Researching open innovation in SMEs

Researching Open Innovation in SMEs 10733_9789813230965_TP.indd 30/1/18 10:24 AM b2530   International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads This page intentionally left blank b2530_FM.indd 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM Researching Open Innovation in SMEs Editors Wim Vanhaverbeke Universiteit Hasselt, Belgium ESADE Business School, Spain National University of Singapore, Singapore Federico Frattini Politecnico di Milano, Italy Nadine Roijakkers Open Universiteit, the Netherlands Muhammad Usman Universiteit Hasselt, Belgium World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON 10733_9789813230965_TP.indd • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI • TOKYO 30/1/18 10:24 AM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Vanhaverbeke, Wim, editor Title: Researching open innovation in SMEs / edited by Wim Vanhaverbeke (Universiteit Hasselt, Belgium & ESADE Business School, Spain & NUS, Singapore) [and three others] Description: New Jersey : World Scientific, [2018] Identifiers: LCCN 2017044676 | ISBN 9789813230965 (hc : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Small business Management | Technological innovations Management | Diffusion of innovations Management Classification: LCC HD62.7 R467 2018 | DDC 658.4/063 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017044676 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher For any available supplementary material, please visit http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10733#t=suppl Desk Editors: Herbert Moses/Alisha Nguyen Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore Herbert Moses - 10733 - Researching Open Innovation in SMEs.indd 26-01-18 12:03:33 PM “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation About the Editors Federico Frattini is a Full Professor of Strategic Management and Innovation at the School of Management of Politecnico di Milano (Italy) and Honorary Researcher at the Lancaster University Management School (UK) At the School of Management of Politecnico di Milano, he is also Director of the MBA and Executive MBA Division, Director of the ICT and Digital Learning Division, Coordinator of the Strategic Management Teaching Area, and Dean’s Delegate for Rankings His research area is innovation and technology management On these topics, he has written more than 200 books and articles published in proceedings of international conferences and journals such as Academy of Management Perspectives, Journal of Product Innovation Management, Family Business Review, Technovation, Technological Analysis & Strategic Management, and many others In 2013, he was nominated among the top 50 authors of Technology and Innovation Management worldwide by the International Association for Management of Technology (IAMOT) Nadine Roijakkers is an Associate Professor of Open Innovation at the Open University in Heerlen, The Netherlands She wrote her PhD thesis at the United Nations University/MERIT, Maastricht, the Netherlands, on interfirm collaborative innovation in the pharmaceutical biotechnology industry For several years, she was a senior strategy consultant at KPMG Consulting in Utrecht (The Netherlands) Her articles have appeared in journals such as Long Range Planning, v b3060_FM.indd 31-01-2018 11:32:31 “9x6” b3060   Researching Open Innovation vi  About the Editors Research Policy, Harvard Business History Review, British Journal of Management, European Management Journal, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Small Business Economics, California Management Review, Journal of Product Innovation Management, and Organizational Dynamics Muhammad Usman is a Doctoral candidate with a research focus on strategy and open innovation His academic research aims to explore open innovation phenomenon with a particular emphasis on small and medium enterprises He has hands-on experience of project management prior to joining the doctoral program at the Hasselt University, Belgium Drawing on this practical experience along with an MBA degree gives him an apt blend of understanding to focus on emerging innovation strategies and practices Wim Vanhaverbeke is a Professor at the University of Hasselt and a visiting professor at ESADE Business School and the National University of Singapore He published in different international journals He is co-editor with Henry Chesbrough and Joel West of two books Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm (OUP, 2006) and New Frontiers in Open Innovation (OUP, 2014), and he recently published Open Innovation in SMEs (CUP, 2017), an OI management guideline for small firms His current research focuses on open innovation in SMEs, innovation ecosystems, and on the implementation of open innovation practices He was recognized by the International Association of Management of Technology (IAMOT) as one of the top 50 authors of Technology and Innovation Management during the period 2008–2012 b3060_FM.indd 31-01-2018 11:32:31 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation About the Contributors Nuran Acur is a Senior Lecturer in Innovation and Technology Management at the Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, UK Previously, Dr Acur worked at the University of Strathclyde (UK), Ozyegin University (Turkey), and Aalborg University (Denmark) She received her PhD in Strategic Management from the University of Strathclyde, UK She has published awardwinning, theory-driven, policy and practice-relevant articles across the fields of technology innovation, open innovation, social innovation, and operations strategy Her work has appeared in the Journal of Product Innovation Management, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Creativity and Innovation Management, European Management Review, Supply Chain Management, an international journal, and other scholarly journals Currently, she is on the editorial board of Journal of Product Innovation Management and Creativity and Innovation Journal Joon Mo Ahn is an Assistant Professor at Graduate School of MOT (Management of Technology), Sogang University, Korea Prior to joining Sogang University, he worked for Korean government agencies, such as the Small Medium Business Administration and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, and the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning where he engaged in the development of innovation policies He has a BSc in Chemical Engineering from Seoul National University, Korea, and a PhD from the vii b3060_FM.indd 31-01-2018 11:32:31 “9x6” b3060   Researching Open Innovation viii  About the Contributors University of Cambridge, UK His current research is focused on open innovation in small firms, innovation management, innovation policy, and entrepreneurship Robert William Anderson has recently completed his PhD in Innovation Management at the University of Strathclyde With an interest in open innovation, Robert researches crowdsourcing and business model in SMEs Robert holds degrees in Product Design and Innovation and Supply Chain and Operations Management Being a fully funded EPSRC scholar, he has presented his PhD work at many international conferences secured grants to help run open innovation projects for SMEs His PhD work has given him experience in managing crowdsourcing for business model innovation projects for SMEs Anne Berthinier-Poncet is an Associate Professor at Cnam, Paris, where she teaches innovation management She holds a PhD degree in Management Sciences obtained in 2012 at University Savoie Mont-Blanc A member of the LIRSA Lab, her main research areas focus on collaborative innovation in the specific context of clusters (technopoles, competitiveness clusters) and makerspaces (fablabs) She is particularly interested in topics such as cluster governance, knowledge management at the collective level, and institutional work Before her academic career, she worked for 15 years in the industrial sector as International Sales and Marketing Director Barbara Bigliardi is an Associate Professor at the Department of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Parma where she teaches Economics and Corporate Organization Her expertise and key research interests concern the implementation of open innovation and technology transfer On these topics, she has authored or co-authored more than 50 papers published in international journals, as well as in national and international conference proceedings She acts as referee for more than 50 international scientific journals and conferences She is also member of the editorial board for three international journals b3060_FM.indd 31-01-2018 11:32:31 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation About the Contributors ix Marcel Bogers is a Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship at the Department of Food and Resource Economics (Unit for Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Management at the Section for Production, Markets and Policy), University of Copenhagen He obtained a combined BSc and MSc in Technology and Society (Innovation Sciences) from Eindhoven University of Technology and a PhD in Management of Technology from Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) He previously held (visiting) positions at University of Southern Denmark (where this research was conducted), Chalmers University of Technology, and University of Trento His main interests center on the design, organization and management of technology, innovation, and entrepreneurship in general, and on openness and participation in innovation and entrepreneurial processes in particular More specifically, he has studied areas such as business models, open innovation, users as innovators, collaborative prototyping, family firms, improvisation, learning-by-doing, and universityindustry relations Henry W Chesbrough is best known as “the father of Open Innovation.” He teaches at the Haas School of Business at the University of California-Berkeley, where he heads the Garwood Center for Open Innovation His research focuses on managing technology and innovation His first book was Open Innovation (Harvard Business School Press, 2003), where he discussed why companies must access external as well as internal technologies, and take them to market through internal and external paths His next book, Open Business Models (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), extended his analysis of innovation to business model innovation, intellectual property management, and markets for innovation Open Services Innovation (Jossey-Bass, 2011) studies open innovation in the services realm and examines the business model implications of shifting from products to services He has been recognized as one of the leading business thinkers by Thinkers50 He received an Innovation Luminary award from the European Commission and Intel in 2014 He received the Industrial Research Institute Medal of Achievement in 2017, and b3060_FM.indd 31-01-2018 11:32:31 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation Open Innovation and Public Policy in the EU with Implications for SMEs 487 A narrow focus on public subsidies for R&D inputs by firms is not in accordance with open innovation The EU could start by encouraging member states to grant tax incentives for small, R&D-based companies  6 Increase the pool of funds available for VC investment The availability of VC funding is crucial to oil the innovation engine based on the establishment and growth of new ventures The American market dwarfs Europe’s VC market, and this fact is slowing the growth and dynamism of the European economy  7 Support the formation of spin-offs to commercialize research discoveries: Great technical ideas not get commercialized because they are early stage and too risky to be privately funded Reflection is needed on how policy can help providing funding to early-stage ventures   A balanced approach to intellectual property One of the most powerful levers that government has to stimulate innovation is to design IP policies that reward innovative initiatives while also stimulating the diffusion of innovations throughout society Ironically, in an open innovation world, strong IP protection is vital, to permit firms to share knowledge, but at the same time a balance must be struck to ensure rapid flow of ideas   Reduce transaction costs for IP Current IP policy is anchored in each member country of the EU, fostering multiple filings, multiple language translations, and creating much high costs for EU patents We need to move to a single EU patent, backed by a unified judicial process, to lower the costs of patent protection to those of rival regions Current costs are particularly onerous for SMEs 10 Foster the growth of IP intermediaries There is a growing market for IP, and the EU should encourage the expansion of this market In addition, it should fund research into the functioning of IP markets so that future policy can be based on new and better evidence 11 Rebalance EU policy toward universities with publicly funded research Too many universities are focused on maximizing the b3060_Ch-15.indd 487 31-01-2018 11:32:09 “9x6” b3060   Researching Open Innovation 488  H W Chesbrough & W Vanhaverbeke royalty income they receive from publicly funded research The focus on royalty income, encouraged by governments trying to capture as much value as possible from their funding, may limit the flow of knowledge to industry which, in turn, hampers the technological progress and competitiveness of the industry A more balanced approach would be to give greater weight to the overall social and economic impact of publicly funded research, with particular emphasis on broadly diffusing the research output within society 12 Promoting cooperation, competition, and rivalry Competition is vitally important to innovation It enhances the willingness of firms to take the risks that advance new thinking, new processes and new markets in an innovative society 13 Shift support from national champions toward SMEs and startup companies SMEs are powerful agents of innovation diffusion within a society Even when large firms remain at the top, the presence of striving SME firms in their industries forces large firms to innovate more rapidly to keep ahead Policies should support SME formation, expansion, and exports outside the EU 14 Promote spin-offs from large companies and universities Many innovative ideas start small, too small to be of interest to large companies Many other ideas start inside a university lab but require risk capital and entrepreneurial management to move into the market Government can help facilitate these spin-offs by encouraging the transfer of IP to these spin-offs (perhaps providing tax incentives for large companies) and supporting the invested risk capital 15 Focus on innovation networks The locus of innovation is no longer in single large companies but in innovation networks involving a mix of partners: universities, labs, startup companies, multinationals, and governments The relationship between these players largely determines the overall performance of an innovation system The success of large firms hinges increasingly on their ecosystem b3060_Ch-15.indd 488 31-01-2018 11:32:09 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation Open Innovation and Public Policy in the EU with Implications for SMEs 489 16 Expanding open government Government is not a bystander in the innovation system It possesses a wealth of information distributed through a myriad number of databases that are often difficult to access Government also buys innovation from many suppliers in society, and its opportunities to foster innovation through its procurement activities also deserve more attention 17 Accelerate the publication of government data wherever possible Citizens and companies can often spot wonderful innovation opportunities if given the necessary information This has already been demonstrated through mashing data from different sources and developing applications to analyze and interpret public data 18 Utilize open innovation in government procurement When buying new technologies, create and employ open innovation intermediaries to seek out solutions from anywhere in the world, vs the usual suppliers to the government The U.S Department of Homeland Security, for example, has created a government organization, SECURE, to procure defense and security-related technologies using open innovation 19 Foster commercial application of technologies developed for the government Public policymakers should encourage the commercialization of technologies that have been developed for military, aerospace, road, and railway infrastructure, and national security Many of these technologies can be turned into interesting commercial applications, but this process will not happen automatically without government incentives 20 Improving open innovation in low- and medium-tech SMEs Vanhaverbeke (2017) shows that open innovation has a huge potential in low- and medium-tech SMEs Yet, most small firms in these industries are not innovating at all, while there is an urgent need to so, because of the growing globalization and intensified competition Most policymakers assume that an explanation of the need and urgency to innovate will incentivize SME managers to start b3060_Ch-15.indd 489 31-01-2018 11:32:09 “9x6” b3060   Researching Open Innovation 490  H W Chesbrough & W Vanhaverbeke innovation in their organization This assumption is erroneous Observing SMEs for eight years, we experience that entrepreneurs and SME managers only start to innovate when other SME managers show that it can be done SME managers learn from the experience of other managers As they have limited time to learn this can only be done in local networks organized by local organizations supporting SMEs These local networks should be/remain at the core of the European innovation policy for SMEs as these networks understand the needs of and are trusted by the SMEs in a particular region The problem is that good local open innovation examples are rare and managers who have successfully implemented open innovation get too many requests to speak Moreover, many coaches not have access to professional guidelines to instruct open innovation to SME managers We claim that a set of short videos/multimedia cases about best practices of open innovation in European SMEs (to be distributed freely on YouTube) and a concise guideline would strongly empower local coaches in their attempt to initiate SME managers into open innovation The production of the videos and the guideline should not be expensive, and given its potential impact on changing the mindset of SME managers, it is potentially one of the most powerful initiatives policymakers can take at the EU level to stimulate (open) innovation in SMEs References Aho, E (2006) Creating an Innovative Europe: Report of the Independent Expert Group on R&D and Innovation, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Belgium, ISBN 92-79-00964-8 Arora, A and Gambardella, A (2010) Ideas for rent: an overview of markets for technology Industrial and Corporate Change, 19, pp 775–803 Arrow, K (1962) Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention In: National Bureau of Economic Research (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 609–625 Bird, B J (2002) Learning entrepreneurship competencies: the self-directed learning approach International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1, pp. 203–227 b3060_Ch-15.indd 490 31-01-2018 11:32:09 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation Open Innovation and Public Policy in the EU with Implications for SMEs 491 Chesbrough, H (2003) Open Innovation; The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, HBSP, Harvard: MA, USA HBSP: Harvard Business School Press Chesbrough, H (2006) Open Innovation Business Models; How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape, HBSP, Harvard, Boston, MA USA Chesbrough, H (2011) Open Services Innovation: Business Rethinking Your Business to Grow and Compete in a New Era, Jossey, Bass, San Francisco, CA 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(2006) Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm, Oxford University Press Chesbrough, H.W., Vanhaverbeke, W and Odusanya, L (2009a) Ineriniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC) (A) Berkeley-Haas Case Series, B5712, p 17 Chesbrough, H.W., Vanhaverbeke, W and Odusanya, L (2009b) Ineriniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC) (A) Creating value through a new approach to IPR Management, Berkeley-Haas Case Series, B5713, p Cohen, S S and G Fields (2000) Social capital and capital gains: an examination of social capital in Silicon Valley In: M Kenney (ed.), Understanding Silicon Valley: Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA Cooke, P (2005) Regionally asymmetric knowledge capabilities and open innovation: Exploring “Globalisation 2” — A new model of industry organisation Research Policy, 34(8), pp 1128–1149 De Jong, J P J., Vanhaverbeke, W., Kalvet, T and Chesbrough, H (2008) Policies for Open Innovation: Theory, Framework and Cases Research Project Funded by VISION Era-Net, July 2006 Doz, Y., Santos, J and Williamson, P (2001) From Global to Metanational: How Companies Win in the Knowledge Economy, Harvard Business Press, Boston, MA Ebersberger, B., Herstad, S J., Iversen, E., Som, O and Kirner, E (2011) Open Innovation in Europe, Preliminary Draft 5/1/2011 Fung, A and Weil, D (2010) Open government and open society In: Lathrop, D and Ruma, L (eds.), Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participa­ tion in Practice, O’Reilly Media, Inc, Sebastopol, CA, USA, pp 105–112 Gambardella, A., Giuri, P and Luzzi, A (2007) The market for patents in Europe Research Policy, 26, pp 1163–1183 Gutierrez, H (2008) Microsoft’s Collaboration Imperative, IAM Magazine, April/ May Leten, B., Vanhaverbeke, W and Roijakkers, N (2013) IP models to orchestrate innovation ecosystems: IMEC, a public research institute in nano-electronic California Management Review, 55(4), pp 51–64 McEvoy, N (January 16, 2011) Level five open government innovation Cloud Computing Journal, Available from: http://cloudcomputing.sys-con.com/ node/1677330 [Accessed 10th March, 2011] Milcom Technologies Available from: http://www.milcomtech.com/ [Accessed 11th March, 2011] b3060_Ch-15.indd 491 31-01-2018 11:32:09 “9x6” b3060   Researching Open Innovation 492  H W Chesbrough & W Vanhaverbeke O’Doherty, D and Arnold, K (2003) Understanding innovation: the need for a systemic approach The IPTS Report 71 Seville: IPTS Robinson, D G., Yu, H and Felten, E W (2009) Government data and the ­invisible hand Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 11 Swartz, A (2010) When is transparency useful? 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Research Policy, 33(3), pp 425–441 Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B (2010) Europe should stop taxing innovation, Breugel Policy Brief, 2010/02 Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B and Franois, D (2009) The cost factor in patent systems Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 9, pp 329–355 Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B and Mejer, M (2010) The London Agreement and the cost of patenting in Europe European Journal of Law and Economics, 29, pp 211–237 Veugelers, R (2009) A lifeline for Europe’s young radical innovator’s Breugel Policy Brief, 2009/01 Online resources: NASA Open Government Plan (April 7, 2010), Available from: http://www.nasa.gov/ pdf/440945main_NASA_OpenGov_Plan_v17[508].pdf [Accessed March 12, 2011] Obama, B Transparency and Open Government, Available from: http://www whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/TransparencyandOpenGovernment/ [Accessed March 10, 2011] QinetiQ, Advanced Sensors Innovation Project, Available from: http://www.qinetiq com/home/capabilities/sensors.html [Accessed March 10, 2011] b3060_Ch-15.indd 492 31-01-2018 11:32:09 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation Index A Absorptive Capacity, 12, 16, 18–19, 23, 76, 96, 100, 255, 278, 281, 401, 407 Academia, 23, 307, 440, 451, 463, 477, 482 Activation Energy, 144, 167 ADI Awards, 2012–2013, 329 Adoption of OI, 4, 9, 14–16, 38, 40, 72–73, 80, 137, 139, 142, 145, 150, 160, 163, 265, 351, 402 All or Nothing Rule, 379 All-Inclusive Package, 364 American University Summit, 472 Ananet, 197, 199–200, 202, 205 Anaphone, 197–200 Anticounterfeiting, 58 Apps for Democracy, 478 Attitude-Related Characteristics, 156 Automated Speech Recognition, 56 Barrier of Obstruction, 184 Bates, Jason, 389 BCB Informática Y Control (BCB), 54 Benefits of OI, 4, 16–17, 118 Biotechnology (BT) Firms, 158 Board of Directors (BOD), 148 Boundaries of Competencies, 235 Boundaries of Efficiency, 229 Boundaries of Identity, 237 Boundaries of Power, 231 Bounded Rationality, 147 Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) Systems, 50 Business Angels, 29, 378 Business Development, 129 Business Model Canvas, 443 Business Model Development, 185–186, 188 C Capability Building Characteristics, 157 Capability-Related Characteristics, 167 Categorization of Articles, 15 B B2B and B2C Segments, 51 Barrier of Confusion, 184 493 b3060_Index.indd 493 31-01-2018 11:32:58 “9x6” b3060   Researching Open Innovation 494  Index Central Ecological Contributor, 230 Centre for Translational Molecular Medicine (CTMM), 471 Characteristics of TAC’s Companies and Governance’s Members, 287 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), 147, 216, 276, 278 Closed Innovation, 25, 38, 41, 51, 62, 72, 85, 180, 431, 457, 485 Coevolution, 215, 217, 219, 221, 224, 236, 366 Collaborative Business Model, 51, 184 Collaborative Innovation, 6–7, 12, 16–17, 40, 45, 92, 217, 252, 280, 429, 441, 472 Commercialization Funding, 480 Commitment to Experimentation, 184 Comparison of Organizational Characteristics, 148 Competitive Performance, 308– 310, 316, 321, 329, 333, 345 Composite Indices for the OII, 407 Content Analysis, 8, 13, 138–139, 158–160 Control and Management Solutions, 54 Coupled Innovation, Coupled Process, 92, 94, 96, 254, 289 Crowd Activities, 192 Crowd Motivation, 192 Crowdcube, 378, 380, 385–389 Crowdfunding Realm, 378, 382–383 b3060_Index.indd 494 Crowdfunding, 80, 377, 382, 391–393 Crowdsourcing for Business Model Innovation, 182, 185 Crowdsourcing for Innovation, 180, 188 Crowdsourcing Platform, 98, 186–187, 192, 205, 345, 383 Customer Integration, 40 Customer Involvement, 44, 95, 162 Customer–Supplier Networks, 215, 219 D Data Exclusivity (DE), 473 Death Valley, 166 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 461 Demographic Characteristics, 152–153 Design and Form, 184, 198 Design Capability, 258–259 Design Innovation Performances, 328 Developing a New Service Experience for New Technology, 190 Direct and Indirect Support Form, 276, 281, 290, 301 Disclosure Problem, 467 Discover, Understand, and Define, 184, 192 Driade, 323 E Ecosystem Advantage, 349 Education and Work Experience, 157, 165, 167 31-01-2018 11:32:58 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation Index 495 Employee/Crowd Interactions, 192 Engineering/Applied Sciences, 415 Entrepreneurial Innovation Model, 40 Entrepreneurial Ventures, Entrepreneurship, 40 Establishing New Markets or Conditions, 190 European Commission, 419, 431, 434, 460–461, 465, 474 European Community Innovation Survey (CIS), 404 European Economic Immigration Policy, 463 European Economy, 77, 456, 475, 481 European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), 471 European High-Tech Ventures, 466, 476 European Innovation Partnership, 477 European Innovation System, 456, 458 European Investment Fund, 477 European Patent Office (EPO), 466 European Research Council (ERC), 461, 486 European Union (EU), 214, 251, 419, 421, 451, 456, 471 Evolution of Innovation, 432 External Research Networks, 40 F Federal Register 2.0, 478 Financial Support, 22, 128, 380, 382 b3060_Index.indd 495 First Research Stream, 316 FontanaArte, 323, 330 Food Chain, 474 FP7 Project, 431, 451, 462 FPGA Applications, 53 Frame of Analysis for Open Innovation Indices and Indicators, 406 Frugal Innovations (FIs), 115 Fuzzy Front-End Of OI, 63 G goHenry, 378, 380, 386–388, 391 Government Research Organizations, 98, 100 Grammars of Action, 140 Graphenea, 43, 48, 52 Graphic Arts/Layout/Advertising, 415 Grassroots-Level Firms, 117–118 GreenXchange, 472 Guger Technologies, 43, 48, 50 H HANDELC Language, 53 Healthcare Managers, 195 Healthcare Professional, 195, 197, 201, 204 Hidden Costs, 37–39, 41, 49, 51, 55, 58, 62, 65 High- and Low-Income Markets, 117 High Technology (HT) Firms, 249–250 Higher Education Institutes (HEI), 98, 413 High-Income Countries, 117 31-01-2018 11:32:58 “9x6” b3060   Researching Open Innovation 496  Index High-Technology Small Firms (HTSFS), 41 H-Lamp Project, 438, 440–441 Horizontal Technology Collaboration, 17–18 How Dimension, 92, 104 HT–LE Firms, 250 Human Capital Creation, 459 Human Capital, 79, 82, 105, 139, 157, 167, 251, 399, 401, 403, 414, 456, 459, 486 Human Resource Management (HRM), 141 I IBM, 73, 472 Identification–Assessment– Negotiation–Technology Transfer, 145 Idiosyncratic Characteristics and Behaviors of SMEs, 74, 81 IMILKER, 124 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria, 6–7 Inclusive Development, 115–117, 130–132 Indian Institute of Management, 126 Industrial Economic Perspective, 146–147 Industrial Innovation Processes, 456 Influence of Leaders, 162 Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), 83, 352 Information Systems (IS), 83 Innovating Innovation, 154 Innovation Expenditure Activities, 410 Innovation Problem-Solving, 39 b3060_Index.indd 496 Innovative Users, 378–379, 381–382, 391–393 Innovativeness, 78, 92, 137, 151, 167, 250, 451, 481 Intellectual Property (IP), 16, 127, 145, 401, 417, 456, 466 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), 41, 96, 98 Intermediate Service Providers, 97–98, 100–101 Internal and External Knowledge, 86, 142, 260 Inter-Organizational Value Networks, 432–433 Investigations of Low-Tech Industries, 21 Investments in Design, 316, 318–319, 321–323, 331–334, 343 IP Intermediaries, 487 Italian Association for Industrial Design (ADI), 320 Italian Furniture Industry, 307–308, 319–320, 322 J Jayaashree Industries, 119, 121, 126–128, 130 Joint Innovation Project, 442 JustPark, 378, 380, 386, 388–389, 391 K Key Features of the Three Perspectives on Open Innovation Determinants, 146 Knowledge Diffusion, 462 Ksheera Enterprise, 119, 124, 128, 131 31-01-2018 11:32:58 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation Index 497 L Lang, Luke, 385 Large Enterprises (LE), 230, 250, 335 Legal Support, 22 Lighting Surface Project, 439 Local Altruism, 385 Low-and Medium-LowTechnology (LMT) Firms, 249–250, 255 Low-Income Countries, 117, 130 Low-to-Medium Technology (LMT) Firms, 249 M Maatschappelijke Intervisie Groep (MIG), 369 Machine Vision Techniques, 53 Main Actors of Collaboration, 99 Main OI Practices in SMEs, 95 Managerial Dynamic Capabilities, 139 Market Knowledge, 38, 45–47, 50, 63, 65, 91, 93, 261 Market Partners, 97–98, 416 Marketing, 25, 45, 79, 117, 129, 153, 166, 253, 290, 300, 315, 326, 353, 365, 387, 390, 436, 467 Market-Lead Time, 419 Media Coverage, 129 Media Knowledge, 91, 93, 101 Meta-Organizations, 219, 348 Methodologies used in Publications on OI in SMEs, 14 Microsoft Cooperation, 455, 458, 470, 472, 476 MILKMASTER, 124 b3060_Index.indd 497 Mitticool, 117, 119–121, 125–127, 129 Model Generation (BMG), 430 Monzo, 378, 386, 389–391 Multimedia/Web Design, 415 N 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act, 480 National Health Service (NHS), 186, 188 National Innovation Fund (NIF), 126 National Institutes of Health, 461 Netnography, 187–188 Network Management, 20–21, 281–283, 291–292, 298 Network Relationships and Coordination, 433, 435 Network Structure, 435 New Business Model, 156, 179, 181, 184, 204, 254, 448, 475 New Institution Theory (NIT), 146 Nondisclosure Agreement (NDA), 51, 225, 419, 469 Non-Engineering Background, 164–165 Nongovernment Organizations (NGOs), 126 Not Invented Here (NIH) Syndrome, 85, 145 Not-Shared-Here (NSH) Syndrome, 145 Novell, 472 Number of Citations per Year, 10 Number of Publications on “OI in SMEs” per Year, 31-01-2018 11:32:58 “9x6” b3060   Researching Open Innovation 498  Index O Open Innovation (OI) Paradigm, 3–4, 37–38, 72, 115–116, 272, 348, 430 4w open innovation model, 71, 100–101, 105 codevelopment, 44, 53, 56, 300 customer and user involvement, 44 inbound open innovation, 6, 11–12, 143, 145, 162, 307, 310–312, 334, 380–381 IP in-licensing, 44, 56 IP out-licensing, 44 nonequity alliances, 44, 255 OI implementation, 29, 37–39, 42, 65, 74–75, 105 OI network orchestrators, 23 OI strategies, risks and risk management, 24 one-project-one-technology, 38, 65 online platform statistics, 196 online project elements, 196 open business model, 38, 40, 50, 56–57, 60, 64, 126, 181, 472 open data initiatives, 477 open innovation activity map, 266 open innovation index (OII), 404–405, 407, 419, 422 open innovation network, 472 open innovation project canvas, 429–430, 441, 445, 447, 450 b3060_Index.indd 498 outbound open innovation, public research centers (PRCs), 44 R&D alliances, 44 technology acquisition, 44, 56 technology selling, 44, 60 Open Source Communities, 472 Operational Collaborative Practices, 319, 327, 332 Orchestrator, 4, 19–20, 23, 29, 213, 219, 242, 347, 351, 357, 360, 364, 369–370 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 251 Organizational Boundary, 222 Organizational Change, 137, 139, 150, 156, 163, 168–169 Organizational Collaborative Practices, 326, 332 Organizational Routines, 140, 167 P P&G, 169 Perseverance, 151–152, 156, 167 Persona Exercise, 193 Personal Relationships, 138, 157–158, 166, 371–372 Physical Healing, 186, 188, 190, 192, 195, 198, 202, 206 Player–Structure Duality, 350 Positive Awareness, 151–152, 156 Power Conception, 221–222 Primo1D, 57 Problem-Driven Boundary Phenomena Approach, 216 Process Innovation, 18, 253, 259–260, 268 31-01-2018 11:32:58 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation Index 499 Product/Market Knowledge, 38, 45, 53, 63 Programmatic Steps, 140 Progressive Adaptation, 157 Project Consortium, 429, 445 Proponent–Investor Interactions, 383 Provision of Training, 23 Psychological Characteristics, 150–151, 167 Public Support Funds, 29 Public–Private Consortium, 471 Public–Private Partnerships, 25 Q Q-Search Ecosystem, 351, 355, 358, 361, 366 Q-Search Ecosystem’s Development, 358, 361, 367 Q-Search Evolution, 353 R R&D Collaboration, 62, 161, 279, 468 Radical Innovation, 18, 118, 238, 315, 430, 433 Radical Product Concept, 181 Reasons, Facilitators, and Hindering Factors, 87 Reciprocal Devotion, 158 Rehashare, 197, 200 Research and Development Laboratory Systems, 456 Return on Investment (ROI), 60, 117, 316 Risk Hurdle, 144, 156 Risk-Taking Propensity, 137, 150, 152, 167, 351, 373 b3060_Index.indd 499 Role of Policymaking, 4, 22 Role of SMEs as Coordinators/ Orchestrators, Routine Transition, 157 S Scaling the Business, 190 Scientific Knowledge, 38, 50, 62, 91, 102, 477 Scientific Partners, 97–98, 100, 102 Sea Turtles, 463 Second Research Stream, 317 Service Innovation, 180, 182, 349 Service Touchpoints, 198–199 Setting up of Research Centers and Incubators, 23 Sharing Economy Principle, 202–203 Short-Term Profits, 460 Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR), 480 Small Businesses, 6, 59, 180, 470 Small-to-Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs), 249 SME Managers, 22, 27, 102, 105, 186, 430, 441, 451, 482–484, 489–490 SMEs Design Approaches, 321 SMEs’ OI Partners, 29, 39, 97, 282, 301 Social Legislation, 463 Sources of Data, 119, 356 Sources of Information for Innovation, 412 Spatial Proximity, 215, 220 Speech Synthesis Technologies, 56 31-01-2018 11:32:58 “9x6” b3060   Researching Open Innovation 500  Index Speed to Market, 181 Spin-Off, 162, 353, 460, 476, 480, 488 SSLerate Project, 434 SSRN Electronic Library, 379 Stage-Gate Manager, 202–203 Standard Operating Procedures, 140 Strategic Alliance, 6, 161 Strategic Collaborative Practices, 325, 332 Strategic Leadership Perspective, 147, 149 Strategic Leadership, 139, 146, 149, 168 Systematic Review Flow Diagram, 76 Supponor OY, 43, 48, 60 T Target Capital, 379, 388 Technological Advancement, 126 Technological Knowledge, 38, 45, 47, 51, 55, 59, 64, 290 Technology Scouting, 118, 433 Technology Sourcing, 17, 118, 399, 401, 407–408, 433 Technopole De l’Aube-EnChampagne (TAC), 276, 301 Technopolitan Firms, 276, 292, 295, 300–301 Ten Projects of the SSL-erate Program, 436 Top Cited Publications, 11 Top Research Outlets for Publications on OI in SMEs, 13 Trademark Design, 129, 132 Triangulation, 119, 225, 256 b3060_Index.indd 500 Two Representations of the Open Innovation Project Canvas, 446 Types of Industries high-tech, 21, 28, 72–73 low-tech and medium-tech sectors, 21–22, 28, 251 service-dominated industries, 21 manufacturing-based sectors, 21 R&D-intensive in life sciences sector, 21 Type of Knowledge Exchanged by SMEs, 38, 47, 86, 91–93, 103, 105 Types of OI Implementation, 39 U University Team, 189, 196 Unpeel the Reality, 256 Upper Echelon Theory (UET), 147, 265 US Department of Homeland Security, 489 US Economy, 458 US National Science Foundation, 461 US Patent and Trademark Office, 467 User Involvement, 40, 44, 183, 440 User–Producer Codevelopment, 55 V Value Proposition Canvas, 441–442, 444, 447 Value Proposition Design (VPD), 430, 444 31-01-2018 11:32:58 “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation Index 501 Value Proposition, 27, 54, 184, 201–202, 445, 448 Venture Capital (VC), 29, 378, 457, 470 Venturing, 40, 84, 88 Vertical Technology Collaboration, 17 W Web 2.0, 16, 83, 484 Web of Science, 4–7 Webmobili, 320 b3060_Index.indd 501 Westlake, Darren, 385 What Dimension, 86, 103 Why/Why Not Dimension, 80, 102 Window Project, 439–440 With Whom Dimension, 96, 104 Work Experience, 153–154, 157–158, 164–167 Workshop Activities, 192 Z Zappar Ltd., 43, 48, 59 31-01-2018 11:32:58 ... enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore Herbert Moses - 10733 - Researching Open Innovation in SMEs. indd 26-01-18 12:03:33 PM “9x6”  b3060   Researching Open Innovation About the Editors Federico Frattini is... and Cristina Rossi-Lamastra Part V Measuring, Evaluating and Stimulating Open Innovation in SMEs Chapter 13 Measuring Open Innovation in SMEs Dylan Jones-Evans, Aineias Gkikas, Martin Rhisiart... as Open Innovation, Crowdsourcing, Crowdfunding, Frugal Innovation, Reverse Innovation, Grassroots Innovation, and Business Model Innovation He also has a good understanding of some emerging