetsch, Joanne J., 182 painting, 116, 132, 220 Palier, Bruno, xxviii, 208 Palme, Joakim, 208 Palmore, Erdman, 60 Palo Alto, California (United States), vii parents, 11, 25, 37, 38, 40, 173, 265 Pareto, Vilfredo, xxviii Parkinson’s disease, 279 Parreñas, Rhacel S., 38 participation citizen, 71, 89 civic, 9, 143 cultural, 125, 126, 131, 169, 175, 176 partnerships, vi, 7, 9, 47, 79, 81, 87, 88, 110–112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 129, 130, 132, 139, 140, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 181, 195–197, 200, 212, 217, 233, 234, 236, 241, 254, 256, 257, 282 path departure, 58 path dependency, 31, 48, 58, 215 patients, vii, 37, 38, 105, 133, 145, 175, 274, 276, 285 patriarchy, 37, 42 Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG), 267 Peabody-Essex Museum (United States), 140 Pekruhn, Colin, 179 Pennsylvania (United States), 140 pensions, vi, xxvi, 4–6, 24, 28, 36, 38, 45, 48, 57, 68, 73, 138, 200, 218, 260, 264, 265, 267 Pensions at a Glance, 65 people with disabilities, 46, 64, 79, 87, 105, 121, 135, 141, 142, 170, 274, 279, 282 Perlstein, Susan, xxx, 105, 107, 109, 180, 200, 219, 234 Perry, Grayson, x personality, 41, 85, 183 Perth (Australia), 122 Peru, 141 Peterson, Peter, v, vi philanthropy, 109, 268 Phinney, Alison, 238 photography, 116, 238, 278 INDEX Pigou, Arthur C., xxviii, 27 pin pin korori, 134 Pinazo, Sacramento, 85 Piore, Michael J., 37 play, vii, xxix, 29, 38, 215, 235, 268, 283 pluralism, 29 Plymouth Arts Centre (United Kingdom), 114 poetry, 112 Poland, 139, 174 policy age-segregated, 43, 274 agricultural, 286 aims, 174, 178 analysis, 23, 24, 26, 27, 55, 86 cohesion, 123 cultural, xxxi, 86, 112, 124, 125, 177, 233, 286 cycle, 17–22, 29–31, 56, 167, 196, 210 descriptive, 253 development, 125 disability, economic, 3, 86, 233, 286 education, 86, 119, 286 environmental, 86, 286 evaluation, 20, 58 family, foreign, 286 formulation, 18 health, xxxi, 3, 56, 72, 86, 286 horizontal, housing, 3, 286 ideas, xxv, xxxiii, 55, 57, 58, 71, 75, 78, 89, 90, 107, 108, 174, 241 implementation, 18–20, 22, 58, 79, 209 innovation, xxxi, 233 instruments, 31 labor, 57, 66, 72, 86 migration, 257 365 monitoring, 58 outcomes, 19 output, 58 pension, 68 people-centered, 20, 239–241 population, principles, 191 programmatic, 253 public, xxv, xxix, xxxi, xxxiii, 1–3, 5–7, 9, 10, 17, 23, 26, 29–31, 35, 41–43, 49, 55, 58, 76, 84, 88, 89, 104, 107, 108, 113–115, 118, 119, 171, 173, 175, 176, 180, 181, 191, 200, 208, 217, 240, 242, 256, 259, 270, 274, 282, 288 regional, xxxi, 128, 233 silos, 180, 196, 197 social, xxviii, xxxi, 3, 4, 6, 42, 55, 56, 64, 66, 74, 88, 90, 123, 198, 208, 233, 281, 284, 286 style, 18, 19, 58 technology, 3, 57 urban, 270 policymakers, xxxi, 2, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 42, 47, 48, 55, 65, 113, 121, 124, 175, 177, 180, 181, 197, 207, 239, 241, 268 policy programs, 112, 174, 239 creative programs, 87 community-building, xxxi, 254 cultural programs, 169, 176 educational programs, 220 political economy of ageing, 35, 41, 42, 45, 50, 274 political economy of ageing and creativity, 35 political economy of creativity, 45 political economy of the third age, 35, 48–50 political parties, 1, 3, 24, 25, 48, 199, 200 366 INDEX politicization, 2–5 politics of ageing, xxxiii, 1, 3, 9, 10, 17, 83 Polsby, Nelson, 29 poor, xxvii, xxviii, 6, 9, 25, 38, 47, 83, 138, 252, 264, 265, 279, 285 populations, vi, viii–xi, xxxiii, 7, 17, 70, 129, 138, 168, 174, 175, 196, 207, 218 Portugal, 200 possibilities, 46, 60, 72, 86, 90, 106, 108, 113, 114, 177, 183, 193, 241, 267, 268, 288 poverty, vi, 4, 8, 11, 37, 38, 41, 68, 130, 138, 177, 201, 209, 252, 260, 264, 265, 285 power, xxviii, 2, 3, 5, 24, 25, 28, 40, 42–44, 81, 136, 145, 199, 268, 269, 281, 285 symbolic, 289 precariat, xxvii, 45, 83, 208 precarization, xxvii, xxviii prejudice, 11, 267, 274 pre-retiree, 47 prestige, 24, 40, 289 preventive measures, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71, 75, 145, 176, 257, 275 Price, Kathryn, 87 principles, xxxii, xxxiii, 20, 23, 55, 56, 64, 67, 68, 72, 85, 88, 103, 118, 120, 139, 173, 176, 184, 191, 193–195, 199–201, 208, 215, 234, 254 privatization, 28, 195 privilege, 45, 270, 288 problem-solving, xxix, 20, 31, 196, 233 producers, 27, 61, 125, 136, 214 production, 6, 25, 27, 28, 42, 44, 45, 64, 81, 124, 135, 196, 278, 283, 287, 288 productivity, 47, 49, 50, 62–64, 68, 71, 74, 130, 171 produsers, 45 prolongevity, 61 property, xxviii, 25, 27, 28, 37, 45, 278 prosumers, 45 prototyping, 127, 239 psychology, 24, 269, 281 public authorities, 2, 10, 126 public choice theory, 23, 24 public health, x, 67–69, 71, 105, 111, 281 public sector innovation, xxix, 136 Q Qiqihar (China), vii quadruple helix, 128 qualifications, 20, 278, 284 qualitative approach, xxxii, 22, 172, 177, 180 quality of life, vi, xxvi, xxviii, xxxi, 1, 10, 11, 27, 29, 40, 46, 56, 57, 61, 66, 69, 71, 73, 77, 84, 104, 115, 120, 138, 144, 174, 175, 199, 212, 253, 257, 260, 273, 275, 288, 289 quantitative approach, 22, 172, 177, 238 R radio, 38, 217 Ramesh, M., 23 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), xxx rational choice theory, 23 reciprocity, 284 recognition, 48, 87, 126, 170, 180, 182, 199, 237, 239, 289 recreation, 78, 134, 142, 171, 178, 211, 214, 218, 280, 283 INDEX redistribution, xxviii, 9, 49, 85 reforms, 57, 90, 138, 170 regional development, 89, 241 regional level, xxxiii, 3, 4, 58, 78, 174, 193 regulations, 2, 4, 11, 64, 181, 193, 200 rehabilitation, xxxii, 43, 68, 131, 141, 145, 167, 169, 183, 220, 261, 273, 277, 282, 284 reminiscence, 47, 62, 108, 115, 116, 132, 234, 235 renewal, 65, 130, 136, 284 research & development (R&D), xxxiii, 127, 129, 144, 174, 198, 269 Research Center for Arts and Culture (RCAC) (United States), 112 residential care, 132, 198, 260, 276 resilience, 69, 75, 194, 286 responsibilities, 64, 80, 233 Retired Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP) (United States), 111 retirees, 134, 171, 182 retirement, vii, xxvii, 1, 5, 6, 11, 24, 28, 37–39, 41, 46, 47, 49, 58, 60, 62–65, 68, 76, 78, 83, 84, 90, 104, 113, 123, 135, 139, 141, 143, 169–171, 182, 218, 265, 275–277, 283 Riley, Matilda W., 40 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 270 Road Scholar (United States), xxxi, 218, 254 robotics, xxvii, 46, 81, 103, 128, 130, 137, 144, 145, 171, 208, 253, 255, 268, 287 robotics divide, xxviii robots, xxxii, 130, 145, 287 Rogers, Everett M., xxvii roleless role, 171 Rollins, Judy, 236 367 Romania, 117, 124 RooBO network (Japan), 137 Roosevelt, Franklin D., Root-Bernstein, Robert, 63 Rose, Arnold M., 41 Rowe, John W., 67 Rowland, Donald T., 58, 90 The Royal Cornwall Museum (United Kingdom), 116 rural areas, 81, 125, 184, 199, 252 Russia, vii, 74, 139 S Sacramento (United States), 85, 140 Sáez, Juan, 85 Salzburg Global Seminar, 197 Sánchez, Mariano, 84, 85 Sandwell Third Age Arts (United Kingdom), 116 sandwich generation, 25, 80, 173, 208 San Francisco (United States), 140 São Paulo (Brazil), 270 satisfaction, 24, 60, 69, 288 Sawayaka Welfare Foundation (Japan), 135 scaling, vii, viii, 128, 138, 140, 178, 195, 202, 251, 255, 256 Scandinavian countries See Nordic countries scarcity, 108 Schmitter, Phillipe, 30 schools, 130, 133, 141, 212, 219, 237, 277, 282–284 Schrammel, Maria, 182 Schull, Diantha Dow, 182 Schutz, Alfred, 39 Scotland (United Kingdom), 117, 119, 182 Scottish Arts Council, 177 Seasoned Partners (United States), 111 368 INDEX second half of life, 257 Second World War, 4, 8, 130 sector care, commercial, 21, 197 informal, xxxiii, 21, 49, 55, 210, 264, 284 private, xxxiii, 210, 237, 281, 282, 284 public, xxix, xxxiii, 21, 47, 49, 55, 136, 198, 210, 268, 269, 281, 282, 284 sedimentation, 216 self-esteem, 87, 119, 178, 211 self-fulfillment, xxxi, 44, 72, 107 self-organization, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201, 252 Semitones (United Kingdom), 116 Sen, Amartya, xxviii senior centers, 9, 80, 81, 105, 107, 111, 130, 134, 139, 169, 173, 182, 193, 200, 218–220, 237, 274, 275 Senior Companion Program (United States), 200 Senior Corps (United States), 200 senior entrepreneurship, 135, 141, 171, 221 Senior Experten Service (SES) (Germany), 141 Seoul (South Korea), 120 services ageing, xxxi, 74, 113, 118, 132, 140, 168, 173, 180, 213, 217, 219, 220, 238, 242, 252, 253, 255, 275 care, 7, 25, 28, 48, 63, 68, 70, 72, 75, 79, 80, 83, 89, 107, 123, 130, 131, 138, 211, 217, 219, 234, 241, 242, 277, 286 commercial, 143 continuum of, 195, 218 creative, 122, 217 health, xxvii, 26, 68, 78, 110, 115, 121, 143, 170, 218, 219, 277, 282 local, 287 outsourcing, 195 public, xxix, 20, 69, 74, 270 social, vi, x, 47, 49, 143, 144, 199, 209, 253, 257, 277, 281–283, 285 Setagaya Public Theatre (Japan), 131 Seychelles, 141 Sheridan Elder Research Centre at Sheridan College (Canada), 106 shopping, 78, 88, 218, 282 silver economy, xxvi, xxxi–xxxiii, 43, 48, 65, 89, 114, 126–129, 135, 136, 140, 174, 208, 213, 254, 257, 268, 287 Silver Economy Network of European Regions (SEN@ER), 126, 127, 268 Silver Human Resource Centers (SHRCs), 135 silver industries, 75, 274, 287 silver market, xxxii, 7, 103, 135, 170, 174, 177, 257, 269, 274, 287 Silver Normandie Hub, 127 Silver Singing (United Kingdom), 116 Silver Valley, 127 Silver, Sylvie, 234 Simmel, Georg, 37 Sing for your Life (United Kingdom), 116 Singapore, 86, 138, 139, 145, 264 Siodmok, Andrea, 20, 21, 240 Slovakia, 124 Sluyterman van Loo Fund (Netherlands), 126 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 45, 126, 128, 129, 141 Smart and Age-Friendly Cities and INDEX Communities (SAFCC), 81, 86, 143–145 smart homes, xxvii, 48, 81, 143–145 smart living, 144 smart specialization, 129 Smith, Adam, 215 Smith, Justin Davis, 182 Smith, Richard, x Smith, Suzanne, 182 social and solidarity economy, xxvi, xxxi–xxxiii, 83, 89, 114, 193, 198, 200, 208, 213, 254, 257, 288 social benefits, viii, 49, 89, 209, 285 social campaigns, 6, 68, 109, 121 social capital See capital social care, xxxi, 11, 59, 68, 74, 107, 115, 129, 130, 133, 136, 138, 172, 180, 196, 211, 217, 255, 276, 277, 287 Social Care Institute for Excellence (United Kingdom), 198 social category, 37, 43, 64, 72, 254, 283 social change, 44, 83, 276 social classes, 24, 25, 31, 42, 68, 132, 133, 139, 142, 275, 278, 284, 289 creative, 45, 171, 172 divisions, 172 service, 45, 172 social cohesion, 83, 124, 200, 210, 212 social constructions, 23, 31, 38, 41, 42, 44, 49, 57, 138, 218, 268, 269, 271, 276 social elites, 4, 25, 42, 43, 269 social enterprises, xxx, 46, 80, 90, 135, 145, 217, 288 social entrepreneurship, xxix, 113 social exclusion, 40, 76, 123, 202, 286 social franchising, xxx, 256 369 social hierarchy, 195, 289 social inclusion, 78, 142–143, 174, 177, 208, 270, 278 social innovation, xxv, xxix, xxxii, xxxiii, 21, 23, 29, 44, 61, 68, 72, 80, 106, 128, 129, 145, 146, 167, 175, 183, 191, 198, 202, 215, 217, 219, 221, 239, 251, 253, 255, 258, 276, 288 social interactions, 40, 50, 84, 134, 183 social investments, 207, 208, 242, 252, 253 social issues, 2, 31, 284 social movements, xxx, xxxi, 3–5, 42, 141, 216, 282 social policy See policy social problems, 2, 5, 28, 35, 38, 39, 50, 132 social relations, 30, 43, 72, 193, 211, 238, 288 social risks, 7, 30, 42, 138, 208, 286 social robotics, 215, 287 social security, vi, viii, xxviii, 1, 3–6, 8, 9, 11, 26, 29, 36, 37, 64, 65, 144, 174, 193, 208, 210, 265, 267 social status, 40 social stratification, 172, 215 social structures, 42, 47, 61 social support, xxviii, 79, 199, 265, 288 social work, 46, 67, 104, 105, 207, 281 social workers, xxxi socialization, 39, 46, 218 societies ageing, v, xxv, xxvi, xxxii, xxxiii, 23, 66, 183, 191, 194, 202, 210, 219, 251, 252, 256, 258, 268, 270 ageless, 84 370 INDEX societies (cont.) civil, xxviii, 6, 46, 128 creative, 106 knowledge, xxviii macro-level, 23, 26, 30, 39, 41, 42 meso-level, 23, 24, 29, 39, 42, 72, 80 micro-level, 23, 27, 39, 42, 45, 80, 90 postindustrial, 42, 170 society for all ages, 11, 71, 84, 86, 134, 145, 169, 194, 197, 210, 274 Society for the Arts in Dementia Care (Australia), 122 Society for the Arts in Healthcare (United States), 107 socioeconomic development, 2, 4, 130, 197 socioeconomic status, xxvii, 64, 105, 257, 279, 283 sociological individualism, 27 sociology, xxxi, 35, 281 software, 23, 136 solidarity economy, xxvii, 45, 89 Songdo (South Korea), 145 Songwriting Works (United States), 111 Sosinowicz, Belinda, 213 Souare, Gail E., 87 South Africa, 74, 117, 139, 264 South America, xxvi, 73, 138, 139, 141, 264, 267–270 South Korea, xxxii, 103, 142, 145, 264 Spadafora, Pat, 106 Spain, vii, 71, 117, 124, 127, 140, 145, 200 Spark of Life Program (Australia), 122 Spicker, Paul, 19 spirituality, 104 sport, 63, 84, 118, 119, 130, 134, 199, 280, 286 Stagebridge (United States), 111, 124, 235 stakeholders, xxix, 2, 3, 10, 18, 19, 21, 22, 42, 56, 58, 65, 67, 70, 79, 86, 87, 121, 124, 126–129, 177, 181, 191, 197, 201, 212, 217, 236, 237, 239, 241, 258, 284, 288 standardization, 30, 139, 173, 257 Standing, Guy, xxvii Stanford Center on Longevity (United States), v statism, 30, 31 stereotypes, 6, 37, 38, 72, 76, 86, 106, 133, 170, 171, 180, 182, 201, 240, 260 Stichting RCOAK (Netherlands), 126 StoryCorps, 10 storytelling, 62, 220 strategy, 7, 18, 26, 31, 48, 76, 77, 90, 112, 123, 137, 168, 174, 176, 177, 184, 197, 241, 256, 257, 259, 267, 269, 270, 273, 276, 284 street-level bureaucracy, 20 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT), 176, 237 Striking Attitudes (United Kingdom), 116 subsidiarity, 194, 201 successful ageing See ageing Suffolk Museums’ (United Kingdom), 116 supply, 20, 81, 274 sustainability, xxvi, xxviii, 66, 79, 83, 114, 119, 128, 134, 172, 196, 236, 256, 260 sustainable development, 191 Sustainable Development Goals, 197 sustainopreneurship, xxix Sweden, 73, 74, 103, 124 INDEX Switzerland, 74 Sydney (Australia), 122 symbolic interactionism, 35, 38–40 symbols, 38, 281 synergies, 130, 197, 219, 268 T Taiwan, 264 talent, xxviii Tanzania, 141 Taskforce on Health and the Arts (Australia), 121 taste, 278 Tate Modern (United Kingdom), 116 taxes, xxviii, 26–28, 64, 195, 200, 218, 270, 282, 288 teachers, xxxi, 47, 139, 214, 277 technological changes, xxviii, 25, 40, 75, 78, 215, 217 technological innovations, xxv, xxxii, xxxiii, 44, 61, 106, 127–128, 136, 167, 191, 202, 239, 251, 258 technological solutions, 130 technology, 3, 57, 79, 82, 114, 122, 168, 172, 261, 268, 269, 279, 281, 287, 288 telecare, 47, 80, 82, 145 telecommunications, 27, 130, 287 television, 38, 77, 217 telework, 171 Thailand, 141 theater, 77, 83, 88, 116, 214, 235, 237 therapies, 47, 104, 108, 115, 128, 178, 180, 220, 234, 261, 278 thinking, ix, 39, 43, 71, 109, 168, 240, 252, 279, 280 third age, 35, 46–50, 57, 289 Third Age Arts (United Kingdom), 116 371 third sector, 193, 200, 208, 270 See also non-governmental organizations (NGOs) time banks, 80, 134, 145, 288 TimeSlips (United States), 111 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 29 Tolbert, Pamela S., 215 tolerance, 278 top-down approach, xxv, 20, 56, 71, 181, 193, 215 total institution, 26 Toulouse (France), xxxi, 139 tourism, 44, 119, 127, 130, 144, 145, 198, 269, 278, 280, 286, 287 Towards a Europe for All Ages, 65 Townsend, Francis E., traditions, xxvii, 72, 87, 115, 131 training, 6, 7, 43, 62, 63, 71, 72, 109, 112, 116, 118, 121, 123–125, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 135, 139–142, 168, 169, 172–174, 176, 177, 180, 182, 198, 199, 208, 219, 235, 255, 256, 268, 273, 287 transaction cost, 26, 27 transgenerational design See design transportation, 7, 9, 43, 48, 77, 80–82, 142, 173, 181, 210, 214, 218, 235, 237 travel sector, 44, 132, 139, 144, 213, 214, 218, 233, 282 Truman, David, 29 trust, xxxiii, 234, 236, 278, 283 Turkey, 74 Twitter (company), 10 U U3A Online (Australia), 139 Uber (company), xxvii, 45 Uganda, 141 unemployed, 372 INDEX unemployment, 4, 123, 219, 287 Union Nationale des Retraités (UNAR-CFTC) (France), United Kingdom (UK), viii, xxxii, 4, 30, 73, 74, 76, 86, 87, 103, 114–117, 120, 123, 124, 126, 127, 132, 139–142, 178, 198, 200, 219 United Nations (UN), xxvi, xxviii, 26, 56, 71–73, 79, 89, 108, 123, 145, 169, 196, 197, 253, 268 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Older People (UNCROP), 26 United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (UNCRPD), 27 United Nations’ Year of Older People 1999, 65 United States Department of Education, 113 United States Department of Health and Human Services, 113 United States of America (US or USA), v, vi, viii, xxx–xxxii, 5, 8, 9, 24, 29, 30, 61, 74, 79, 82, 86, 103, 105, 107–111, 114, 115, 117, 119, 120, 124, 128, 137, 141, 168, 172, 176, 180, 200, 219, 235, 263, 274, 285 universal design See design University of New Hampshire (United States), xxxi University of the Third Age (U3A or UTA), 9, 46, 115, 133, 139, 140, 171, 216, 218, 233, 289 urban areas, 77, 182 urbanization, 40, 169 user involvement, 197, 239, 240 Uvin, Peter, 255 V values, xxviii, xxix, 1, 17, 19, 20, 26, 37, 40, 41, 44, 59, 60, 64, 72, 77, 83, 89, 106, 130, 134, 137, 139, 170, 178, 181, 184, 191, 196, 201, 208, 215, 237, 254, 276–278, 280–282, 288 Vancouver (Canada), 145 Vellas, Pierre, xxxi, 139 video, 38, 81, 116, 137, 238 Vienna (Austria), 73, 145 Vietnam, 141 villages, viii, 22, 23, 277 violence, 7, 85, 87, 289 visual arts, 83, 105, 111, 116, 122, 131, 220 Voluntary Arts Network (United Kingdom), 116 volunteerism, vii, viii, 10, 46, 47, 62, 63, 72, 74, 76, 80, 87, 88, 90, 104, 111, 126, 128, 130, 132–134, 138–141, 169–171, 174, 180, 182, 183, 193, 195, 199, 200, 208, 211–213, 217–221, 234, 254, 256, 276 von Bismarck, Otto, vouchers, xxx, 6, 81, 195 VSBfonds (Netherlands), 126 W Wainwright, Hilary, 45 Wales (United Kingdom), 117, 119 Walker, Alan, 41, 47, 72 Wallis, Aleksander, 183 War Memorial Hospital Day Centre (Australia), 122 Washington, DC (United States), 109, 111, 235 wealth, xxviii, 40, 82, 211 INDEX wearable technologies, xxvii, 144 Weber, Max, 30, 39 Welfare, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 21, 24, 25, 27–29, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 47–50, 52, 55, 58, 63, 64, 66, 69, 71, 74, 82, 89, 103, 108, 126, 132, 135, 138, 145, 146, 165, 191, 193, 194, 197, 203, 209, 216–218, 224, 227, 241, 242, 245, 265, 284, 288, 291, 296–298 mixed economy of, xxvi, xxxiii, 21, 24, 49, 55, 58, 138, 194, 217, 218, 241 social division of, 288 welfare economics, xxviii, 27–29 welfare mix, 49, 216 welfare pluralism, 49, 197 welfare regimes, 4, 74 welfare states, xxviii, xxxii, 4, 8, 9, 25, 37, 40, 42, 47, 48, 50, 58, 64, 66, 69, 74, 82, 103, 108, 138, 145, 191 Anglo-Saxon, xxxii, 4–5, 103, 145 liberal model, 4, 74, 103, 145 social-democratic model, 5, 74 well-being, vi, vii, xxvii, xxix, 36, 57, 61, 66, 69–71, 74, 77, 113, 128, 178, 194, 209–211, 238, 253, 268, 269, 281, 282, 288 wellness, 104, 113, 121, 180, 213, 218 White House Conference on Aging (WHCOA) (United States), 9, 10, 108–110, 113, 114, 172, 174, 180 Whitworth Art Sense (United Kingdom), 117 373 Wiener, Linda, 213 Wiesner, Jerome, 136 Wii, 137 wiki-production, 23 Williamson, Oliver E., 26 Winston Churchill Memorial Trust (WCMT) (United Kingdom), 117 wisdom, v, x workers, xxxii, 4, 28, 45, 70, 114, 135, 144, 167, 213, 260, 275, 288 work integration social enterprises (WISEs), 135 workforce, xxvi, 6, 68, 76, 180, 208, 210 workplace, 72, 90, 213, 282 World Economic Forum (WEF), 170 World Health Organization (WHO), vii, viii, 3, 65, 66, 68–72, 74, 79, 86, 108, 115, 120, 123, 129, 130, 142, 143, 196, 210 Y Yoshino, Satsuki, 131 young-old, 46 young people, v, 37, 43, 122, 147, 174, 261, 274, 282 youth, xxvi, 87, 88, 136, 183, 282, 283 Z Zeisel, John, 140 The Zimmers (United Kingdom), 116 Zucker, Lynne G., 215 .. .Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy, Volume II Andrzej Klimczuk Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy, Volume II Putting Theory into Practice Andrzej Klimczuk... to creative ageing Volume II focuses on ageing policies, the management of creative ageing programs, and an overview of the best practices around the world Thus, this book discusses creative ageing. .. construct positive answers for an ageing population The first volume of the Economic Foundations for Creative Ageing Policy highlighted the unprecedented scale of population ageing in the early twenty-first