Encyclopedia of the atlantic world, 1400 1900, 2 volumes

www.ebook3000.com Encyclopedia of the Atlantic World, 1400–1900 This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com Encyclopedia of the Atlantic World, 1400–1900 Europe, Africa, and the Amer­i­cas in an Age of Exploration, Trade, and Empires Volume 1: A–­K Volume 2: L–­Z DAVID HEAD, EDITOR Copyright © 2018 by ABC-­CLIO, LLC All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other­wise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data Names: Head, David, (Historian), editor Title: Encyclopedia of the Atlantic world, 1400–1900 : Eu­rope, Africa, and the Amer­i­cas in an age of exploration, trade, and empires / David Head, editor Description: Santa Barbara, California : ABC-­CLIO, 2018 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017015975 (print) | LCCN 2017019195 (ebook) | ISBN 9781610692564 (ebook) | ISBN 9781610692557 (hard copy, set : alk paper) | ISBN 9781440859984 (hard copy, vol : alk paper) | ISBN 9781440859991 (hard copy, vol : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Atlantic Ocean Region—­History—­Encyclopedias | Europe—­History—­ Encyclopedias | Amer­i­ca—­History—­Encyclopedias | Africa—­History—­Encyclopedias Classification: LCC D210 (ebook) | LCC D210 E53 2018 (print) | DDC 909/.09821003—­dc23 LC rec­ord available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017015975 ISBN: 978-1-61069-255-7 (set)     978-1-4408-5998-4 (vol 1)     978-1-4408-5999-1 (vol 2) EISBN: 978-1-61069-256-4 22 21 20 19 18  1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook ABC-­CLIO An Imprint of ABC-­CLIO, LLC ABC-­CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116​-­1911 www​.­abc​-­clio​.­com This book is printed on acid-­free paper Manufactured in the United States of Amer­i­ca www.ebook3000.com Contents Guide to Related Topics ix Preface xiii Introduction xvii Chronology xxiii Abolition Movement Abolition of Slavery Abolition of the Slave Trade Acadians 12 Acosta, José de (1540–1600) 14 Age of Revolution (1750s–1850s) 17 Algonquins 20 American Revolution (1775–1783) 23 Amsterdam 27 Angola 30 Arawaks 32 Atlantic Creoles 34 Atlantic Ocean 36 Atlantic Slave Trade 40 Azores 45 Aztec Empire 48 Bacon, Sir Francis (1561–1626) 53 Bahia 55 Barbados 58 Benin 60 Bermuda 63 Bight of Biafra 65 Black Atlantic 67 Black Legend 70 Bogotá 73 Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) 75 Books 79 Bordeaux 82 Bourbon Reforms 84 Bradford, William (1590–1657) 86 Bradstreet, Anne (ca 1612–1672) 89 Brazil 92 Brébeuf, St. Jean de (1593–1649) 95 British Atlantic 98 Buenos Aires 102 Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez (ca 1490–ca 1559) 105 Cahokia 107 Canary Islands 111 Cape Verde Islands 113 Caribs 115 Cartagena de Indias 117 Cartography 119 Casta System 123 Catholic ­Women Religious Missionaries 126 Champlain, Samuel de (1574–1635) 130 Chickasaws 133 Choco­late 136 Choctaws 138 Code Noir 141 Coffee 143 Colonization Movement 146 Columbian Exchange 149 Columbus, Christopher (ca 1451–1506) 152 Conquistadors 156 Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) 160 Cotton 163 Coureurs de Bois 167 Creek Indians 169 Cuba 172 Dampier, William (ca 1651–1715) 175 Darwin, Charles (1809–1882) 177 Declaration of In­de­pen­dence (1776) 180 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) 185 De Soto, Hernando (ca 1496–1542) 189 Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (ca 1490s–1584) 192 Disease 194 Doña Marina (ca 1502–ca 1527) 197 Douglass, Frederick (1818–1895) 200 Drake, Sir Francis (ca 1540–1596) 203 Dutch Atlantic 206 vi C o n t e n t s Dutch West India Com­pany 209 Edwards, Jonathan (1703–1758) 213 Elizabeth I (1533–1603) 216 Elmina 218 Emancipation Proclamation (1863) 221 Encomienda System 224 Enlightenment 226 Equiano, Olaudah (ca 1745–1797) 230 Eu­ro­pean Exploration 233 Evangelicalism 238 Fishing and Fisheries 243 Florida 246 Franciscans 248 Franklin, Benjamin (1706–1790) 251 French Atlantic 255 French Revolution (1789–1799) 259 Fur Trade 264 Gens de Couleur 269 Ghana 271 Gold and Silver 273 Gulf Stream 276 Guns 278 Haitian Revolution (1791–1803) 283 Hakluyt, Richard (ca 1552–1616) 287 Hardwood 289 Hidalgo, Miguel (1753–1811) 292 Huguenots 294 Humboldt, Alexander von (1769–1859) 296 Huron 299 Huron-­Wendat Feast of the Dead 302 Hutchinson, Anne (1591–1643) 305 Inca Empire (1438–1533) 309 Indentured Servants 313 Industrial Revolution 316 Iroquois 321 Islam 325 Jamaica 329 Jamestown 331 Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826) 333 Jesuits 337 Joint-­Stock Companies 341 Juan Diego (1474–1548) 344 Judaism 346 Kingdom of Kongo 351 King William’s War (1688–1697) 354 Las Casas, Bartolomé de (1484–1566) 359 Latin American Wars of In­de­pen­dence 361 ­Legal Systems 366 Liberia 369 Locke, John (1632–1704) 372 London 375 Louisiana 377 L’Ouverture, Toussaint (ca 1743–1803) 380 Loyalists 383 Mali Empire 389 Maroons 392 Maya Civilization 395 Mayflower Compact (1620) 399 Mercantilism 403 Migration 407 Mississippians 411 Mississippi ­Bubble (1718–1720) 414 Moctezuma II (ca 1466–1520) 417 Money 419 Moravians 421 Mourning Wars 424 Napoleon I (1769–1821) 429 Napoleonic Code 433 Nationalism 437 Native American Slave Trade 440 New Amsterdam/New York 444 New France 448 New Orleans 452 Noble Savage Myth 455 Olmec Civilization 459 Oneidas 463 Onondagas 466 Ouidah 469 Pan-­Indianism 473 Pequot War (1636–1637) 477 Pernambuco 479 Piracy 482 Plantations 486 Pocahontas (ca 1596–1617) 489 Pontiac’s War (1763–1766) 492 Portuguese Atlantic 495 Potato 498 Potosí 501 Powhatan (ca 1550–1618) 504 Praying Indians 505 Privateering 507 Progressivism 511 www.ebook3000.com Contents Protestant Missionaries 515 Protestant Reformation 518 Pueblo Revolt (1680) 522 Puerto Rico 526 Puritans 528 Quakers 533 Quebec 537 Quetzalcoatl 539 Race 543 Raleigh, Sir Walter (ca 1552–1618) 546 Reconquista 549 Rice 552 Rio de Janeiro 555 Rousseau, Jean-­Jacques (1712–1778) 557 Royal African Com­pany 559 Rum 562 Sailors 567 Saint-­Domingue/Haiti 570 San Martín, José de (1778–1850) 573 Scots-­Irish 575 Senegambia 578 Seven Years’ War (1754–1763) 581 Slave Rebellion 586 Slavery 590 Slave Trade in Africa 594 Smith, John (1580–1631) 598 Smuggling 601 Spanish Armada (1588) 605 Sugar 608 Taínos 613 Tea 615 Tecumseh (ca 1768–1813) 619 Tekakwitha, Saint Kateri (1656–1680) 621 Tenochtitlán 623 Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet (1775–1832) 626 Tobacco 627 Trade Winds 632 Treaty of Paris (1763) 634 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) 636 Treaty of Utrecht (1713) 639 Trinidad 641 United Provinces of the Netherlands 643 Viceregal System 647 Viking Voyages 650 Virgin of Guadeloupe 653 Vodou 655 Wesley, John (1703–1791) 661 Wheatley, Phillis (ca 1753–1784) 664 Whitefield, George (1714–1770) 666 Wilberforce, William (1759–1833) 669 Williams, Roger (ca 1603–1683) 671 Wine 673 Winthrop, John (1588–1649) 676 Witchcraft 679 ­Women 682 World’s Fair Expositions 686 Yamasee War (1715–1717) 691 Yoruba Kingdom 694 Select Bibliography 699 Editor and Contributors 705 Index 711 vii This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com Guide to Related Topics COMMODITIES Books Choco­late Coffee Cotton Gold and Silver Guns Hardwood Money Potato Rice Rum Sugar Tea Tobacco Wine DOCUMENTS Code Noir Declaration of In­de­pen­dence Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Emancipation Proclamation Mayflower Compact Napoleonic Code EVENTS American Revolution Bourbon Reforms French Revolution Haitian Revolution Huron-­Wendat Feast of the Dead Industrial Revolution King William’s War Latin American Wars of In­de­pen­dence Mississippi ­Bubble Pequot War Pontiac’s War Protestant Reformation Pueblo Revolt Reconquista Seven Years’ War Spanish Armada Treaty of Paris Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Utrecht World’s Fair Expositions Yamasee War GROUPS Acadians Algonquins Arawaks Atlantic Creoles Aztec Empire Caribs Catholic W ­ omen Religious Missionaries Chickasaws Choctaws Conquistadors Coureurs de Bois Creek Indians Franciscans Gens de Coleur 748 INDE X Silver See Gold and silver Sinclair, Upton, 512 Singularities of France Antarctique, 93 “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (Edwards), 213–214, 215 Skenandoah, Chief, 465 Slave Codes, 4, 59, 394 Slave narratives, 200, 230–233, 685 See also Barbary captivity narrative Slave rebellion, 586–590 in Africa, 589 in Bahia, 57 in Bermuda, 63 in Brazil, 95, 587–588 in British Atlantic, 588 in Caribbean colonies, 588–589 earliest, 587 in Haiti, 188 Haitian Revolution, 284–285, 589–590 in Jamaica, 331 motivations, 586–587 overview of, 586 in Saint-Dominque, 258, 263 Santo Domingo, 7–8 Slave Codes, in United States, 589 and Vodou, 656–657 Slavery, 590–594 abolition of, xxi, 5–9 Atlantic Ocean, 39–40 in Barbados, 58–59, 591–592 and Black Loyalists, 386 in Brazil, 92–94 and Caribs, 117 Casta System, 125 challenges to, 593 Code Noir, 141 coffee production, 145 and Columbian Exchange, 150 communities, 593 and cotton, 165–166 and Creek Indians, 170 in Cuba, 173 end of, 594 Equiano’s experience, 230 in French Atlantic, 258 and gens de couleur, 269, 270 Gilroy on, 69 high point of, 592 history of, 590–591 vs indentured servants, 314–315 introduction to, xviii–xx and Jamaica, 330 and Jefferson, 334 legal regimes, 592 and Napoleon I, 432 and Native Americans, 591 on plantations, 486–488 and Protestant missionaries, 517–518 punishment, 141 in Rio de Janeiro, 556 and rum, 564 social systems within, 487 and sugar, 591–592 in United States, 221, 593–594 and Vodou, 656 women in, 59, 64, 66, 684 Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 (Great Britain), 2, 6, 331, 669 Slave ships, 43 Slaves in Algiers (Rowson), 326 Slave trade See Atlantic slave trade; Native American slave trade Slave Trade Abolition Act (Great Britain), 669 Slave Trade Act of 1807 (Great Britain), Slave trade in Africa, xix, 594–598 demand for, 597–598 and Europe, 595–596 expansion of Atlantic networks, 595–596 legacy of, 598 material cultures and social status, 597 means of acquiring slaves, 596–597 overview of, 594–595 and plantations, 595 regional and long-distance networks, 595 Slave trafficking, 44–45 Smallpox, 149, 157, 158, 162, 195, 196, 214, 323, 426, 493, 621 Smith, Adam, xxii, 228, 320, 407 Smith, John, 598–601 and Bradford, 87–88 Jamestown, 331–332, 444–445 Pocahontas, 489–490, 491 Powhatan, 504 www.ebook3000.com INDE X 749 Smith, John (missionary), 517 Smith, Paul, 384 Smith, Thomas, 402 Smithsonian Institution, 461–462, 689, 690 Smuggling, 601–605 and Great Britain, 602–603 Navigation Acts, 602 overview of, 601–602 slaves, 604–605 tea, 603–604 techniques, 603 Smyth, Thomas, 332 Snell, Hannah, 569 The Social Contract (Rousseau), 557–558, 559 Social contract theory, 372, 374–375 Social hierarchy, 124 Sociedad Filologica, 78 Société des Amis des Noirs, Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1, 6, 43 Society for Propagation of the Gospel in New England (SPG), 516 Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions, Society of Friends See Quakers Society of Jesus See Jesuits Society of the United Brethren for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Heathens, 421 Sokoto Caliphate, 696 Somers, George, 63 Somerset, James, 10 Somerset court case, 1, 5–6, 10 Somers Isles Company, 64 Soninke people, 271 Sons of Africa, 231 Sonthonax, Léger Félicité, 285, 381, 382 Sophia, Princess, 639 Sorcery, 33 Soulouque, Faustin-Élie, 657 The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), 68 Sousa, Tomé de, 55–56 South America See also Inca Empire; Latin American wars of independence abolition movement in, 4–5 abolition of slavery, and Darwin, 178–179 Franciscans in, 250–251 gold and silver, 274 and Humboldt, 297–298 independence movements, 103 and Maroon communities, 394 potatoes in, 498–499 and wine, 674 South Carolina, 552–554 Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, 411, 413–414 Southern Cross constellation, 236 South Sea Company, 342, 562 South Seas Bubble, 144 Souza, Francisco Félix de, 471–472 Spain, xviii–xix See also Encomienda system abolition of slavery, 5, Atlantic slave trade, 41–42 Azores, 46–47 Aztec Empire, 49, 52 Bacon on, 54–55 Black Legend, 70–73 Bogotá, 73–75 Bolívar, 76–78 Bourbon reforms, 84–86 Buenos Aires, 102–103 Canary Islands, 112 Cartagena de Indias, 117–119 Casta System, 123–126 colonial administration, 85–86 Columbian Exchange, 150 Columbus, 153–155 conquistadors, 156–160 Cortés, 160–163 Creek Indians, 169–170 Cuba, 172–174 divide among elites, 362 encomienda system, 124–125 explorations, 105–106, 235 See also specific explorers in Florida, 246–247 fur trade, 266 gold and silver, 274–275 Great Britain, 217–218 hardwoods, 291 Inca Empire, 312–313 750 INDE X Spain (cont.) Jamaica, 329–330 Jews in, 346–347 Las Casas, 360 legal system, 367 and Louisiana, 379 Maya civilization, 397–398 Mexico, 292–294 migration to Americas, 408, 409 missionaries, 127 motivations for exploration, 312 Netherlands, 206, 208, 210 New Orleans, 453–454 Potosí, 501–503 privateering, 508–509 Pueblo Revolt, 523–526 in Puerto Rico, 526–528 Spanish American revolutions, 18–19 Taínos, 614 taxation, 85 Treaty of Tordesillas, 636–638 viceregal system, 647–650 wine, 674 and women, 683–684 Spangenberg, A G., 662 Spanish American revolutions, 18–19 Spanish-American War, 72, 361 Spanish Armada, 508, 605–608 Spanish Inquisition, 347 Speculation, financial, 416 Spices, 235 Spinning jenny, 318 Spinoza, Benedict de, 227 “Spiriting,” 314 “Spiritual economy,” 128 Spiritual Exercises (Ignatius of Loyola), 337 Sprenger, Jacobus, 680 Spring Place Mission, 424 Stamp Act (Great Britain), 23–24, 254, 603 Stamp Act Crisis, 384, 385 Standard Oil Company, 512 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 185, 685–686 Statue of Liberty, 447 St. Augustine, 247 Steamships, 409 Stedman, John Gabriel, 394 Stephen, Alexander, 221 Stephens, John Lloyd, 398 Stewart, Charles, 10 Stirling, Matthew Williams, 461 St. John, 588–589 St. Louis World’s Fair, 690 Stock market crashes, 414–416 Stoddard, Solomon, 213 Stone, John, 478 Stono Rebellion, 1, 188, 589 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 4, 685 Strachey, William, 16 The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (Darwin), 179 Stuyvesant, Peter, 446 Subjecthood vs citizenship, 69 Sublimis deus (Paul III), 360 The Succession, 509 Sugar, 608–612 in Africa, 609 in Brazil, 92, 495–496, 609 in Cuba, 173 as a drug, 612 and Dutch Atlantic, 207, 208–209 growing and production, 610 impact of production, 610–611 impact on psychoactive revolution, 611 importance of, 611 introduction to, xviii–xix in Jamaica, 330 labor composition, 609–610 in Liberia, 371 and New Amsterdam/New York, 447 overview of, 608–609 production, beginning of, 59 and rum production, 563 in Saint-Dominque/Haiti, 571 and slavery, 591–592 Sugar Act (Great Britain), 23, 602 Sugar beets, 609 Sullivan, John, 468 Sumanguru Kante, 389 Sumner, Charles, 221, 222 sumptuary laws, 124 Sundiata Keita, 389 Supreme Junta of Caracas, 76 Suriname, 208, 209, 394 Suriname Corporation, 211 Susquehannock Indians, 494 www.ebook3000.com INDE X 751 Swan, William, 176 Swift, Jonathan, 576 Swiss Civil Code, 436 Syphilis, 237 Tabula rasa, 373–374 Tacitus, Publius Cornelius, 455 Tacky’s Rebellion, 588 Tadadaho, 467 Taft, William Howard, 511 Tahontaenrat (“People of the Deer”), 299, 301 Taínos, 613–615 and Awaraks, 32, 33, 34 in Cuba, 172 European contact, 614 history of, 613 in Jamaica, 329 legacy of, 614 mythology, 613–614 political organization of, 613 villages, 613 Talbot, Mary Anne, 569 Tang Dynasty, 615 Tarbell, Ida M., 512 Task system, 553 Taverns/tavern culture, 675–676 Taxation, 85 “Taxation without representation,” 24 Taylor, Jeremy, 661 Tea, 615–619 in China, 615–616, 618 and the Dutch, 616–617 and Great Britain, 617–618 and Opium Wars, 618 overview of, 615 regulation, 617–618 smuggling, 603–604 spread of, 616–617 types of, 616 in United States, 618 Tea Act (Great Britain), 25, 603 Teague, Hilary, 183 Technological innovation chemical manufacturing, 319 and conquistadors, 157 and cotton, 163–164, 165 factory system, 319–321 in fishing, 244, 245 food production, 317 guns, 278–279, 281 and international expositions, 689 metal production, 318 and migration, 409 mining industry, 318–319 and sailors, 569 textile production, 318 in transportation, 166 Tecumseh, 139, 170, 476, 619–621, 626–627 Tekakwitha, Saint Kateri, 621–623 Temperance movements, 675 The Tempest (Shakespeare), 63 Tennis Court Oath, 186 Tenochtitlán, 50, 161–162, 198, 199, 623–625 Tenskwatawa, The Shawnee Prophet, 170, 476, 619, 620, 626–627 The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America (Bradstreet), 90 Ten Years’ War, 173 The Terror, 261–262 Tetzel, Johann, 520 Texas Revolution of 1835, Textile production, 318, 447, 576–577 Tezcatlipoca, 541 Thanksgiving, 88 Thayendenegea, 387 Thermohaline circulation, 276 Thevet, André de, 93 Third Anglo-Dutch War, 175, 208, 210 Third Estate (France), 185–186, 259–260 Third Order of regular communities, 248, 249 Thirteenth Amendment (U.S.), 4, 7, 221, 224, 442 Thirty-nine Articles, 529 Thirty Years’ War, 54, 368, 645 Thompson, John Sidney Eric, 398–399 Thompson, Robert Farris, 68 Thorvaldsson, Erik (”Erik the Red”), 652 Threshing machine, 317 Throckmorton, Elizabeth, 548 Timbuktu, 390 Tira de la Peregrinacion (the Boturini Codex), 49 752 INDE X Tishomingo, Chief, 134–135 Tisin, Jean de, 250 Tiwa Pueblos, 523, 525 Tlaloc, 540 Tlaxcalans, 157–158, 162 T-O (orbis terrarium) maps, 120 Tobacco, 627–631 19th century trends, 631 in Africa, 630 American Revolution, 630 cultivation by Native Americans, 628 economic life in North America, 511 and Europeans, 628 global commodification, 629 and Great Britain, 628–629, 630 and Jamestown, 332, 629 labor, 630 New Amsterdam/New York, 445 overview of, 627–628 and privateering, 629 Toltecs, 50 “To My Dear and Loving Husband” (Bradstreet), 91 A Topographical Description of Duxborough, in the County of Plymouth (Bradford), 400 Tordesillas, Treaty of See Treaty of Tordesillas Toro y Alaiza, María Teresa Rodríguez del, 75–76 Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo, 153 Tourism, 65, 112–113 Tovar, Juan de, 15 Townshend Acts (Great Britain), 24 Trade See Commerce Trade barriers, 406–407 Trade winds, 632–634 The Traffic of Algiers (Cervantes), 325 Trail of Tears, 135, 140 Transatlantic slave trade See Atlantic slave trade Transnationalism, 70 Transportation, technological innovations, 166 Traps, in fishing, 244 Travel books, 81–82 Trawling, 244 Treason Act (Great Britain), 25 A Treatise of Religious Affections (Edwards), 214 Treaty of 1866, 443 Treaty of Alcaỗovas-Toledo, 112 Treaty of Baden, 639 Treaty of Breda, 99, 446 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 140 Treaty of Edinburgh, 98 Treaty of Fontainebleau, 635 Treaty of Fort Herkimer, 465–466 Treaty of Fort Jackson, 476 Treaty of Fort Schuyler, 465–466 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 465, 468 Treaty of Hubertusburg, 585 Treaty of Indian Springs, 171 Treaty of Lisbon, 47 Treaty of London, 608 Treaty of New York, 170 Treaty of Nonsuch, 606 Treaty of Paris 1763, 100, 379, 585–586, 634–636 and Florida, 247 and Quebec, 539 reception of, 635 signatories, 634–635 terms of, 635 Treaty of Paris 1783, 23, 27, 182, 254–255, 386, 468 Treaty of Pensacola, 169 Treaty of Pontotoc, 135 Treaty of Rastatt, 639 Treaty of Ryswick, 356, 570 Treaty of The Hague, 639 Treaty of Tilsit, 432 Treaty of Tordesillas, 114, 234–235, 408, 480, 636–638 Treaty of Utrecht, 100, 265, 427, 562, 639–640 Treaty of Vervins, 131 Treaty of Washington, 11, 171 Treaty of Westminster, 99, 210, 446 Tres Zapotes Monument, 460 Treviño, Juan Francisco, 524 Trevithick, Richard, 319 Triangle trade, 10, 41, 44, 83, 220, 343 Trinidad, 641–642 Triple Alliance, 48, 49, 50, 51, 397–398 www.ebook3000.com INDE X 753 True Account of the Conquest of New Spain (Díaz del Castillo), 192 True Whigs, 370 Trusts, 511–512 Truth, Sojourner, 685 al-Tuedjin, Ishak, 390–391 Tunka Manin, 271 Túpac Amaru, 313 Tùpac Inca Yupanqui, 310–311 Turgot, 228 Turner, Nat, 4, 589 Tuscaroras, 321, 464 Tuscarora War, 693 Tuskaloosa, Chief, 191 Tweede Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie (TGWIC), 211 Two Treatise of Government (Locke), 182, 372, 373, 374 Tyler, Royall, 326 Ulster Presbyterians, 575–576 Ultramontanist movement, 340 Umar, Abu Bakar ibn, 271 al-Umari, 389 Uncas, 478, 479 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 4, 685 Underground Railroad, Union Fire Company, 252 Unions, 321 Unitas Fratrum, 421 United Nations Environmental, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 83 United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 477 United Provinces of Río de la Plata, 103 United Provinces of the Netherlands, 643–646 United States abolition movement in, 2–4, abolition of slavery, 6–7 abolition of slave trade, 11–12 colonization movement, 146–148 and cotton, 165 international law, 369 legal system, 368 migration to, 410 slave rebellions in, 589 slavery in, 593–594 and tea, 618 United States Emigration Office, 148 University of California, 462 University of Pennsylvania, 253 University of Virginia, 336 Upper Creeks, 169 Urbanization, 447–448 Urdaneta, Andres de, 633 Ursúa, Martín de, 398 Ursulines, 129, 339 Uruguay, 178–179, 250 U.S Army Corps of Engineers, 122 U.S Geological Survey, 122 Utes, 442 Utrecht, Treaty of See Treaty of Utrecht Valeriano, Antonio, 654 Valiente, Juan, 159 Valsequa, Gabriel de, 45 Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck family, 211 Van den Bogaert, Harmen Meyndertsz, 464 Vane, Henry, 305 Vann, Joseph, 443 Van Schaick, Goose, 468 Vassa, Gustavus See Equiano, Olaudah Vattel, Emer de, 182–183 Vazeille, Molly, 662 Vega, Garcilaso de la, 16, 54 Vega, Luis Laso de la, 344 Velázquez, Diego, 160161, 163, 199 Velho Cabral, Gonỗalo, 46 Venezuela, 250, 363, 587 See also Bolívar, Simón Vera, Pedro de, 112 Verein fur Socialpolitik, 513 Vermeer, Johannes, 645 Verrazano, Giovanni de, 99 Vesey, Denmark, 3, 4, 589 Vespucci, Amerigo, 55 Viceregal system, 647–650 Viceroyalty of New Granada, 119 Viceroys See Viceregal system Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (U.S.), Vieira, António, 56 754 INDE X Vieira, Francisco Sabino Álvares da Rocha, 57 Vikings, 37 Viking voyages, 650–653 Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Wollstonecraft), 188 Virginia Company and Bacon, 54 and Bradford, 88 and Hakluyt, 289 Jamestown, 331–333, 375 joint-stock companies, 342 Mayflower Compact, 399, 400 Pocahontas, 489, 491 and Smith, 598–599, 601 and women, 683 Virginia Constitution, 181–182 Virginia Declaration of Rights, 181 Virgin Mary, 344–345, 654–655 Virgin of Guadeloupe, 293, 344, 345–346, 653–655 Virtues, 253 Vodou, 655–659 and Catholic Church, 655–656, 658–659 cosmology of, 657–658 deities, 658 negative stereotypes, 659 origins of, 656 overview of, 655–656 practice of, 658–659 slave rebellions, 656–657 and slavery, 656 symbols, 658 Voltaire, 362, 557, 559 Voluntary migration, xix Voragine, Jacopo de, 337 Vos, Emmanuel, 581 A Voyage to New Holland (Dampier), 177 Voyageurs, 167, 451, 452–453 See also Coureurs de Bois Wahunsenacawh, 489 Waldseemüller, Martin, 121 Walker, David, 3, 185 Walt Disney Studios, 600 Warens, Franỗoise-Louise de, 557 War of 1812, 139, 170, 336, 376, 620 War of Austrian Succession, 451–452, 582 War of Jenkins’ Ear, 118, 376 War of the League of Augsburg, 354, 356, 451, 561 War of the South, 286 War of the Spanish Succession, 100, 172, 177, 369, 451, 509, 561–562, 639 Warwick Patent, 89 Washington, George, xx and Continental Army, 26 and Lafayette, 260 and Native Americans, 468 Seven Years’ War, 583 smallpox inoculation, 196 and Wheatley, 666 Watermills, 136–137 Watt, James, 319 al-Wattaul, Muhammad al-Shaykh, 347 Wayne, Anthony, 134 Wealth creation, 404 The Wealth of Nations (Smith), xxii, 228, 320, 407 Webster, Daniel, 222 Weirs, 244 Weitsch, Friedrich Georg, 297 Wendats, 302–304 Wesley, Charles, 662, 667 Wesley, John, 661–664 abolition of slave trade, 10 Arminian theology, 663 early life, 661 evangelicalism, 238, 239 Holy Club, 661–662 influences, 661 Methodism/Methodists, 662, 663–664 and Moravians, 663 and Native Americans, 662 and Whitefield, 667–668 West, Thomas, 332 West African Vodun, 656 West India Company (WIC), 28, 206–208, 210–211, 644 See also Dutch West India Company West Indies, West Indies Company, 481 Weston, Thomas, 400 Westos, 265 www.ebook3000.com INDE X 755 Whalers, 568 Wheatley, John, 664–666 Wheatley, Phillis, 232, 664–666, 685 Wheatley, Susannah, 664 Whipple Report, 469 Whitaker, Alexander, 490 White, John, 547–548 Whitefield, George, 666–668 death of, 668 early life, 667 and Edwards, 213–214 evangelicalism, 238–239 and Moravians, 422 in North America, 667–668 overview of, 666–667 and Wesley, 661, 663, 667–668 and Wheatley family, 664 and Wilberforce, 669 Whitehead, George, 535 White Legend, 72–73 Whitney, Eli, 165 Wilberforce, William, 2, 6, 10, 11, 239, 669–671 Wilkinson, James, 379 Willekens, Jacob, 56 William, King, 355 William I, Prince of Orange, 606, 643 William III, King of England, 176, 508, 645 William Pitt the Younger, 617–618 Williams, Roger, 306, 671–673, 677 Williamson, David, 423 Wilson, Woodrow, 511 Wine, 83–84, 673–676 Winslow, Edward, 88, 89, 402, 403 Winters, Clyde, 460 Winthrop, John, 90, 306, 307, 676–679, 683 Winthrop, John, Jr., 679 Winthrop, Vane, 306 Witchcraft, 679–682 Catholic Church response, 680–681 in Europe, 680–681 in North America, 681–682 overview of, 679 Salem witch trials, 682 in Western folk beliefs, 679–680 Witch-hunts, 680, 682 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 188 Women, 682–686 See also Catholic women religious missionaries; specific women abolition movement, 685 in Atlantic slave trade, 683–684 authors, 90–91 Caribs, 116 “cult of domesticity,” 684 in English settlements, 683 and European explorers/settlers, 683 in French Revolution, 188 Hutchinson, 305–307 idealized femininity, 686 indentured labor, 684 in indigenous cultures, 682–683 indigenous translators, 197–199 Industrial Revolution, 684 lifestyle of in Americas, 684 and Moravians, 422–423 in New France, 683 and piracy, 483, 485 political activity and leadership of, 685 prejudice against and witchcraft, 681 property rights, 684–685 and Quakers, 533 sailors, 569 in slavery, 59, 64, 66, 684 social activism and reform, 685–686 women’s rights movement, 685–686 Women’s Rights Convention, 185 Womens Speaking Justified, Proved and Allowed of by the Scriptures, 533 Woodbridge, John, 90 Woolen Act of 1699 (Great Britain), 368, 576 Woolman, John, 10 Wool production, 318 World Anti-Slavery Convention, 686 World Bank, 420 World Heritage Sites, 83, 109 World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, 689–690 World’s Fair Expositions, 686–690 World War I, 83, 515 World War II, 83 756 INDE X Wounded Knee, 476 Wovoka, 476 Wright, Frances, 185 Wyandot, 301 Wycliffe, John, 519 Xavier, Francis, 337, 338, 339 Xocoyotzin See Moctezuma II Yaghan natives, 179 Yamasee Indians, 442, 692–694 Yamasee War, 36, 169, 442, 691–694 Yanaconas, 502–503 Yoruba Kingdom, 694–697 Yoruba people, 60 Zacuto, Abraham, 347 Zambos, 126 Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig von, 421–422 Zola, Emile, 349 Zoology of the Voyage on the Beagle (Darwin), 179 Zulu people, 279, 280 Zumárraga, Juan de, 80, 250, 344, 345, 654, 655 Zumbi, 587 Zúñiga, Doña Juana, 163 Zúñiga-Sotomayor, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y de, 605 Zwingli, Ulrich, 519, 520 www.ebook3000.com This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com .. .Encyclopedia of the Atlantic World, 1400 1900 This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com Encyclopedia of the Atlantic World, 1400 1900 Europe, Africa, and the Amer­i­cas in an Age of. .. Eu­ro­pe­ans of the medieval and early modern periods, the Atlantic Ocean conjured images of the vast unknown, the sea beyond the Strait of Gibraltar, or the Pillars of Hercules, the world known to the. .. (1863) 22 1 Encomienda System 22 4 Enlightenment 22 6 Equiano, Olaudah (ca 1745–1797) 23 0 Eu­ro­pean Exploration 23 3 Evangelicalism 23 8 Fishing and Fisheries 24 3 Florida 24 6 Franciscans 24 8 Franklin,