Ebook Medical language for modern health care (4/E): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book Medical language for modern health care has contents: Lymphatic and immune systems, respiratory system, skeletal system, endocrine system, endocrine system, radiology and nuclear medicine, muscles and tendons, physical medicine and rehabilitation,.... and other contents.

LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS  The Language of Immunology ©2014 Nucleus Medical Media The health professionals involved in the diagnosis and treatment of problems with the lymphatic and immune systems include: • Immunologists and allergists, who are physicians who specialize in immune system disorders, such as allergies, asthma, and immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases • Epidemiologists, who are medical scientists involved in the study of epidemic diseases and how they are transmitted and controlled • Medical or laboratory technicians, who perform testing procedures on blood, body fluids, and other tissues using microscopes, computers, and other equipment 398 CHAPTER 12 Chapter Learning Outcomes The lymphatic and immune systems are the major defenders of the body against disease The content of this chapter is designed to enable you to:  LO 12.1 Describe the anatomy and flow of the lymphatic system LO 12.2 Relate the structure of the lymph nodes, tissues, and cells to their functions LO 12.3 Explain the structure and functions of the lymphatic organs LO 12.4 Discuss disorders of the lymphatic system LO 12.5 Define the characteristics of the immune system LO 12.6 Explain immunity LO 12.7 Describe disorders of the immune system and transplantation LO 12.8 Discuss HIV and AIDS infections LO 12.9 Identify diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and medications used in disorders of the lymphatic and immune systems LO 12.A Use the medical terms of immunology to communicate and document in writing accurately and precisely in any health care setting LO 12.B Use the medical terms of immunology to communicate verbally with accuracy and precision in any health care setting LO 12.C Construct the medical terms of immunology from their word elements LO 12.D Deconstruct the medical terms of immunology into their word elements LO 12.E Identify health professionals involved in the care of patients with immune disorders LO 12.F Use approved abbreviations of terms used in immunology correctly Case Report (CR) 12.1 You are  .  a medical assistant working with Susan Lee, MD, in her primary care clinic at Fulwood Medical Center Your patient is  .  Ms Anna Clemons, a 20-year-old waitress, who is a new patient She has noticed a lump in her right neck On questioning, you find that she has lost about pounds in weight in the past couple of months, has felt tired, and has had some night sweats Her vital signs (VS) are normal There are two firm, enlarged lymph nodes in her right neck Physical examination is otherwise unremarkable, and there is no evidence of infection in her head, throat, or upper respiratory tract Lesson 12.1 LY M P H AT I C A N D I M M U N E S Y S T E M S Lymphatic System Lesson Objectives LO 12.1  Lymphatic System As part of your defense mechanisms, the lymphatic system and its fluid provide surveillance and protection against foreign materials The body has three lines of defense mechanisms against foreign organisms (pathogens), cells (cancer), and molecules (pollutants and allergens): Physical mechanisms—the skin and mucous membranes, chemicals in perspiration, saliva and tears, hairs in the nostrils, cilia and mucus to protect the lungs These are described in the individual body system chapters Cellular mechanisms—based on defensive cells (lymphocytes) that directly attack suspicious cells such as cancer cells, transplanted tissue cells, or cells infected with viruses or parasites This is the basis for the lymphatic system Humoral defense mechanisms—based on antibodies that are found in body fluids and bind to bacteria, toxins, and extracellular viruses, tagging them for destruction This is the basis for the immune system The lymphatic system (Figure 12.1) has three components: A network of thin lymphatic capillaries and vessels, similar to blood vessels, that penetrates into the interstitial spaces of nearly every tissue in the body except cartilage, bone, red bone marrow, and the central nervous system (CNS) A group of tissues and organs that produce immune cells Lymph, a clear colorless fluid similar to blood plasma but whose composition varies from place to place in the body It flows through the network of lymphatic capillaries and vessels The lymphatic system has three functions: To absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream To remove foreign chemicals, cells, and debris from the tissues To absorb dietary lipids from the small intestine (see Chapter 5) The lymphatic network begins with lymphatic capillaries, which are closed-ended tubes nestled among blood capillary networks (Figure 12.2) The lymphatic capillaries are designed to let interstitial fluid enter, and the interstitial fluid becomes lymph In addition, bacteria, viruses, cellular debris, and traveling cancer cells can enter the lymphatic capillaries with the interstitial fluid The lymphatic capillaries converge to form the larger lymphatic collecting vessels These resemble small veins and have one-way valves in their lumen L subclavian They travel alongside veins and arteries vein The larger lymphatic collecting vessels merge into lymphatic trunks that drain lymph from a major body region In turn, these lymphatic trunks merge into two large Axillary ­lymphatic ducts: lymph nodes The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right arm, right side of the thorax, Spleen and right side of the head and drains into the right subclavian vein (Figure 12.1) In this lesson, the information provided will enable you to use correct medical terminology to: 12.1.1 Describe the anatomy and flow of the lymphatic system 12.1.2 List the functions of the lymphatic system 12.1.3 Identify the major cells of the lymphatic system and their functions 12.1.4 Detail the anatomy and functions of the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus gland, and spleen 12.1.5 Explain the effects of common disorders of the lymphatic system on health Palatine tonsil Submandibular lymph nodes Cervical lymph nodes R lymphatic duct R subclavian vein Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Intestinal lymph nodes Inguinal lymph nodes Blood capillary Tissue fluid Tissue cell Lymphatic capillary Bone marrow Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic duct ▲ Figure 12.1  The Lymphatic System (R = right; L = left) 400 Arteriole T  he thoracic duct on the left, the largest lymphatic vessel, receives lymph from both sides of the body below the diaphragm and from the left arm, left side of the head, and left thorax It begins in the abdomen at the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2) and passes up through the diaphragm and mediastinum to empty into the left subclavian vein (Figure 12.1) Venule ▲ Figure 12.2  Lymphatic Flow CHAPTER 12  Lymphatic and Immune Systems The Language of Immunology LO 12.1, 12.A  Word Analysis and Definition WORD    S = Suffix   P = Prefix   R = Root    R/CF = Combining Form PRONUNCIATION ELEMENTS DEFINITION allergen (Note: The duplicate letter “g” is deleted to better form the word.) allergic allergy antibody antibodies (pl) humoral AL-er-jen S/ R/ R/ -gen to produce all- different, strange -erg- work Substance producing a hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction ah-LER-jic AL-er-jee AN-tih-body AN-tih-bod-ees HYU-mor-al S/ S/ P/ R/ S/ R/ Pertaining to or suffering from an allergy Hypersensitivity to a particular allergen Protein produced in response to an antigen immune immunity im-YUNE im-YOU-nih-tee immunology im-you-NOL-oh-jee immunologist im-you-NOL-oh-jist immunize IM-you-nize immunization im-you-nih-ZAY-shun immunoglobulin IM-you-noh-GLOB-you-lin lymph LIMF -ic pertaining to -ergy process of working anti- against -body substance, body -al pertaining to humor- fluid Latin protected from -ity condition immun- immune response -logy study of immun/o- immune response -logist one who studies,  specialist -ize affect in a specific way immun- immune response -ization process of affecting   in a specific way -in chemical compound immun/o- immune response -globul- protein Latin clear spring water lymphatic lim-FAT-ik lymphocyte LIM-foh-site node parasite NOHD PAR-ah-site pathogen PATH-oh-jen pollutant poh-LOO-tant toxin toxic (adj) TOK-sin TOK-sick toxicity (contains two suffixes) toks-ISS-ih-tee S/ R/ S/ R/CF S/ S/ R/ S/ S/ R/CF R/ S/ R/ S/ R/CF S/ R/CF S/ R/ S/ R/ S/ -atic pertaining to lymph- lymph -cyte cell lymph/o- lymph Latin a knot Greek a guest -gen to produce path/o- disease -ant pertaining to pollut- unclean Greek poison -ic pertaining to tox- poison -ity state, condition Defense mechanism arising from antibodies in the blood Protected from an infectious disease State of being protected The science and practice of immunity and allergy Medical specialist in immunology Make resistant to an infectious disease Administration of an agent to provide immunity Specific protein evoked by an antigen; all antibodies are immunoglobulins A clear fluid collected from tissues and transported by lymph vessels to the venous circulation Pertaining to lymph or the lymphatic system Small white blood cell with a nucleus A circumscribed mass of tissue An organism that attaches itself to, lives on or in, and derives its nutrition from another species A disease-causing microorganism Substance that makes an environment unclean or impure Poisonous substance formed by a cell or organism Pertaining to a toxin, poisonous The state of being poisonous Exercises A Build the correct medical terms that match the definitions given. If the term does not have a particular word element, leave it empty Fill in the blanks. LO 12.1, 12.D substance that makes the environment unclean or impure: / P / R/CF S make resistant to infectious disease: / P / R/CF S the basis of humoral defense mechanisms: / P / R/CF S LESSON 12.1  Lymphatic System 401 Afferent lymphatic vessel LO 12.2  Lymphatic Nodes, Tissues, and Cells Capsule Artery Vein Valve ▲ Figure 12.3  Lymph Node Keynotes • Tissues that are the first line of defense against pathogens—for example, the airway passages—have lymphatic tissue in the submucous layers to help protect against invasion • T cells (or T lymphocytes) mature in the thymus and make up 75% to 85% of the body’s lymphocytes • B cells (or B lymphocytes) mature in the bone marrow and make up 15% to 25% of the body’s lymphocytes • Macrophages are produced and stored in the spleen Abbreviations B cells B lymphocytes CD cluster of differentiation Ig immunoglobulin T cells T lymphocytes Lymph Nodes At irregular intervals, the lymphatic collecting vessels enter into the part of the lymphatic network called lymph nodes (Figure 12.3) There are hundreds of lymph nodes stationed all over the body They are especially concentrated in the neck, axilla, and Efferent groin Their functions are to filter impurities from the lymph and alert the immune lymphatic system to the presence of pathogens vessel The lymph moves slowly through the node (Figure 12.3), which filters the lymph and removes any foreign matter On its journey back to the bloodstream, lymph passes through several nodes and becomes cleansed of most foreign matter Macrophages in the lymph nodes ingest and break down the foreign matter and display fragments of it to T cells (see the following section) This alerts the immune system to the presence of an invader Lymph leaves the nodes again when it enters into the efferent collecting vessels All these lymph vessels move lymph toward the thoracic cavity Lymphatic Tissues and Cells Many organs have a sprinkling of lymphocytes in their connective tissues and mucous membranes, particularly in passages that open to the exterior—the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts—where invaders have access to the body In some organs, lymphocytes and other cells form dense clusters called lymphatic follicles These are constant features in the tonsils, the adenoids, and the ileum Lymphatic tissues are composed of a variety of cells that include: T lymphocytes (T cells) The “T” stands for thymus, where they mature T lymphocytes make up 75% to 85% of body lymphocytes There are several types of T cells: a Cytotoxic or “killer” T cells destroy target cells Their cell membrane holds a coreceptor that can recognize a specific antigen Coreceptors are named with the letters “CD” (cluster of differentiation) followed by a number, for these cells, CD8 b Helper T cells contain the CD4 coreceptor and are called CD4 cells They begin the defensive response against a specific antigen c Memory T cells arise from cytotoxic T lymphocytes that have previously destroyed a foreign cell If they encounter the same antigen, they can now quickly kill it without initiation by a helper T cell d Suppressor T cells suppress activation of the immune system Failure of these cells to function properly may result in autoimmune diseases B lymphocytes (B cells) These cells mature in the bone marrow B lymphocytes make up 15% to 25% of lymphocytes They are activated by helper T cells, respond to a specific antigen, and cause the production of antibodies called immunoglobulins (Ig) The mature B cells are called plasma cells and secrete large quantities of antibodies that immobilize, neutralize, and prepare the specific antigen for destruction Null cells These are large granular lymphocytes that are natural killer cells but lack the specific surface markers of the T and B lymphocytes Macrophages These cells develop from monocytes (see Chapter 11) that have migrated from blood They ingest and destroy tissue debris, bacteria, and other foreign matter (phagocytosis) 402 CHAPTER 12  Lymphatic and Immune Systems The Language of Immunology LO 12.2, 12.A  Word Analysis and Definition WORD    S = Suffix   P = Prefix   R = Root    R/CF = Combining Form PRONUNCIATION ELEMENTS DEFINITION coreceptor koh-ree-SEP-tor S/ P/ R/ -or a doer co- with, together -recept- receive Cell surface protein to enhance the sensitivity of an antigen receptor cytotoxic (adj) sigh-toh-TOK-sik S/ R/CF -toxic able to kill cyt/o- cell Agent able to destroy cells follicle FOLL-ih-kull Latin a small sac Spherical mass of cells containing a cavity, or a small cul-desac such as a hair follicle macrophage MAK-roh-fayj -phag/e to eat macro- large Large white blood cell (WBC) that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells null cells NULL SELLS null Latin none Lymphocytes with no surface markers, unlike T cells or B cells phagocyte FAG-oh-site Blood cell that ingests and destroys foreign particles and cells phagocytize (verb) FAG-oh-site-ize phagocytosis phagocytic (adj) FAG-oh-sigh-TOH-sis fag-oh-SIT-ik -cyte cell phag/o- to eat -ize action -cyt- cell  -osis condition -ic pertaining to plasma cell PLAZ-mah SELL plasma Greek something formed Cell derived from B lymphocytes and active in formation of antibodies R/CF P/ S/ R/CF S/ R/ S/ S/ Ingest foreign particles and cells Process of ingestion and destruction of foreign particles and cells Pertaining to phagocytes or phagocytosis Exercises A Elements. Knowledge of elements is your best key to understanding medical terminology Reinforce that knowledge with this exercise Select the best choice. LO 12.2, 12.A In the term cytotoxic, one element means a to eat b. able to kill c. large b. location c. size b. cell c. mass b. with c. under b. eat c. produce b. -ize c. -ic The prefix in macrophage identifies a color The suffix in phagocyte means a cyst The prefix co- means a next to The suffix -phage means a flow This suffix means condition: a -osis LESSON 12.1  Lymphatic System 403 LO 12.3  Lymphatic Organs Diaphragm (cut) Spleen Splenic artery Pancreas Kidney Inferior vena cava Aorta ▲ Figure 12.4  Position of Spleen ©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer Spleen The spleen, a highly vascular and spongy organ, is the largest lymphatic organ It is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen below the diaphragm and lateral to the kidney (Figure 12.4) It is the only organ the body can live without The spleen contains two basic types of tissue: White pulp—which is a part of the immune system that produces T cells, B cells, and macrophages The blood passing through the spleen is monitored for antigens Antibodies are produced, and the foreign matter is removed Red pulp—which acts as a reservoir for erythrocytes, platelets, and macrophages that remove old and defective erythrocytes Thus, the functions of the spleen are to: • Produce T cells, B cells, and macrophages • Phagocytize bacteria and other foreign materials • Initiate an immune response to produce antibodies when antigens are found in the blood • Phagocytize old, defective erythrocytes and platelets (hemolysis) • Serve as a reservoir for erythrocytes and platelets Tonsils The tonsils (see Chapter 13) are two masses of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the oropharynx, where they entrap inhaled and ingested pathogens Adenoids are similar tissue on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx (see Chapter 13) The tonsils and adenoids form lymphocytes and antibodies, trap bacteria and viruses, and drain them into the tonsillar lymph nodes for elimination They can become infected themselves Thymus Gland The thymus gland has both endocrine (see Chapter 17) and lymphatic functions T cells develop and mature in it and are released into the bloodstream The thymus is largest in infancy and childhood (Figure 12.5a and b) and reaches its maximum size at puberty It then regresses into a small structure in the adult (Figure 12.5 (b)) and is eventually replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue Trachea Thyroid Thymus Trachea Thyroid Lungs Thymus Lung Heart Heart Diaphragm Diaphragm Liver Liver ▲ Figure 12.5(a)  Large Thymus in an Infant 404 ▲ Figure 12.5(b)  Adult Thymus CHAPTER 12  Lymphatic and Immune Systems The Language of Immunology LO 12.3, 12.A  Word Analysis and Definition WORD    S = Suffix   P = Prefix   R = Root    R/CF = Combining Form PRONUNCIATION adenoid ADD-eh-noyd spleen SPLEEN splenectomy (Note: The “ee” in spleen becomes “e” for easier pronunciation.) splenomegaly spleh-NEK-toh-mee tonsil TON-sill tonsillectomy ton-sih-LEK-toh-mee tonsillitis ton-sih-LIE-tis spleh-noh-MEG-ah-lee ELEMENTS S/ R/ S/ R/ S/ R/CF S/ R/ S/ DEFINITION -oid resemble aden- gland Single mass of lymphoid tissue in the midline at the back of the throat Greek spleen Vascular, lymphatic organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen Surgical removal of the spleen -ectomy surgical excision splen- spleen -megaly enlargement splen/o- spleen Enlarged spleen Latin tonsil Mass of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat at the back of the tongue Surgical removal of the tonsils -ectomy surgical excision tonsill- tonsil -itis inflammation Inflammation of the tonsils Exercises A Identify the correct answer that contains all the lymphatic organs. Select the best choice. LO 12.3, 12.A Which of the following is a list of only lymphatic organs? a liver, spleen, thyroid gland b spleen, lungs, kidney c tonsils, spleen, parathyroid gland d thymus gland, spleen, lymph vessels and nodes e gallbladder, spleen, thyroid gland B The spleen is a very important organ in the body. Select T if the statement is True Select F if the statement is False  LO 12.3 The spleen is a highly vascular and spongy organ T F The spleen is the largest of the lymphatic organs T F The spleen is located in the right upper quadrant of the body T F The spleen contains white pulp and red pulp T F The spleen serves as a reservoir for RBCs and platelets T F C This exercise describes the “where” of lymphatic tissue—you need to supply the term that is the “what.” “What am I?” Identify the correct medical term for each of the following questions. LO 12.3, 12.A I am located below the diaphragm and lateral to the kidney  I am located at the entrance to the oropharynx, where I trap pathogens  I am located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx  I am located in the chest cavity  LESSON 12.1  Lymphatic System 405 Case Report (CR) 12.1 (continued) Ms Clemons has cancerous nodes in her neck They were not caused by metastatic cancer but by a cancer of the lymph nodes called Hodgkin lymphoma LO 12.4  Disorders of the Lymphatic System ▲ Figure 12.6  Hodgkin Lymphoma The lymphatic tissues in Hodgkin disease contain specific cells called Reed-Sternberg cells that are not found in any other cancerous lymphomas or cancers ©James Cavallini/Photo Researchers, Inc Physicians routinely palpate accessible lymph nodes in the neck (cervical nodes), axillae (axillary nodes), and groin (inguinal nodes) for enlargement and tenderness Their presence indicates disease in the tissues drained by the lymph nodes Cancerous lymph nodes are enlarged, firm, and usually painless Infections in the lymph nodes cause them to be swollen and tender to the touch, a condition called lymphadenitis All lymph node enlargements are collectively called lymphadenopathy When lymph nodes are removed, it is called lymphadenectomy Lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic organs, usually the lymph nodes The disorder usually presents as an enlarged, nontender lymph node, often in the neck or axilla Lymphomas are grouped into two categories: Hodgkin lymphoma—characterized by the presence of abnormal, cancerous B cells called Reed-Sternberg cells These are large cells with two nuclei resembling the eyes of an owl (Figure 12.6) The cancer spreads in an orderly manner to adjoining lymph nodes This enables the disease to be staged, depending on how far it has spread Diagnostic procedures include biopsy of an enlarged node to look for Reed-Sternberg cells, x-rays, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, lymphangiogram, and bone marrow biopsy Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy, and an autologous bone marrow transplant Non-Hodgkin lymphomas—occur much more frequently than Hodgkin lymphoma They include some 30 different disease entities in 10 different subtypes Treatment depends on the rate of growth of the disease and varies from careful observation to chemotherapy and radiation to bone marrow transplantation ▲ Figure 12.7  Tonsillitis Open mouth and throat of a 15-year-old girl with inflamed tonsils They are flecked with infected white patches due to tonsillitis, an infection usually caused by streptococci bacteria ©Dr P Marazzi/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc Tonsillitis, inflammation of the tonsils and adenoids, occurs mostly in the first years of life The infection can be viral or bacterial (usually streptococcal) It produces enlarged, tender lymph nodes under the jaw (Figure 12.7) A rapid strep test can determine if Streptococcus is the cause, in which case a full course of antibiotics is indicated The infection can be recurrent, and tonsillectomy is sometimes performed Splenomegaly, an enlarged spleen, is not a disease in itself but the result of an underlying disorder However, when the spleen enlarges, it traps and removes an excessive number of blood cells and platelets (hypersplenism) and reduces the number of blood cells and platelets in the bloodstream The potential causes of splenomegaly are numerous and include infections such as infectious mononucleosis, lymphomas, anemias such as sickle cell anemia, and storage diseases such as Gaucher disease Diagnosis and treatment focus on the underlying cause Occasionally, splenectomy is necessary Ruptured spleen is a common complication from car accidents or other trauma when the abdomen and rib cage are damaged Intra-abdominal bleeding from the ruptured spleen can be extensive, with a dramatic fall in blood pressure (BP), and is a surgical emergency requiring splenectomy After splenectomy, patients are very susceptible to infection but function very well Lymphedema is localized, nonpitting fluid retention caused by a compromised lymphatic system, often after surgery or radiation therapy It also can be primary, where the cause is unknown 406 CHAPTER 12  Lymphatic and Immune Systems The Language of Immunology LO 12.4, 12.A  Word Analysis and Definition WORD Hodgkin lymphoma    S = Suffix   P = Prefix   R = Root    R/CF = Combining Form PRONUNCIATION ELEMENTS HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh DEFINITION S/ R/ Thomas Hodgkin, 1798– 1866, British physician -oma tumor, mass lymph- lymph Disease marked by chronic enlargement of lymph nodes spreading to other nodes in an orderly way S/ P/ R/ -ism condition, process hyper- excessive -splen- spleen Condition in which the spleen removes blood components at an excessive rate S/ R/ S/ S/ R/CF -ectomy surgical excision lymphaden- lymph node -itis inflammation -pathy disease lymphaden/o lymph node Surgical excision of a lymph node S/ R/CF -gram recording lymphangi/o- lymphatic  vessels Radiographic images of lymph vessels and nodes following injection of contrast material hypersplenism (Note the one “e.”) high-per-SPLEN-izm lymphadenectomy lim-FAD-eh-NEK-toh-mee lymphadenitis lymphadenopathy lim-FAD-eh-NIE-tis lim-FAD-eh-NOP-ah-thee lymphangiogram lim-FAN-jee-oh-gram lymphedema LIMF-eh-DEE-mah R/ R/ lymph- lymph -edema edema Tissue swelling due to lymphatic obstruction lymphoma lim-FOH-mah S/ R/ -oma tumor lymph- lymph Any neoplasm of lymphatic tissue splenectomy (Note: The “ee” in spleen becomes “e” for easier pronunciation.) splenomegaly sple-NEK-toh-mee S/ R/ -ectomy surgical excision splen- spleen Surgical removal of the spleen sple-noh-MEG-ah-lee S/ R/CF -megaly enlargement splen/o- spleen Enlarged spleen tonsillectomy ton-sih-LEK-toh-mee ton-sih-LIE-tis -ectomy surgical excision tonsill- tonsil -itis inflammation Surgical removal of the tonsils tonsillitis S/ R/ S/ Inflammation of a lymph node Any disease process affecting a lymph node Inflammation of the tonsils Exercises A Deconstruct medical terms into their elements. Deconstruct each term using the slashed lines. LO 12.4, 12.A, 12.D splenectomy: / R tonsillitis: / R lymphadenitis: S / R hypersplenism: S S / P / R S B Use the terms related to disorders of the lymphatic system above that is described by each statement.  LO 12.4, 12.A Write the term that means tumor of lymphatic tissue:  Write the term that means removal of the tonsils:  The term that means tissue swelling that occurs as a result of obstructed lymphatics:  The term that means inflammation of a lymph node:  LESSON 12.1  Lymphatic System 407 INDEX Photon, 712, 713 Photophobia, 539, 541, 552, 553 Photophobic, 541, 553 Photoreactive, 559 Photoreceptor, 548, 549 Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), 558 Photos, W-20 Photosensitive, 553 Photosensitivity, 552, 553 Phrenic artery, 340 Physiatrist, 460, 512, 529 Physiatry, 528, 529 Physical defense mechanisms, 400 Physical dependence, 650 Physical examination, 644 Physical medicine, 529 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), 528–531 Physical therapist, 460, 512, 658 Physical therapist assistants, 460, 512 Physical therapy, 528, 529 Physician assistant, 62, W-5 Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR), 726 Physician’s Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST), 670 Physiotherapy, 529 Pia mater, 282, 283 PID, 176, 216 Pigment, 91 Pilocarpine, 560 Pineal, 591 Pineal gland, 590–591 Pink eye, 539, 540 Pinna, 564, 565 Pinnae, 565 PIP, 474 Pitting edema, 347 Pituitary, 591 Pituitary dwarfism, 594 Pituitary gland, 590 disorders of, 594–595 hormones of, 592–593 Pituitary hormone replacement therapy, 598 Pituitary tumor, 596 PKD, 162 Placenta, 242, 243 disorders of, 248 expulsion of, 244 structure and functions of, 242 Placenta abruptio, 250 Placental, 243 Placenta previa, 250 Plain (projectional) radiography, 708 Planes, anatomic, 50–51 Plantar fasciitis, 498 Plantar flex, 498 I-26 Plaque, 112, 113, 334, 344, 345 Plasma, 366, 367 Plasma cells, 402, 403 Plasma glucose monitoring, 622 Plastic surgeon, 62 Platelet plug formation, 380 Platelets, 89, 366, 379, 381 disorders of, 378 hemostasis by, 88, 380 Pleura, 439 Pleurae, 438, 439 Pleural, 439 Pleural cavity, 438 Pleural effusion, 444 Pleural fluid, 438 Pleural rub, 446, 447 Pleural tap, 448, 449 Pleurisy, 441, 444, 445 Pleuritic, 441, W-3 Plexus, 271, 272 Plexuses, 270, 271 Plica, 121 Plicae, 120, 121 Plurals, 22 PMNL, 374 PM&R, 528–531 PMS, 226 Pneumatic, 576, 577 Pneumatic otoscope, 576 Pneumoconioses, 444 Pneumoconiosis, 445 Pneumonectomy, 448, 449, 692, 693 Pneumonia, 3, 444, 445 Pneumonitis, 445 Pneumothorax, 3, 444, 445 PNS, 268 PO, 610 p.o., 728 Podiatrist, 460, 498, 499 Podiatry, 498, 499 Poikilocytic, 364, 372, 373 Poikilocytosis, 372, 373 Polio, 300, 301 Poliomyelitis, 300, 301 Pollutant, 400, 401, 428, 552 Pollution, 686, 687 POLST, 670 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 686 Polycystic, 163, 227 Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), 162 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), 226 Polycythemia vera, 372, 373 Polydipsia, 620, 621 Polyhydramnios, 248, 249 Polymenorrhea, 228, 229 Polymorphonuclear, 375 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), 374 Polymyalgia rheumatica, 516 Polyneuropathy, 302, 303 Polypectomy, 139 Polyphagia, 620, 621 Polypharmacy, 668, 669 Polyposis, 139 Polyps, 138, 139, 434 Polysaccharide, 130–132 Polysomnography, 432, 433 Polyuria, 10, 196, 197, 620, 621 Pons, 278, 279 Popliteal, 339 Popliteal artery, 340 Popliteal fossa, 522, 523 Pores, 38 Port, 730, 731 Portal vein, 124, 125 Position, anatomic, 72 Position, prefixes of, 10 Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 448 Positron, 713 Positron emission mammography (PEM), 258 Positron emission tomography (PET), 306, 448, 664, 690, 712 Postcoital, 235 Postcoital testing, 234 Posterior, 8, 50, 51 Posterior cavity, 548 Posterior chamber, 548 Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), 494 Posterior lobe hormones, 592 Posteroanterior (PA), 448, 708, 709 Postherpetic, 302 Postherpetic neuralgia, 303 Postictal, 291 Postictal state, 290 Postinfectious encephalomyelitis, 298 Postmature, 250, 251 Postmaturity, 250, 251 Postmortem, 666, 667 Postnatal, 10, 11 Postpartum, 246, 247 Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), 250 Postpolio syndrome (PPS), 300, 301 Postprandial, 114, 115 Postpubescent, 212, 213 Posttraumatic, 637 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 294, 636, 646 Postural drainage therapy (PDT), 448 Posture, 514 Pott fracture, 498, 499 PPH, 250 PPI, 144 INDEX PPS, 300 PR, 728 Pradaxa, 390 Praxbind injection, 390 Precancerous, 138, 139 Precipitation, 410 Precursor, 378, 379 Predictive, 49 Predictive medicine, 48 Preeclampsia, 248, 249 Preemie, 251 Prefixes, 4, 9–11 classification of, 10–11 meanings of, use of, Pregnancy (PGY), 220, 221 childbirth and, 246–247, 250–251 conception in, 242–243 disorders of, 248–249 embryo and fetus in, 244–245 hormones of, 246 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), 252 Pregnant, 221 Prehypertension, 336, 337 Preliminary diagnosis, 125 Premature, 249–251 Premature beats, 330 Premature ejaculation, 200 Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), 250 Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), 330 Prematurity, 250, 251 Premenstrual, 225 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 226 Premolar, 111 Prenatal, 10, 48, 49, 222, 223 Prepatellar, 497 Prepatellar bursitis, 496 Prepuce, 198–201 Presbyopia, 550, 551 Prescribe, 724, 725 Prescription, 724, 725 Prescription drugs, 726 Pressure-equalization tubes (PE tubes), 578 Pressure points, 344 Pressure ulcers, 72 Preterm, 249 Preterm delivery, 248 Prevention, 530, 531 Previa, 251 Priapism, 200, 201 Primary (1°), 682 Primary amenorrhea, 226 Primary brain tumors, 292 Primary care, 562, 563 Primary care physician (PCP), W-5 Primary dysmenorrhea, 226 Primary follicle, 222 Primary headache disorders, 292 Primary hypertension, 336 Primary lateral sclerosis, 300 Primary syphilis, 216 Primigravida, 244, 245 Primipara, 10, 244, 246, 247 Prion, 292, 293 PRK, 558 PRL, 592 p.r.n., 562, 728 Procrastination, W-14 Proctitis, 138, 139 Proctologist, 100 Proctoscopy, 140, 141 Progenitor, 689 Progesterone, 224, 225, 244 Progesterone-receptor-positive, 258 Progestin, 232, 233, 240 Prognathism, 594, 595 Prognosis, 688, 689 Programmed cell death (PCD), 684 Progressive muscular atrophy, 300 Prolactin (PRL), 254, 255, 592, 593, 596 Prolactinoma, 594, 595, 598 Prolactin-secreting tumors, 598 Prolapse, 228, 229, 333 Prolapsed umbilical cord, 250 Prolapsed uterus, 228 Proliferate, 681 Promacta, 390 Pronate, 473, 484 Pronation, 472, 473 Prone, 50, 51, 472, 473 Pronunciations, 23 Prophylaxis, 144 Propulsion, 104 Prostaglandin, 194, 195, 590, 591 Prostate, 195 Prostate biopsy, 202 Prostate cancer, 178, 196 Prostatectomy, 203 Prostate drugs, 178 Prostate gland, 196–197 anatomy of, 186, 194 drugs for, 178 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 194, 202 Prostatic, 195 Prostatitis, 178, 196, 197, 202 Prosthesis, 353, 500, 501, 530, 531 Prosthetic, 352, 353 Protease, 104, 105, 132 Protection, 64, 66 Proteins, 38, 39, 133 abnormalities of, 668 digestion of, 132 liver, 126 urine, 170 Proteinuria, 162, 163, 170, 171 Prothrombin, 380, 381 Prothrombin time (PT), 388, 390 Proton, 598, 599, 715 Proton beam therapy, 598, 714 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), 144, 145 Protooncogenes, 684, 685 Provisional diagnosis, 124, 125 Proximal, 50, 51 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP), 474 Pruritic, 73, 571 Pruritus, 72, 73 PSA, 194, 754 Psoriasis, 76, 77 Psychedelics, 310, 311, 650, 651 Psychiatric, 633 Psychiatric hospital, 646 Psychiatric mental health nurse or nurse practitioner, 630 Psychiatric nurse, 632 Psychiatric social worker, 630 Psychiatric technician, 630–632 Psychiatrist, 630, 632, 633 Psychiatry, 8, 632, 633 see also Mental health Psychoactive, 269, 311, 651 Psychoactive drugs, 310, 650–651 Psychoanalysis, 633, 644, 645 Psychoanalyst, 632, 633 Psychodynamic, 645 Psychodynamic psychotherapy, 644 Psychological, 633, 644, 645 Psychological dependence, 650 Psychological evaluation, 644 Psychologist, 632, 633 Psychology, 632, 633 see also Mental health Psychopath, 642, 643 Psychosis, 641 Psychosomatic, 639 Psychosomatic disorders, 638–639 Psychotherapist, 632, 633 Psychotherapy, 633, 644–646 PsyD, 632 PT, 388, 390, 474 PTCA, 352 PTH, 606 Ptosis, 542, 543 PTSD, 294, 636, 646 PTT, 388 Puberty, 188, 189, 212, 213 Pubic, 212, 213, 490, 491 Pubis, 213, 490, 491 I-27 INDEX Puerperium, 246, 247 Pulmonary, 3, 324, 325, 339, 429 Pulmonary circulation, 326, 340 Pulmonary edema, 442 Pulmonary emphysema, 442 Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), 446 Pulmonary rehabilitation, 448 Pulmonary resection, 448 Pulmonary trunk, 326 Pulmonary tuberculosis, 444 Pulmonologist, 3, 426, 427, 429 Pulmonology, 429 see also Respiratory system Pulp, 111 Pulp cavity, 110 Pupil, 546, 547 Pupillae, 547 Pupillary, 547 Pupillary reaction to light, 556 Purkinje fibers, 328, 329 Purpura, 382, 383 Purulent, 539, 542 Pus, 79, 82 Pustules, 78, 79 PVC, 330 PVD, 346, 530 PVS, 670, 672 Pyelitis, 160, 161 Pyelogram, 171 Pyelonephritis, 160, 161, 168, 174 Pyloric, 117 Pyloric sphincter, 116 Pylorus, 116, 117 Pyorrhea, 112, 113 Pyrexia, 19, 21 Pyridostigmine, 302, 308 Pyromania, 632, 633, 642, 643 Q Quadrantectomy, 258, 259 Quadrants, 12, 52, 53 Quadriceps femoris, 42, 522, 523 Quadriceps tendon, 522 Quadriplegia, 10, 288, 289 Quadriplegic, 289 Quad screen, 252 q.d., 728 q.4.h., 542, 562 q.i.d., 562, 728 R R, 427, 428 RA, 474, 488, 502 Radial, 345 Radial artery, 344 I-28 Radial keratotomy, 558 Radiation, 258, 259, 692, 693 Radiation dose, 712 Radiation therapy, 202, 258, 598, 714–715 Radical, 258, 259 Radical hysterectomy, 238 Radical mastectomy, 258 Radical prostatectomy, 196, 202 Radical surgery, 203 Radioactive, 258, 690, 705 Radioactive iodine, 604, 605 Radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy, 604, 714 Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), 416, 417 Radiocontrast, 708, 709 Radiofrequency ablation, 352 Radiofrequency (RF) nerve ablation, 312 Radiographers, 704, 707 Radioimmunoassay, 416, 417 Radioimmunotherapy (RIT), 714 Radiologic assistant, 704 Radiologic technician, 704 Radiologic technologist, 704 Radiologists, 704, 707, 708 Radiology, 705, 714–715 alignment in, 708 image acquisition in, 708–711 radiation therapy in, 714–715 x-rays in, 706–707 Radionuclides, 712, 713 Radiopaque, 24, 25 Radiopharmaceuticals, 704, 712–713 Radiotherapists, 704, 707 Radiotherapy, 692, 693 Radius, 482–484 Radon, 686, 687 Rale, 447 Rales, 446, 447 Random urine collection, 168 Raphe, 186, 187 Rapid-acting insulin, 622 RAST, 416, 417 RBC, 128, 366 RDS, 250 Reabsorption, 158, 159 Reaction, 733 Reading, W-7, W-8, W-9 Reagent, 416 Reattachment, 500 Rebound tenderness, 138 Recombinant DNA, 390, 391 Recombinant Factor VII, 390 Record, 12 Rectal, 137, 728, 729 Rectal cancer, 138 Rectocele, 228, 229, 238 Rectum, 136, 137 Recurrent, 572, 573 Red blood cells (RBCs), 366 destruction of, 128 disorders of, 372–373 structure and function of, 370–371 urine, 170 Red pulp, 404 Reduction, 468, 469 Reed-Sternberg cells, 406 Referred pain, 312 Reflex, 167 Reflux, 114, 115, 164, 165 Refract, 547 Refraction, 546, 547 Refractive error, 556 Refractive surgery, 558 Refractometer, 556, 557 Refractory, 202 Regenerate, 87 Regeneration, 86, 87 Regimens, 692, 693 Regional enteritis, 134, 135 Regions, abdominal, 52–53 Registered nurse (RN), 211, 589 Registered respiratory therapist (RRT), 426, 427 Regular-acting insulin, 622 Regurgitate, 332, 333 Regurgitation, 114, 115, 336 Rehabilitation, 528–530 Rehabilitation medicine, 530 Relapse, 174 Reminiscence therapy (RT), 664 Remission, 298, 299 Renal, 157, 341 Renal adenoma, 160 Renal angiogram, 170 Renal arteries, 340 Renal calculi, 164 Renal cell carcinoma, 160, 174 Renal drugs, 162, 174 Renal pelvis, 158 Renal stones, 172 Renal transplant, 162, 174 Renal tubule, 158 Renin, 158, 159 Renin-angiotensin, 354 Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, 646 Replicate, 46, 47 Replication, 240 Reproduction, 193 Reproductive, 44, 45, 192, 193, 212 Reproductive system see Female reproductive system; Male reproductive system Resect, 449 Resection, 142, 202, 203, 449 INDEX Resectoscope, 202 Reservoir, 404 Residual, 488, 489 Residue, 489 Resistance, 408, 409 Resistant, 409 Resorption, 466, 467, 502 Respiration, 428, 429, 440, 514 Respirator, 429 Respiratory, 44, 45, 429 Respiratory care practitioner, 426 Respiratory center, 278 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 250 Respiratory drugs, 450–451 Respiratory membrane, 438 Respiratory system, 428–449 lower, 436–449 diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for, 448–449 disorders of, 442–445 lungs of, 436–439 pharmacology for, 446–447 pulmonary function tests for, 446–448 respiration in, 440 trachea of, 436 organs and functions of, 44, 428–429 senescence of, 666 symptoms and signs of disorders of, 440–441 upper, 430–435 larynx of, 434–435 nose of, 430–431 pharynx of, 432–433 Respiratory therapist, Respiratory therapy technician (RT), 428 Restorative rehabilitation, 530, 531 Retained placenta, 250 Retention, 168, 169 Rete testis, 192, 193 Reticular, 279 Reticular formation, 278 Reticulocyte, 370, 371 Reticulum, 279 Retina, 546–549 diseases of, 554–555 examination of, 558 Retinaculum, 484, 485 Retinal, 547, 558 Retinal cryopexy, 558 Retinal detachment, 554 Retinoblastoma, 554, 555, 558 Retinoic acid, 78, 92 Retinoids, 92, 93 Retinopathy, 554, 555 Retraction, 442, 443 Retrograde, 143, 171 Retrograde pyelogram, 170 Retroversion, 229 Retrovert, 10 Retroverted, 228, 229 Retrovirus, 177, 414, 415 Reye syndrome, 292, 293 RF, 312 Rh, 386 Rhabdomyolysis, 516, 517 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 682, 683 Rhesus (Rh) blood group, 386–387 Rhesus factor, 387 Rheumatic, 489 Rheumatic fever, 332 Rheumatic nodules, 488 Rheumatism, 489 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 474, 475, 488, 489, 492, 502 Rh factor, 384 Rhinitis, 430, 431 Rhinoplasty, 430, 431 RhoGAM, 386 Rhonchi, 446, 447 Rhonchus, 446, 447 Rhythm method, 232 Ribosomes, 38, 39 Rickets, 466, 467 Right common carotid artery, 340 Right lower quadrant (RLQ), 52 Right lymphatic duct, 400 Right subclavian artery, 340 Right subclavian vein, 400 Right upper quadrant (RUQ), 52 Rinne test, 574, 575 RIT, 714 Rivaroxaban, 390 RLQ, 52 RN, 212, 589 Robot-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy, 238 Rods, 548 Root canals, 110 Roots, 4, nerve, 272 tooth, 110, 111 word, 4–5 Rosacea, 76, 77 Rotation, 472 Rotational atherectomy, 352 Rotation tests, 576 Rotator cuff, 518, 519 Rotator cuff muscles, 518 Rotator cuff tears, 518 Routes of administration, 728–731 Routine urinalysis (UA), 170 Roux-en-Y, 102, 103 RRT, 428 RT, 428 RU-486, 232 Ruga, 213 Rugae, 108, 213 Runner’s knee, 496 Rupture, 78, 79 Ruptured spleen, 406 RUQ, 52 Rx, 728 S SA, 328, 329 Sacral, 283, 477, 491 Sacral colpopexy, 238 Sacral region, 282, 476 Sacroiliac (SI) joints, 490, 491 Sacrum, 477, 490, 491 SAD, 590, 634 Sagittal, 50, 51, 710, 711 Saline, 620, 621 Saliva, 110, 111 Salivary, 111 Salivary glands, 110–111 Salpingectomy, 238, 239 Salpingitis, 228, 229, 238 SAME, 270 Saphenous, 343 Saphenous vein, 342 Sarcoidosis, 444, 445 Sarcoma, 415, 467, 682, 683 Sarcopenia, 666, 667 Satellite cells, 274 SBRT, 714 SBS, 294 SC, 564, 730 Scab, 88, 89 Scabies, 74, 75 Scapula, 481 Scapulae, 480, 481 Scapular, 481 Scar, 88, 89 Schedules, controlled drug, 726 Schizoid, 643 Schizoid personality disorder, 642 Schizophrenia, 632, 633, 640–641, 648 Schizophrenic, 632, 640, 641 Schwann cell, 274, 275 SCI, 300 Sciatic, 302, 303 Sciatica, 302, 303 Scintigraphy, 690, 691, 712, 713 Sclera, 546, 547 Scleral, 547 Scleral venous sinus, 548 Scleritis, 552 Scleroderma, 76, 77 I-29 INDEX Sclerose, 352, 353 Sclerosis, 353 Sclerotherapy, 352, 353 Scoliosis, 476, 477 Scoliotic, 477 Screen, 252, 253, 689 Screening, 252, 253, 689 Screening tests, 688 Scrotal, 187 Scrotum, 186, 187 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 590, 591, 634 Sebaceous glands, 78–79 Seborrhea, 79 Seborrheic, 79 Seborrheic dermatitis, 78 Sebum, 78, 79 Secondary (2°), 680 Secondary amenorrhea, 226 Secondary dysmenorrhea, 228 Secondary hypertension, 336 Secondary syphilis, 216 Second-degree burns, 84 Second trimester screening, 252 Secrete, 40, 41, 105 Secretin, 130, 131 Secretion, 41, 104, 105 digestive, 104, 136 Sedation, 311 Sedatives, 310, 311, 648, 649 Sedentary, 344, 345 Segment, 105, 444 Segmental, 105 Segmental contractions, 104 Segmentectomy, 448, 449, 692, 693 Seizures, 269, 290–291 Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), 258, 614 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 648 Self, 408 Self-administration of medications, 732, 734 Self-examination, 688, 689 Self-examination of the testes (SET), 190 Self-injury, 642 Self-motivation, W-13 Self-mutilation, 642, 643 Semen, 187, 194, 195 Semicircular canals, 572 Semilunar, 327 Semilunar pulmonary valve, 326 Semimembranosus, 522 Semimembranosus muscle, 42 Seminal fluid, 194 Seminal vesicles, 186, 187, 192 Seminiferous, 187 Seminiferous tubules, 188, 189 I-30 Seminoma, 190, 191 Semipermeable, 159 Semitendinosus, 522 Senescence, 660, 661 disorders of, 666 of organ systems, 666–667 theories of, 668–669 Senescent, 668, 669 Senile, 660, 661 Senile lentigines, 666 Senility, 660 Sense see Special sense Sensitivity, 174, 175 Sensorineural hearing loss, 570, 571 Sensory, 269 Sensory division, 270 Sensory input, 268 Septa, 327 Septum, 326, 327, 430 SERM, 258, 614 Serosa, 120, 121 Serosal, 121 Serotonin, 272, 273, 590, 591, 648 Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 648 Serotonin antagonists, 144 Serous, 72, 73 Serum, 366, 367 Serum calcitonin, 604 Serum ferritin, 364, 388 Serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase (SGOT), 126 Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), 126 Serum iron, 388 SET, 190 SEVEN UP pathway of sperm, 193 Severed, 300 Sex steroids, 608 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 216–219 drugs for, 176–177 in male, 190 SG, 170 SGOT, 126 SGPT, 126 Shaft, 198 Shaken baby syndrome (SBS), 294 Shingles, 74, 75, 302, 303 Shock, 84, 85 Shortness of breath (SOB), 321, 336, 427 Shoulder dislocation, 480 Shoulder girdle, 480–481, 518–519 Shoulder presentation, 250 Shoulder separation, 480 Shoulder subluxation, 480 Shunt, 308, 309, 336, 337 SI, 490 Sibling, 172 Sickle cell anemia, 372 Sickle cell disease, 372 Side effect, 694, 726, 727 Sigmoid, 137 Sigmoidoscopy, 141 Sign, 76, 77 SI joint pain, 500 SI joint strain, 490 Silent lymphocytic thyroiditis, 602 Silicosis, 444, 445 Simple mastectomy, 258 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 664, 712 Singular forms, 22 Sinoatrial (SA) node, 328, 329 Sinus, 431 Sinuses, 430 Sinusitis, 430, 431 Sinus rhythm, 328, 329 Situational phobias, 638 Sjogren syndrome, 98, 112, 113 Skeletal, 44, 45, 514 Skeletal muscle, 514 see also Muscles and tendons disorders of, 516–517 functions and structure of, 514–515 Skeletal muscle relaxants, 526 Skeletal system, 460–537 see also Muscles and tendons appendicular, 480–499 axial, 476–479 bones, 464–469 diseases of, 466–467 fractures of, 468–469 growth and structure, 464–465 functions of, 462–463 joints, 470–475 classes of, 470–471 diseases of, 474–475 movements, 472–473 organs and functions of, 44 procedures and pharmacology, 500–503 senescence of, 666 Skene glands, 214, 215 Skin accessory organs of, 68, 78–83 burns and injuries to, 84–89 combining forms for, 64 dermis and hypodermis of, 68–69 disorders of, 70–77 epidermis of, 66–67 functions of, 44, 64–65 procedures and pharmacology for, 90–93 senescence of, 666 INDEX structure of, 66–69 surface area of, 86 Skin care therapist, 62 Skin test, 416 Skull, 470, 478–479 Slit-lamp examination, 558 Small cell lung cancer, 682 Small intestine, 102, 120–121 digestion in, 120, 132–133 disorders of, 122–123 Smegma, 198, 199 Smell, sense of, 428, 430 Smoking, 684, 686 Smooth muscle, 120, 514 Sneezing, 440 Snellen letter chart, 556, 557 Snore, 433 Snoring, 432 SNRI, 648 SOB, 321, 322, 336, 372, 428 Social functions of skin, 64 Social phobias, 638 Social workers, 658 Sociopath, 642, 643 Soleus, 522 Solutions, 92 Somatic, 271 Somatic motor division, 270 Somatic nerves, 270 Somatic symptom disorder (SSD), 638, 639 Somatoform, 639 Somatoform disorders, 638–639 Somatostatin, 616, 617 Somatostatin analogs, 598 Somatotropin, 592, 593 S1-S5, 282 Sonogram, 349 Sonograph, 349 Sonographer, 349, 704 Sound production, 434 Space medicine, 344 Spasm, 289 Spasmodic, 164, 165 Spastic, 288, 289 Spastic diplegia, 288 Spasticity, 288, 308 Speaking, W-7, W-8 Specialist, 12 Special sense ear and hearing, 562–579 eye and seeing, 538–557 senescence of, 666 smell, 428, 430 taste, 108, 109 Specific, 409 Specific gravity (SG), 170 Specificity, 408, 409 SPECT, 712 Sperm, 33, 188, 189 Spermatic, 188, 189 Spermatic cord, 188–189 Spermatic ducts, 192–193 Spermatids, 188, 189 Spermatocele, 190, 191 Spermatogenesis, 188, 189 Spermatozoa, 188, 189 Spermatozoon, 189 Spermicidal, 233 Spermicidal foam and gel, 232 Spermicides, 200, 232, 233 Sphenoid bone, 478, 479 Spherocyte, 372, 373 Spherocytosis, 372, 373 Sphincter, 114, 115, 136, 166, 167, 547 Sphincter pupillae muscle, 546 Sphygmomanometer, 350, 351 Spider veins, 346 Spina bifida, 252, 304, 305 Spina bifida cystica, 304, 305 Spina bifida occulta, 304, 305 Spinal, 477 Spinal cavity, 52 Spinal cord, 476 anatomy of, 282–283 disorders of, 300–301 Spinal cord injuries (SCIs), 300 Spinal curvatures, abnormal, 476 Spinal infusion pump, 312 Spinal tap, 283, 306 Spine, 477 Spiral fracture, 468, 469 Spirochete, 216, 217 Spirometer, 446, 447 Spirometry, 427 Spleen, 404–406 Splenectomy, 405–407 Splenomegaly, 405–407 Spondylosis, 301 Sponge, 232 Spongiosum, 199 Spontaneous pneumothorax, 444 Sprain, 498 Sputum, 429 Sputum analysis, 690 SQ3R model for reading, W-9 Squamous, 71 Squamous cell, 64, 65 Squamous cell carcinoma, 70, 554, 682 SRS, 692, 714 SSA, 108 SSB, 108 SSD, 638, 639 SSRI, 648 Stabilization, 500 Stabilizer, 649 Stage, 170, 171, 691 Staging, 258, 690, 691 Stapes, 566, 567 Staphylococcus aureus, 74, 214 Starch, 132 STAT, 321, 322, 728 Stat abdominal x-ray, 24 Statins, 354, 355 Status epilepticus, 290, 291 STD, 176, 190, 200, 216 Stem cell, 378, 379 Stenosing tenosynovitis, 520 Stenosis, 332, 333, 336, 521 Stent, 308, 352, 353 Stereopsis, 544, 545 Stereoscopic, 558 Stereotactic, 259, 598, 599, 715 Stereotactic biopsy, 258 Stereotactic body radiation treatment (SBRT), 714 Stereotactic radiation, 714 Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), 692, 714 Sterile, 196, 197 Sterility, 197 Sternum, 322, 323 Steroidal, 37 Steroids, 36, 37, 612, 613 Stethoscope, 348, 349 Stimulants, 311, 648, 649, 651, 727 Schedule II, 726 types and effects of, 310, 650 Stimulate, 311 Stimulation, 311 Stoma, 142, 143 Stomach, 102 digestion in, 116–117 disorders of, 118–119 Stomach “flu,” 134 Stomatitis, 112, 113 Stone mason’s lung, 444 Stool, 138, 144, 145 Strabismus, 544, 545 Strain, 498, 517 Strata, 67 Stratum, 66, 67 Stratum basale, 66, 67 Stratum corneum, 66, 67 Stratum granulosum, 66, 67 Stratum lucidum, 66, 67 Stratum spinosum, 66, 67 Streptokinase, 354, 390, 391 Stress incontinence, 168, 662 Stress syndrome, 610, 618 I-31 INDEX Striated muscle, 514, 515 Striation, 514, 515 Stricture, 144, 201 Stridor, 446, 447 Stroke rehabilitation, 528 Strokes, 284, 286–289 Stroma, 436, 437 Study Hint boxes, W-19 Study partner or group, W-10 Study schedule, W-15, W-16 Study strategies and habits, W-12–W-16 Stye, 542, 543 Subacute combined degeneration, 300 Subacute thyroiditis, 602 Subarachnoid space, 283 Subclavian, 339, 341 Subclavian vein, 342 Subcutaneous (SC), 68, 69, 730, 731 Subcutaneous injections, 730 Subcutaneous tissue layer, 68 Subdural, 11, 297 Subdural hematoma, 296 Sublingual, 110, 111, 728, 729 Subluxation, 481 Submandibular, 110, 111 Submucosa, 120, 121 Subscapularis, 518, 519 Substance abuse, 642 Subtotal hysterectomy, 238 Sucking reflex, 254 Sucralfate, 144 Suction lipectomy, 258 Suffixes, 4, 6–8 classification of, 7–8 meanings of, use of, Suicidal, 640, 641 Suicide, 641 Sulci, 276, 277 Sulcus, 277 Sulfacetamide, 560 Sulfonylureas, 622 Sun allergy, 412 Sunlight, 412 Superficial burns, 84 Superficial veins, 342 Superior, 50, 51 Superior mesenteric artery, 340 Superior vena cava (SVC), 324, 326, 342 Supinate, 472, 473 Supination, 472, 473 Supine, 50, 51, 472, 473 Supportive psychotherapy, 644 Suppositories, 728 Suppository, 729 Suppressor T cells, 402 I-32 Suprapubic, 10, 168, 169 Suprapubic transabdominal needle aspiration, 168 Suprarenal, 608 Supraspinatus, 518, 519 Suprofen, 560 Surfactant, 250, 438, 439 Surgery, 162 Surgical, 202, 203 Surgical arthroscopy, 500 Surgical removal, 598 Surgical suffixes, Susceptible, 488, 489 Suspensory ligaments, 254 Suture, 89, 471 Sutures, 470, 471 Suturing, 88 SVC, 342 Swab, 236, 237 Swallowing, 114–115 Sweat glands, 82–83, 86, 612 Swimmer’s ear, 564, 578 Sympathetic, 271 Sympathetic division, 270 Sympathy, 284, 285 Symphyses, 470, 471 Symphysis, 471 Symphysis pubis, 490 Symptom, 76, 77, 111 Symptomatic, 77, 110, 111 Symptomatic hyperglycemia, 620 Synapse, 11, 272, 273 Synaptic, 273 Synaptic terminal, 272 Synchondroses, 470, 471 Synchondrosis, 471 Syncope, 292, 293 Syndesmoses, 471 Syndesmosis, 470, 471 Syndrome, 112, 113, 336, 337 Synergism, 733 Synergist, 623, 733 Synergistic, 622, 623, 732, 733 Synovial, 43, 471 Synovial fluid, 42, 494 Synovial joints, 470 Synovial membrane, 42, 494 Synthesis, 390, 418 Synthetic, 241 Synthetic estradiol, 240 Syphilis, 201, 217, 300 drugs for, 176 in female, 216 in male, 200 Syringe, 734, 735 Syringomyelia, 300, 301 Systemic, 76, 324, 325 Systemic arterial circulation, 340–341 Systemic circulation, 326, 340 Systemic infections, 162 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 76, 77 Systemic venous circulation, 342–343 Systole, 328, 329 Systolic, 329, 336 T T, 46, 427, 428 T1, 272 T3, 600 T4, 600, 604 Tablet, 735 Tachycardia, 10, 330, 331 Tachypnea, 440, 441 Tactile, 66, 67 Tactile/kinesthetic learner, W-13 Talipes equinovarus, 498, 499 Talus, 498, 499 Tampon, 214 Tamponade, 333 Tangent, 631 Tangentiality, 631 Targeted immune modulators, 694 Tarsal, 498, 499, 541 Tarsal glands, 540 Tarsus, 499, 540, 541 Tartar, 112, 113 Taste, 108, 109 Taste buds, 108 Tay-Sachs disease, 298 TB, 292 TBI, 294 TCA, 648 T cells, 376, 402 Tear, 540 Technetium-99m (99mTc), 712 TEE, 350 Teeth, 110–111 Teleradiology, 710, 711 Temperature regulation, 368 Temporal bones, 478, 479 Temporal lobe, 276, 277 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 478, 479 Tendinitis, 517, 518 Tendonitis, 517 Tendons, 43, 463, 514–517 disorders of, 516–517 function and structure of, 462, 514–515 of knee joint, 42 Tennis elbow, 482 Tenosynovitis, 516, 517 INDEX Tension-type headache, 292 Teratogen, 249, 304, 305 Teratogenesis, 248, 249 Teratogenic, 249, 305 Teratoma, 190, 191 Teres major, 519 Teres minor, 518 Terminal bronchioles, 438 Tertiary syphilis, 216 Testes, 186, 187 anatomy and function of, 188–189 disorders of, 190–191 Testicle, 185, 187 Testicular, 187 Testicular cancer, 190 Testicular torsion, 190 Testis, 187 Testosterone, 188, 189 Tests, performing well on, W-10 Tetanic, 607 Tetanus, 606 Tetany, 606, 607 Tetracosactide, 612 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 310, 650 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 336, 337 Tetraplegia, 288, 289 Tetraplegic, 289 Thalamus, 278, 279 Thalassemia, 372, 373 Thallium-201, 712 THC, 310, 650 Thenar eminence, 520, 521 Therapeutic, 48, 49, 529, 615 Therapist, 529 Therapy, 48, 49, 528, 529, 615 Thiazide, 174 Thigh bones, joints, and muscles, 464, 492–495, 522 Thinking critically, W-7 Third-degree burns, 84 Thoracentesis, 448, 449 Thoracic, 283, 429, 477 Thoracic aorta, 340 Thoracic cavity, 52 Thoracic duct, 400 Thoracic region, 282, 476 Thoracic surgeon, 426 Thoracotomy, 448, 449 Thorax, 429, 477 THR, 474, 500 Thrombin, 380, 381 Thromboangiitis obliterans, 346 Thrombocyte, 88, 89, 379–381 Thrombocytopenia, 382, 383 Thromboembolism, 346, 347, 444, 445 Thrombolysis, 308, 352 Thrombophlebitis, 346, 347 Thrombosed, 138 Thrombosis, 334, 335, 381, 382 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), 382 Thrombus, 381, 382 Thrush, 74, 75, 112, 113, 215 Thymectomy, 606, 607 Thymic carcinomas, 606 Thymine (T), 46 Thymoma, 606, 607 Thymus, 402, 607 Thymus gland, 404, 606–607 Thyroid, 435 Thyroid cancer, 604 Thyroid cartilage, 434 Thyroid drugs, 604 Thyroid gland anatomy and function of, 600–601 diagnostic tests for, 604 disorders of, 602–605 pharmacology for, 604 Thyroid hormone, 600, 601, 604 Thyroid hormone replacement, 604 Thyroiditis, 602, 603 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 592, 596, 654 Thyroid storm, 600, 601 Thyroid surgery, 604 Thyrotoxicosis, 602, 603 Thyrotropin, 592, 593, 596 Thyroxine (T4), 592, 593, 600, 601 TIA, 286 TIBC, 364, 366 Tibia, 494, 495, 498 Tibial, 495 Tic, 291 Tic disorders, 290 Tic douloureux, 296, 297 t.i.d., 728 Time committing your, W-13 scheduling and managing, W-14 Timolol maleate, 560 Tinea, 74, 75 Tinea capitis, 74, 75 Tinea cruris, 74, 75 Tinea pedis, 74, 75 Tinea versicolor, 74, 75 Tinnitus, 572, 573 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 308, 354 Tissue repair, 88–89 Tissues, 34, 35, 40–43 connective, 42–43 types of, 40 Tissue valve, 352 T lymphocytes, 402 TMJ, 478 TNF, 502 TNM, 156, 258, 690 TOF, 336 Tolerance, 310, 311, 650, 651 Tomogram, 710, 711 Tomography, 349, 449, 711 Tone, 514, 515 T1–T12, 282 Tongue, 102, 108, 109 Tonic, 269 Tonic-clonic seizure, 267, 269, 290, 291 Tonometer, 558, 559 Tonometry, 559 Tonsil, 404, 405, 433, 566, 567 Tonsillar, 567 Tonsillectomy, 405–407, 433 Tonsillitis, 405–407, 432, 433 Topical, 92, 93, 578, 579, 729 Topical administration, 728–729 Topical antibacterial suspension, 578 Topical pharmacologic agents, 570 Torsion, 185, 190, 191 Total cholesterol, 348 Total hip replacement (THR), 474, 500 Total knee replacement, 500 Total thyroidectomy, 604 Tourette syndrome, 290, 291 Toxic, 401 Toxicity, 401, 728, 729 Toxicology, 729 Toxic shock syndrome, 214 Toxic thyroid adenoma, 602 Toxins, 12, 162, 400, 401, 729 tPA, 308, 352, 354 Trabeculectomy, 558, 559 Trabeculoplasty, 558, 559 Tracer, 712, 713 Trachea, 428, 429, 436 Trachealis, 436, 437 Tracheobronchial tree, 438 Tracheostomy, 7, 448, 449 Tracheotomy, 7, 448, 449 Tract, 282, 283, 551 Trade name, 724 Tranquilizers, 310, 311, 648, 649, 733 Transabdominal ultrasound, 236 Transaminases, 140 Transcranial, 645 Transcript, 103 Transcription, 103 Transcriptionist, 101, 103, W-5 Transdermal, 10, 240, 241, 728, 729 Transdermal patches, 92, 240 Transducer, 350 I-33 INDEX Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 350 Transfusion, 388, 389 Transient ischemic attack (TIA), 286 Transitional cell carcinoma, 168 Translucent, 253 Transnasal, 598, 599 Transplant, 172, 173, 388, 389, 412, 413 Transplantation, immunology of, 412–413 Transport, 132–133 Transsphenoid, 598, 599 Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), 202 Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), 172, 202 Transvaginal ultrasound, 236 Transverse, 50, 51 Transverse fracture, 468, 469 Trapezium, 13 Trapezius, 13 Trauma, 162, 201 to penis, 200 to spinal cord, 300 Traumatic, 201 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 294–295 Treatment options of dementia, 664 Tremor, 292, 293 Triceps brachii, 520, 521 Trichomonas, 217 Trichomonas vaginalis, 216 Trichomoniasis, 176, 216, 217, 240 Trichotillomania (TTM), 642 Tricuspid, 10, 327 Tricuspid valve, 326 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 648 Trifluridine, 560 Trigeminal, 280, 281 Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, 292 Trigeminal neuralgia, 296, 297 Triglycerides, 130, 131, 348, 349 Triiodothyronine (T3), 600, 601 Trimester, 244, 245 Triplegia, 288, 289 Triplegic, 289 Triple negative breast cancer, 258 Trochanter, 464 Trochlear, 280, 281 Trophic hormones, 592, 593 Trophin, 593 Tropic, 593 Tropic hormones, 592, 593 Tropin, 592, 593 Troponin I and T, 348 True vocal cords, 434 Trypsin, 130, 131 TS, 290, 684 I-34 TSH, 592, 596, 600 TSH level, 604 TTM, 642 TTP, 382 Tubal anastomosis, 232 Tubal ligation, 232, 238 Tuberculosis (TB), 292, 300, 445, W-3 TUIP, 202 Tumor, 596, 597, 684 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 502 Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage II renal cell carcinoma, 155 Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system, 258, 690 Tumor suppressor (TS) genes, 684 Tunica, 345 Tunica adventitia (externa), 344 Tunica albuginea, 220 Tunica intima (interna), 344 Tunica media, 344 Tunica vaginalis, 188, 189 Tuning fork screening tests, 574 Turbinate, 431 Turbinate bones, 430 TURP, 172, 202 Twenty-four-hour urine collection, 168 Twins, 242 2°, 680 Tympanic, 565, 569 Tympanic cavity, 566 Tympanic membrane, 564, 566, 568 Tympanocentesis, 575 Tympanography, 574, 575 Tympanometry, 574, 575 Tympanostomy, 578, 579 Tympanostomy tubes, 578 Type diabetes, 618 Type diabetes, 618 U U, 622 UA, 170 Ulcer, 108, 112, 113 Ulceration, 108, 113 Ulcerative, 139 Ulcerative colitis, 138 Ulna, 475, 482, 483 Ulnar, 303, 475, 483 Ulnar deviation, 474, 488 Ulnar nerve palsy, 302 Ultrasonography, 449, 524, 525, 605, 710, 711 obstetric, 304 pleural, 448 thyroid, 604 Ultrasound, 10, 142, 143, 236, 237, 252, 710, 711 abdominal, 234 renal, 170 Umbilical, 52, 53, 244, 245 Umbilical cord, 242 Umbilicus, 12, 52, 53, 245 Unconjugated estriol, 252 Unconscious, 285 Unipolar, 10 Unipolar disorder, 634, 635 United States Pharmacopeia (USP), 726 U-100 insulin, 622 Unoxygenated hemoglobin, 440 Upper GI barium x-rays, 140 Upper respiratory infection (URI), 430, 562 Upper respiratory tract, 430–435 larynx of, 434–435 nose of, 430–431 pharynx of, 432–433 “Uppers,” 650 Uranium, 686, 687 Urea, 156, 157, 368, 369 Uremia, 162, 163 Ureter, 13, 24, 25 Ureteral, 157 Ureteroscope, 172, 173 Ureteroscopy, 172, 173 Ureters, 24, 156, 157, 172 Urethra, 13, 24, 25, 156, 157 disorders of, 168–169 male, 200–201 structure and functions of, 164–165 Urethral, 157 Urethral stricture, 200 Urethritis, 168, 200 Urethrotomy, 202, 203 Urge incontinence, 168, 662 URI, 430, 562, 568 Urinalysis, 160, 170, 171 Urinary, 44, 45, 157 Urinary analgesic, 174 Urinary bladder, 156 catheterization of, 168 disorders of, 168–169 structure and functions of, 166–167 Urinary incontinence, 168 Urinary retention, 168 Urinary system, 154–179 bladder and urethra in, 166–169 diagnostic procedures for, 170–171 kidneys in, 156–163 organs and functions of, 44, 156–157 pharmacology of, 174–179 senescence of, 666 INDEX therapeutic procedures for, 172–173 ureters in, 164–165 Urinary tract infection (UTI), 160, 168, 174 Urinate, 157 Urination, 157 Urine, 157 Urine culture, 170 Urologic, 157, 192 Urologic drugs, 174–177 Urologist, 155, 157, 192 Urology, 13, 156, 157 see also Urinary system Urticaria, 412, 413 U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 354, 502, 724 USP, 726 Uterine, 221 Uterine bleeding, 228 Uterine fibroids, 228 Uterine prolapse, 228 Uterine tubes, 220, 221 anatomy of, 220–221 disorders of, 226–230 Uterus, 220, 221 anatomy of, 220–221 disorders of, 226–230 UTI, 160, 168, 174 Uvea, 548, 549 Uveitis, 549, 552 Uvula, 108, 109, 114 V Vaccinate, 411 Vaccination, 410, 411 Vaccines, 410, 411, 694 Vagina, 212, 214–215 Vaginal, 214, 215 Vaginal cancer, 214 Vaginal hysterectomy, 238 Vaginitis, 177, 214 Vaginosis, 176, 177 Vagus, 118, 119, 280, 281 Valsalva, 578, 579 Valsalva maneuver, 578 Varicella, 302 Varicella-zoster virus, 74 Varices, 115 Varicocele, 190, 191 Varicose, 114, 115 Varicose veins, 346 Varix, 115 Vascular, 548 Vascular dementia, 664 Vascular spasm, 380 Vas deferens, 186, 187, 192 Vasectomy, 202, 203, 232 Vasectomy reversal, 203 Vasoconstriction, 64, 344, 345 Vasoconstrictors, 380 Vasodilation, 344, 345 Vasomotor center, 278 Vasopressin, 390, 391, 592, 593 Vasovasostomy, 202, 203 VCUG, 170 Vegetative, 673 Veins, 342, 343 anatomy of, 344 disorders of, 346–347 major systemic, 342–343 Vena cava, 327 Venae cavae, 327 Venogram, 348, 349 Venous, 343 Venous circulation, systemic, 342–343 Venous sinuses, 342 Ventilation, 428, 429 Ventral, 50, 51 Ventricle of brain, 267, 278, 279 of heart, 326, 327 Ventricular, 279 Ventricular arrhythmias, 330 Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib), 330 Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 336 Ventricular tachycardia, 330 Venules, 8, 342, 343 VEP, 298 Vermiform appendix, 136, 137 Vernix caseosa, 244, 245 Verruca, 74, 75 Vertebra, 477 Vertebrae, 477 Vertebral, 477 Vertebral column, 476–477 Vertex, 250, 251 Vertigo, 572, 573 Vesicle, 72, 73 seminal, 192, 193 skin, 70, 71 Vesicular, 446 Vestibular, 213, 571 Vestibular bulb, 212, 213 Vestibular membrane, 570 Vestibule, 213, 430, 570–572 Vestibulectomy, 240, 241 Vestibulocochlear, 280, 281 V-fib, 330 Videonystagmography (VNG), 576, 577 Villi, 120, 121, 245 Villus, 121, 244, 245 Viral, 415 Viral infections, 74 Virilism, 611 Virus, 414, 415 Viscera, 121, 341 Visceral, 121, 271, 325 Visceral branches, 340 Visceral nerves, 270 Visceral pericardium, 324 Visceral peritoneum, 120 Visceral pleura, 438 Viscosity, 368, 369 Viscous, 121, 369 Viscus, 121 Vision eye structures for, 546–553 tests of, 556–557 Visual acuity, 548, 549, 556, 560 Visual cortex, 548, 550 Visual evoked potential (VEP), 298 Visual fields, 556 Visual field tests, 596 Visual learner, W-13 Visual observation, 170 Visual pathway, 550–551 Visuospatial, 664, 665 Vital signs (VS), 164, 344, 345 Vitamin D, 64, 466, 502 Vitamins, 368, 464 Vitiligo, 76, 77 Vitreous body, 548 Vitreous humor, 549 Vitro, 35 Vocal, 435 Vocal cords, 434 Vocational, 528 Voice production, 428 Void, 167 Voiding, 166 Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), 170 Voluntary muscle, 514, 515 Vomer, 478, 479 Vomit, 107 Vomiting, 118 drugs for, 144 Vomiting of “coffee grounds,” 106 von Willebrand disease (vWD), 380, 382 von Willebrand factor (vWF), 380 Vowels, combining, 4, VS, 186, 344, 427, 428 VSD, 336 Vulva, 212, 213 Vulvar, 213 Vulvodynia, 214, 215, 240 I-35 INDEX Vulvovaginal, 215 Vulvovaginal candidiasis, 214 Vulvovaginitis, 214, 215 vWD, 380 vWF, 380 W Warfarin, 390 Warts, 74 Waste products, 366, 368 Water, 132 Water brash, 114 Water resistance, 64 WBC, 108, 170, 366 Weber test, 574, 575 Wedge resection, 448, 692 Wheeze, 447 Wheezes, 446, 447 Whiplash, 476, 477 Whispered speech test, 574 I-36 White blood cells (WBCs), 108, 366 disorders of, 378–379 types of, 374–377 urine, 170 White matter, 274, 275 White pulp, 404 Whooping cough, W-3 Wilms tumor, 160, 161 Wilson disease, 126, 127 Word analysis, 20–21, 24 Word Analysis and Definition (WAD) boxes, W-17, 20–21 Word parts, A-15–A-37 Wounds, 88–89 Wrist, 484–485 Writing, W-7, W-8 X Xarelto, 390 Xenograft, 86, 87 X-rays alignment for, 708 characteristics and effects of, 706–707 image acquisition for, 708–711 treatment with, 714 Y Yawning, 440 Yolk sac, 244, 245 Z Zygoma, 479 Zygomatic, 462, 478, 479 Zygote, 33–35, 242, 243 ... any health care setting LO 12. C Construct the medical terms of immunology from their word elements LO 12. D Deconstruct the medical terms of immunology into their word elements LO 12. E Identify health. .. root/combining form, add a variety of suffixes, and change the meaning different ways to form six new terms Fill in the chart, then fill in the blanks. (LO 12. 1, 12. 2, 12. 4, 12. C) Root/Combining Form Suffix... destroy tissue debris, bacteria, and other foreign matter (phagocytosis) 4 02 CHAPTER  12 Lymphatic and Immune Systems The Language of Immunology LO 12. 2, 12. A  Word Analysis and Definition WORD