IdentityPreserved Systems A REFERENCE HANDBOOK IdentityPreserved Systems A REFERENCE HANDBOOK Dennis Strayer CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C This handbook, written under the auspices of the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies, does not necessarily represent the views of that organization Responsibility for any errors or omissions remains with the author The use of product or service names does not imply endorsement by the author Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Strayer, Dennis Identity-preserved systems : a reference handbook / Dennis Strayer p ; cm Includes bibliographical references (p ) ISBN 0-8493-1390-2 (alk paper) Grain—Standards—United States Grain—Certification—United States Farm produce—Standards—United States Farm Produce—Certification—United States Transgenic plants—Standards—United States Transgenic plants—Certification—United States Grain trade—United States Produce trade—United States I Title SB189.8 S77 2002 633.1′02′1873—dc21 2002276806 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2002 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1390-2 Library of Congress Card Number 2002276806 Printed in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper PREFACE The idea for an identity-preserved (IP) handbook originated in the U.S commodity grain trade The first need was seen as an effort by grain and oilseed traders to protect their own place in world trade The U.S position and ability in world grain trade was being questioned U.S grain and oilseed trading industries saw the need to take a new initiative to protect their market share in world trade Identity-preserved products were becoming much more prominent in these markets An identity-preserved system would facilitate the segregation of shipments of grains or oilseeds that are distinguishable, by some morphological, physiological, or other characteristic, from other shipments Even though the current emphasis was centered on the genetically modified organism (GMO) issue, the long-term opportunities in identity-preserved products will develop from specialty grain and oilseed traits, whether perfected through conventional or transgenic breeding methods The U.S trade saw the opportunity (and probably a great need) to demonstrate the unified ability to provide identity-preserved crops to widespread markets The U.S has a well-established niche marketing effort that has served specialty markets for many years Even though this effort was well established it was fragmented rather than unified Individual efforts have basically met the markets’ needs At this point in time, with tremendous growth in demand for identity-preserved products, there is increased opinion within the grain, oilseed, and specialty trade industries that the U.S needs a unified and sophisticated identity-preserved program A proposal to develop identity-preserved guidelines, in the form of a user’s handbook that could be used by various parties in the industries as they enter into new identity-preserved enterprises surfaced The program would need to be flexible enough to allow the development of individual company programs within the overall framework of the broader program, yet demonstrate a unified U.S effort This unified program would help to make evident to buyers and consumers that the well-respected U.S grain industry has the ability and means to deliver identity-preserved products, even in large quantities Interest in a system that was not government based, but which may utilize the services of government grain inspection agencies, seems to prevail The U.S grain and oilseed trade is rapidly changing from commodity-based trade to value-enhanced crops that require some system of separation from their commodity counterparts and verification methods to assure that this segregation is accurate With the availability of crops with specific value-enhanced traits it is becoming important to maintain those traits from the grower to the end user manufacturer and ultimately the consumer As the U.S grain and oilseed production and trade infrastructure moves into this specialized area, it is becoming apparent that a system of preserving the identity of these crops from farm to market must be implemented which producers all the way to overseas buyers understand This program will be based on systems used in the seed and niche crop industries that have been in place for many years These systems are well understood by these specialty industries but have not been used within the commodity grain and oilseed industries As the rapidly expanding production of specialized crops moves from the small niche markets into trade where commodity people and facilities will be utilized, it is becoming important that these entities become aware of systems that will be demanded by end users to assure them of values within the value-chain It is essential to develop a system of identity-preserved verification, which will allow the U.S seed, specialty crop, and grain and oilseed industries to easily provide products, which can be identified with a paper trail verifying identity, product quality, and special characteristics The handbook should be very “user-friendly” for not only parties involved in IP trade but also people not directly involved in trade but who have concerns for product integrity as affected by identity preservation The handbook will describe an overall IP system, which may be utilized in ways that will meet the particular needs of parties involved in specific trade agreements The system can be adapted to work with “in-house” documentation, third-party verification, or third-party system accreditation The handbook will discuss the background of IP systems originating in the seed industry, the basics of a total IP system, and the potential electronic transfer of data and documents IP is rapidly becoming of major importance in world trade of agricultural crops that are enhanced genetically, grown under specific conditions, or have specific characteristics, which must be identified and maintained from the seed planted to the delivery of the crop to the end user This proposal is an effort to unify the U.S position in IP crops, to outline the protocol for IP systems, and to provide a handbook that may be used by various parties in the value-chain of this production and marketing effort As the project evolved it became much more centered on providing a reference for the development and utilization of IP systems rather than the protection of U.S trading efforts The concept of this handbook began to emerge in 1999 as the grain trade and niche market industries recognized the changing atmosphere of world trade in agricultural products The stratifications of these markets demonstrated the need for guidelines to product segregation and traceability At first proposal the author, as a consultant, was approached to write an identity-preservation handbook for an individual company Early in the negotiation of that proposed project the company determined that the industry was really dictating an industry-wide protocol that would be acceptable by traders around the world Approaches to commodity groups and other broad industry organizations pointed toward a very neutral party such as the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) to provide auspices to the project AOSCA is further identified in section ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Groups and individuals Broad acknowledgment: As the concept of this handbook began to emerge it was apparent that wide audiences would best receive it if it were endorsed by some official entity Early in the planning stages of the project it was determined that the industry was really dictating an industrywide protocol that would be acceptable by traders around the world Approaches to commodity groups and other broad industry organizations pointed toward a very neutral party such as the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) to provide auspices to the project AOSCA is further identified in section Special acknowledgments: Alan Galbraith, of Indiana Crop Improvement Association, provided viewpoints from a third-party certifying agency’s position Dr Arnel Hallauer, C F Curtiss Distinguished Professor in Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, provided a corn breeder’s review of technical information in biology, genetics, and biotechnology His review and comments on the entire handbook were very much appreciated Dr Paul D Meints, Assistant Professor, Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, provided insight into the technical areas of biotechnology His review of the handbook and suggestions provided valuable analysis from an academic viewpoint Numerous Association of Official Seed Certifying Agency members from various agencies reviewed the handbook and made comments and suggestions INTRODUCTION TO HANDBOOK: What to expect This handbook is written under the auspices of the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) This introduction to the handbook describes the goals and the handbook itself The introduction to identity-preservation in section will introduce the subject in more detail and also the AOSCA organization Goals of this handbook regarding the topic of identity preservation • • • • • • • Establish a position of uniformity Provide a comprehensive background Develop the basis for uniform protocols Enhance the concept of a team effort to trade Provide industry people with a reference handbook Gather a wealth of information in one document Provide the basis for individual programs that will demonstrate a unified effort Features of this handbook which make it important • • • • The handbook is generated by an unbiased, third party Industries involved have provided limited overview of the project to ensure that the material produced meets industry and end user needs and is user-friendly The handbook encompasses government regulations where appropriate but the intent should not be to generate new regulations and that if possible the identity-preserved crops industries should remain self-regulated The handbook educates industries to the services and laboratory facilities of various unbiased, third-party, AOSCA individual agencies 222 Identity-Preserved Systems: A Reference Handbook Outcross the mating of a hybrid with a third parent; also an off-type plant resulting from pollen of a different sort contaminating a seed field Ovary the ovule-bearing part of a pistil in the female organ Ovules the female sex cell with the immediate surrounding parts; the future seed “Paper trail” the documents that provide assurance in every step of a transaction that traces the production from its very beginning to the point of reference at present; traces all origins and procedures of handling the item Paper transactions the documentation that refers to a sale, the contracting of a process, or other work with a product or process; the physical movement of the product may or may not happen at the same time PCR polymerase chain reaction A very sensitive, rapid biochemical assay system for detection of specific sequences of DNA that is often used to indicate the presence or absence of specific genes PCR can be used to determine whether an organism contains specific DNA sequences The presence of specific sequences might be an indicator that a plant has been modified through biotechnology See section 5a, testing procedures module Pedigree the record of the ancestry of an individual, hybrid, or variety Perfect flower having both pistil and stamens (female and male organs) in the same flower Phenotype the observed characteristics of an individual, hybrid, or variety Physiological pertaining to the functions of living organisms Pistil the female organ of a flower composed of the ovary, style, and stigma Plant breeder a person manipulating the genetics of plants –through either conventional or transgenic breeding methods Plasmid a small circular DNA molecule, capable of self-replication that can carry genes; used as vectors in recombinant DNA experiments Pod a fruit that is dry and nonfleshy when ripe and splits open to release its seeds Pollen the fine yellowish powder, which contains the male sex cells, formed within the male organ (anther) of the flowering plant Pollen flow the normal flow or path of pollen, in a cross-pollinated crop, carried by wind or other means, from the male sex organ to the female sex organ Pollination the transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma, a part of the reproduction process in plants that reproduce by seeds Appendices and glossary 223 Progeny offspring Plants grown from the seeds produced by parent plants Promoter a DNA sequence that regulates where, when, and to what degree an associated gene is expressed Protein a complex biological molecule composed of a chain of amino acids that are assembled in the linear order specified by the gene that encodes the protein (see also gene) Proteins are almost always biologically active only when the chain of amino acids is folded into a specific threedimensional conformation Proteins have many different biological functions; for example, enzymes, antibodies, and hair are proteins Protocol the rules or process describing a procedure Random sample a limited sample of product or observation, so assembled from the total array as to be truly representative of its characteristics or properties; taken without personal bias of the sampler or observer Receiving the act of taking in product from another source or party; sometimes the equipment used for these operations Recombinant DNA methods breeding technology based upon the ability to fractionate and then join fragments of DNA from widely different sources Refuge an area planted to nontransgenic plants (e.g., non-Bt corn or alternative host for European corn borer), where susceptible pests can survive and produce a local population capable of mating with any possible resistant survivors from Bt corn Registered seed registered seed is a class of certified seed which is the progeny of breeder or foundation seed and is produced and handled under procedures established by the certifying agency for producing the registered class of seed, for the purpose of maintaining genetic purity and identity Rogue an off-type plant; to remove an off-type plant Row planting method planting method that places the seed in rows that may then be cultivated mechanically during the growing season Sample a part or piece taken randomly as representative of a whole, in agricultural products a sample of grain or oilseeds that is taken to observe or test as representative of a larger lot Seed certifying agency means (a) an agency authorized under the laws of a state, territory, or possession, to officially certify seed and which has standards and procedures approved by a higher authority to assure the genetic purity and identity of the seed certified, or (b) an agency of a foreign country determined to adhere to procedures and standards for seed certification 224 Identity-Preserved Systems: A Reference Handbook comparable to those adhered to generally by seed certifying agencies under (a) Seed purity determined by observation or testing that gives the percentage of pure seed that is of the described variety/hybrid and not other materials such as inert mater, weed seeds, or other crop seeds Segregation the process of keeping separate; keeping crops separate by variety or type “Self-cleaning” in reference to equipment or storage bins that are designed to essentially clean themselves; that is, that positions where grain is flowing or stored are made so that the grains will flow by gravity and not become lodged on or in the equipment or in crevices within the equipment (all selfcleaning equipment or facilities must be inspected to assure that it is in fact free from lodged grains) Self-incompatible inability to set seed from application of pollen produced on the same plant Self-pollinating stigma pollinated by pollen from a flower on the same plant Shoot bagging the process of covering flower parts with glycine or paper bags to contain pollen movement in a plant breeding or seed increase project Silk the stigma and style of the female corn flower, through which the pollen tube grows to reach the embryo sac Single cross the first generation hybrid between two inbred lines Soybean(s) a legume, the botanical name of which is Glycine max (L.) Merrill; a summer annual varying in height from less than a foot to more than feet and in habit of growth from erect to prostrate The seeds (soybeans) are borne in pods that grow in clusters of three to five with each pod usually containing two or three or more seeds The oil content varies from 13 to 26% and from 38 to 45% protein (on a moisture-free basis) Both the oil and protein components are used extensively for food, feed, and industrial uses Soymilk a protein-rich, milk-like liquid typically obtained from the soaking and grinding of whole soybeans with water, cooking the resultant slurry, and filtering all or part of the soy pulp or fiber from the cooked liquid Species a category of biological classification below the genus The individuals within a species are able to intercross Spot market a market based on an immediate, momentary response based on the conditions at that time as opposed to a contracted market Appendices and glossary 225 Stamen the part of the flower bearing the male reproductive cells, the pollen Each stamen is composed of a stalk (the filament) and pollen sac (the anther) Stigma that part of the pistil that receives the pollen Style the more or less elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma of the female organ Synchrony the timing of the receptive stage of a flower and the availability of pollen; the timing of pollination Systematic sample a sampling method used to provide a reasonable substitute for a random sample; designed to remove some of the fallacies of a completely random sample by using a system to define the method Tassel the flower cluster at the tip of a corn plant comprised of pollen-bearing flowers; the staminate inflorescence of maize or corn Third party a party not involved directly in services or business; an outside party Three way cross a term meaning a first generation hybrid between a single cross and an inbred line Tofu (soybean curd) formed, or formed and pressed curds, resulting from the coagulation of protein from soymilk by the use of calcium sulfate, magnesium chloride (nigari), calcium chloride, or other suitable coagulating agent A staple food in many Asian diets Tolerance the permissible variation from the standard for a product; in IP would usually refer to the allowable limit for mixture of other varieties or types Top cross the first generation hybrid of a cross between an inbred line and an openpollinated variety or the first-generation hybrid between a single cross and an open-pollinated variety Traceability the ability, within an identity-preserved (IP) system, to trace both the crop product and the system of product segregation, from the beginning of the production process (the seed source) to the end use of the crop Trait a synonym of character with respect to function and performance but less so with respect to form Transformation (see also event) The process of moving a gene from one organism into another Transformation is used for the introduction of genes conferring potentially useful traits into plants, microorganisms, livestock, fish, and tree species Transgenic a plant or animal modified by genetic engineering to contain DNA from an external source is called transgenic An organism whose cells contain 226 Identity-Preserved Systems: A Reference Handbook genetic material derived from a source in addition to or other than the parents Also see “genetic engineering” and “biotechnology.” Transparency applied to a political process, transparency means that nothing has been hidden from view Meetings have been announced in advance, hearings have been open to the public, public comments have been collected, and, once decisions have been made, the rationale for the policy adopted is explained clearly Value-chain a descriptive term for a supply-chain where product values are increased along the movement from initial product to the final product Value-enhanced traits a crop variety or hybrid that has value higher than its commodity counterparts because of some attribute or trait that sets it apart Varietal contamination seed of the same type but of another variety/hybrid than the described variety/hybrid Varietal purity the seed purity pertaining only to the crop seed itself; the percentage of the described variety/hybrid itself in a sample of seed Variety a category within a species of crop plants Plants of a variety are related by descent and are characterized by morphological, physiological, and adaptation traits In seed certification terms variety means a subdivision of a kind which is distinct, uniform, and stable; “distinct” in the sense that the variety can be differentiated by one or more identifiable morphological, physiological, or other characteristics from all other varieties of public knowledge; “uniform” in the sense that variations in essential and distinctive characteristics are describable; and “stable” in the sense that the variety will remain unchanged to a reasonable degree of reliability in its essential and distinctive characteristics and its uniformity when reproduced or reconstituted as required by the different categories of varieties Vector a fragment of DNA that carries the appropriate information to allow the DNA to be replicated in a host cell Verification the process of verifying Verify Webster’s – To prove to be true or accurate; substantiate; confirm To test or ascertain the accuracy or truth of Volunteer plants plants that are produced from seeds of the previous cropping cycle – seeds that have fallen to the ground during harvesting activities and then germinate and grow in the following crop “Yield drag” slang term indicating a yield reduction of a specialty crop variety compared with similar commodity type varieties Appendices and glossary 227 THE AUTHOR Dennis Strayer was born in 1938, into a family steeped in midwestern U.S agriculture The farm on which he was raised was a diversified farm, specializing in seed production and marketing As was the practice of that era the author grew up with experiences of work and play very closely involved in the operation of the farming and seed production processes He could very literally say that he was raised in the seed business The author’s education concluded with a B.S degree in agronomy from Iowa State University in 1960 His college summers were spent doing seed field inspection work for seed certification programs of the Iowa Crop Improvement Association and working on the home farm Work during the school year included work in the soybean-breeding program at Iowa State University Following graduation the author was employed by Pioneer Hi-Bred International in seed corn production management After 18½ years with this multinational seed company the author’s parents and aunts and uncles involved in the family seed business were reaching retirement age and a family decision led him to become involved in the family business In addition to the seed enterprise a well-respected food-quality soybean business had evolved as part of this family operation The author spent 17 years in the management of this family operation During this time he was involved in activities of seed and business organizations He served on the boards and as president of the Iowa Seed Association, the Iowa Crop Improvement Association, and the Committee for Agricultural Development He was also active in the American Seed Trade Association for several years In 1996, the author began a consulting business dealing with issues in seed production, seed certification, specialty crops, identity preservation, and international trade As any consultant has probably experienced this has led to many varied projects, some outside the areas originally envisioned by the consultant Consulting clients and industry people who were witnessing the evolution of the changing face of agriculture in the 1990s recognized the author’s wide, first-hand experience with identity preservation, in both seed and specialty crop production As crops with specialized attributes useful to end users emerged the need for the segregation of these crops from their commodity counterparts was apparent The development of crops utilizing new crop breeding techniques brought to the marketplace genetically modified organisms that presented another need for crop segregation and traceability The author’s involvement with the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) began in 1981, when he was elected to the board of directors of the Iowa Crop Improvement Association Attendance at AOSCA’s annual meetings provided the opportunity to meet and interact with seed certification people from around the world These interactions provided occasions to discuss seed certification and identity-preservation needs under various worldwide scenarios that were invaluable to the writing of this handbook 227 INDEX A Accelerated aging test, 75 Accreditation services, 101, 104, 110 Acronyms listing, 191-192 Adventitious Pollen Intrusion into Hybrid Maize Seed Production Fields (Burris), 195-208, 211 Aflatoxin testing, 87, 88 Agricultural experiment stations, 86 Agricultural Marketing Act (1946), 84, 85-86 Agricultural Marketing Service, 20 Agrobacterium, 129 Airy, J.M., 197 American Seed Trade Association, 115, 211 AMS, 21 Analysis of needs, 25, 26 Analytical method (sampling), 92, 94-95 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 87 Anther, 11 AOSCA agency IP services, 181 agency listings, 177-179 description, education, 125 field inspections, 71, 90 General Standards for the AOSCA Identity Preserved (IP) Program, 147, 148-150 Genetic and Crop Standards, 19 isolation standards, 193, 194 purity standards, 21, 32 purpose, 109 resource for IP systems, 13 soybean purity tolerances, 21-22 APHIS, 87 Argentina, GMO, 132 Asia, GMO viewpoint, 131 Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies, see AOSCA Auditing Canadian Soybean Export Association, 155, 165 services, 101, 110 Azteca Milling L.P., 125 B Bacteria, genetic engineering use, 128, 129 Barley pollination, 14, 16 USGSA, 86 Barriers, see Isolation distance A Basic Guide to Exporting, 88 Bateman, A.J., 196 Beans, AMA, 86 Bees, pollination, 194 Beil, G.M., 151 Belgian dioxin scare, 131 Bills of Lading, 102 “Bin-run” production, 32, 159 Biolistics, 127-128, 129 Biological principles, 128 Biotechnology description, 128 genetic engineering, 127-128, 129, 130 Boerner divider, 93 Border rows, see Buffer planting Brassica, 15, see also Canola Brazil, GMO, 132 Breeder seed description, 19 value-chain, 119 Broker/trader, 119 Brooks, J.S., 197 Buffer planting costs, 42 effects, 202-203, 208, 211 importance, 212 innovations, 114 Bureau of the Census, 87 Bureau of Export Administration, 87 Burris, J.S., 195 C Canada certification systems, 19 GMO, 131 Japan’s import requirements, 138-145 Canadian Grain Commission, 155, 158 Canadian Soybean Export Association, 155-165 Canola ELISA test, 76 pollination, 15, 16 USGSA, 86 Cargo divider, 93 Carry-over of grains, 94, 97 Certificate of Origin, 102 Certification, Japan, 141, 145 Certified seeds description, 19 standards, 16, 19-20, 32 Channeling, Charles, D., 133 Checklists documentation, 81 grower, 57 inspection/sampling/testing, 73 overall IP program development, 53 processing/manufacturing, 69 receiving/handling/conditioning, 65 229 230 transportation/handling, 61 Cold test germination, 75 Combine, 34, 36 Commercial Invoice, 102 Commodities description, 8-9 grain quality standards, need for IP, 7-8 USGSA/AMA coverage, 86 Commodity-based trade/value-enhanced crops cost differences, 118-119 shift, 3, 6, 7-8 Commodity mindset description, 8-9 replacement, 9, 25, 118, 125 Commodity supply-chain, Conditioning, see Receiving/conditioning Consumers, IP assurance, 5, 67, 119 Contact information/sources, see also Resources AOSCA agency listings, 171-179 Canadian Soybean Export Association, 155 grain exporters, 86-88 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association, 151 product testing, 99 Contamination, see also Equipment cleaning avoidance costs, 42-43 cumulative effects, 23, 55 direction, 204-205 DNA residue, 38, 49, 66, 67, 68, 69 planting, 22, 33 pollen intrusion research, 195-208 seed vs production system, 21 sources, 22 volunteer plants, 33 Contracts program development, 52 sampling plan, 95 specialty crops, 135 verification, 102 Contractual systems, Cooper, K., 153 Corn aflatoxin testing, 87, 88 commodity corn use, demand/products, 126 distribution/handling in Japan, 140, 141, 142-143 ELISA test, 76 foreign gene barrier, 114-115 Japan’s import regulations, 137-145 MCIA non-GMO requirements, 151, 153-154 pollen contamination research, 195-208 pollination, 12, 15, 16, 152 purity tolerance levels, 21 StarLink, 123, 124-125 teosinte, 114-115 USGSA, 86 Corroborators, Japan’s requirements, 138, 141, 142-143 Costs analysis, 52 IP considerations, 13, 41-43, 124 pollination considerations, 13 purity tolerance levels, 21, 23 sampling, 91-92, 98 selection of planting seed, 32 Identify-Preserved Systems: A Reference Handbook testing, 76, 77, 99 third-party services, 110 Cotton ELISA test, 76 pollination, 14, 16 Country elevators, 140, 142 Country requirements documentation, 79, 102, 104 importation, 135-144 Japan’s imports, 136, 137-145 Crop differentiation, pollination, 11-16, 19 Crop rotation, 193 Cross-pollination, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 CSEA, IP standards, 155-165 D Databases EXCERPT program, 87 field inspection databases, 110 web-based, 79, 80, 110, 114 Delivery, 35, 37-38 Deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA Di-Giovanni, F., 198 Distribution (corn/soybeans), 140, 141, 142-143 Diverter type sampler, 92-93 DNA description, 127, 128, 130 “fingerprint” use, 130 residue cleaning, 38, 49, 66, 67, 68, 69 Documentation AOSCA standards, 146 Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 159-164 checklist, 81 chronological verification list, 104 databases, 79, 80, 87, 110, 114 design, 105 electronic advantages, 78 establishing procedure, 24 export, 102 growers, 35, 56 importance, 8, 17, 18 innovations, 113-114, 115 inspection/sampling/testing, 71, 72 IP “spot market,” 121 Japan, 141, 142-145 mission, 78 ownership transfer, 39 processing/manufacturing, 66, 67, 68, 69 program development, 52 receiving/handling, 62, 63, 64, 65 “step-by-step,” 80 transportation/handling, 39, 60 verification, 101-105 workbook activities, 49, 78-81 DT sampler, 92-93 E Education GMO issues, 131 IP issues, 124, 125 Index Electrophoresis, 32, 200 Electroporation, 129 Elevators Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 162-163 description, 140, 142 ELISA description, 76 leaf tissue testing, 75 sampling, 95, 97 Ellis cup sampler, 93, 94 Embargoes, 87 End user, IP assurance, 5, 67, 119, 126, 155 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, see ELISA Equipment growers’ modification of, 36 preparation costs, 43 Equipment cleaning AOSCA standards, 146 Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 159, 160-162, 163, 164 growers, 33, 34, 36, 55, 56 importance, 22, 48-49, 209 Japan’s requirements, 142-144 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association standards, 150 processing/manufacturing, 66, 67, 68, 69 receiving/conditioning, 62, 64, 65 sampling, 94, 97 SD Crop Improvement Association techniques, 34, 55 transportation, 58, 59, 60, 61 Europe/EU GMO tolerance levels, 136 GMO viewpoint, 131 EXCERPT program, 87 Export (from U.S.), see also Import documents, 102 grain regulations, 86-88 Export Counseling Center, 88 Export/port terminal elevators, 140, 142 F FAIRS reports, 87 “Farmer saved production,” 19-20, 32, 71 FAS, 87, 88 Federal Grain Inspection Service, see FGIS Federal Seed Act, 20-21 FGIS grain exporter regulations, 87, 88, 108 sampling/testing services, 109 Field inspection AOSCA standards, 149 Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 160 certification standards, 19, 20, 21 databases, 110, 114 description, 31, 71 function, 89-91 GPS, 115 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association standards, 151, 152, 154 Field isolation, see Isolation distance Field location, 202 Field size, 206, 207, 211 Field standards, 20, see also Isolation distance Filament, 11 231 Flavorsavor tomato, 131 Flaxseed, USGSA, 86 Floral synchrony, 197 Flower structure, 11-12 Food and Agriculture Import Regulations and Standards reports, 87 Food-grade seed, 32 Food Labeling Council’s Genetically Modified Foods Committee (Japan), 141 Foreign Agriculture Service, 87, 88 Foreign Trade Division, 87 Foundation seed description, 19 standards, 32 Fresh Foods Quality Labeling Standards (Japan), 141 FSA, 20-21 G Gamet divider, 93 Gaussian models, 198-199 GDU, 195 Genes description, 128, 130 genetic engineering, 128, 129 Gene therapy, 129 Genetically modified organisms, 127-128, 129, 130, see also GMO issue Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture - Economics and Politics (Nelson), 133 Genetic barriers that restrict hybridization in corn and teosinte (Kermicle), 115 Genetic and Crop Standards (AOSCA), 19 Genetic engineering, see also GMO issue description, 127-128, 129, 130 products, 129 Genetic purity importance, 8, 18, 212 pollination considerations, 13 seed source, 55 testing, 71 tolerance/standards, 21, 30, 32 Genetic testing, 76-77, 89 GIPSA grain exporter’s registration, 87 sampling, 71, 91, 93, 109 testing, 75, 76, 77, 99, 109 web resources, 76, 91, 93, 109, 132 Global positioning systems, 113, 115 Glossary of terms, 213-226 GMO issue controversy, 130-132 current emphasis, 5, 124 definitions, 127-128 documentation requirements, 79 genetic engineering, 127-128, 129, 130 IP implications, 132 Japan’s import requirements, 136, 137-145 processing/manufacturing, 38 resources, 133 sampling, 94, 95, 132 teosinte-derived crossing barrier, 114-115 testing, 75, 76-77, 132 third-party involvement, 108 use/products, 129 232 viewpoints, 130-132 GPS, 113, 115 Grain, AMA/USGSA, 86 Grain exporters, regulations, 86-88 Grain Inspection Handbook - Book (GIPSA), 93 Grain quality testing, 76 GRAS, 130-131 Gravity, pollination, 196 Growers activities, 33-36 activities (workbook), 48, 54-57 checklist, 57 costs/risks, 42-43, 119 GPS, 115 mission, 54 “spot market,” 121 “step-by-step,” 56 web-based data transfer, 114 Growth hormone production, 129 H HACCP standards, 165 “Half distance,” pollen dispersal, 198 Handbook goals, mission, purpose, vision, Handling AOSCA standards, 147-148 costs/risks, 119 Japan’s requirements, 138, 141, 142-143 samples, 98 Handling/transportation, see Transportation/handling Harvesting contamination avoidance, 22 equipment preparation costs, 43 inspection sampling, 31 IP considerations, 34 HD, pollen dispersal, 198 Herbicide bioassay, 76 Herbicide tolerance, 129 Herrero, M.P., 197 Hodgson, H.J., 198 Hops, AMA, 86 Hutchcroft, C.D., 197 Identify-Preserved Systems: A Reference Handbook overview, 3-10, 29-39, 123, 124-125 steps, 24-25 Import, see also Export (from U.S.) Japan’s requirements, 136, 137-145 Korea’s requirements, 136 “In-house” verification, 101, 103, 104, 110 Innovations in IP, 74, 77, 113-115 Insects, pollination, 12, 14, 15, 16, 196 Inspection, see also Field inspection; Sampling; Testing checklist, 73 establishing procedures, 24, 30-31, 50 importance, 18 product testing, 99 regulations, 84-88 sampling, 31, 91-98 “step-by-step,” 72 third-party, 31 verifying seed quality, 89 workbook activities, 49, 70-73 Insulin production, 129 Insurance policy/certificate, 102 International Trade Administration, 88 Internet, see Web resources Iowa State University, 43 IP, see Identity preservation Isolation distance Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 160 certification standards, 16, 20 contamination, 22 corn, 21, 114, 193 costs, 42 effects, 202-204, 206-207, 208, 211 importance, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 212 land selection, 33 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association standards, 152, 153 Isolation in time, 193 J Japan GMO viewpoint, 131 import requirements, 136, 137-145 Japan Food Industry Center, 136, 137 Japan Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries, 136, 137, 138, 141 Johnson, R.R., 197 Jones, M.D., 197, 198, 199 K I Identify traits, 24, 25, 30, 50, 52, 53 Identity preservation (IP), see also Value-chain AOSCA agency services, 181 AOSCA standards, 145, 148-150 basic system, 18 Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 155-165 description, 5, 17 detailed system, 18 education regarding, 124, 125 innovations, 74, 77, 113-115 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association standards, 151-154 organizations related to, 183-191 Kermicle, J.L., 115 Korea GMO viewpoint, 131 import requirements, 136 L Labeling AOSCA standards, 148 DNA residue concerns, 67 Federal Seed Act, 20-21 Japan’s standards, 138, 139, 141 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association standards, 151 Index seeds, 75 Land-grant universities economics research, 42 equipment cleaning studies, 55 Landing Certificate, 102 Land requirement certification standards, 20 contamination avoidance, 22 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association standards, 152, 153 selection, 33, 56 Lateral flow strip tests description, 77, 115 leaf tissue testing, 75, 91 Leaf tissue testing, 75, 91 Lentils, AMA, 86 Liberty LinkTM soybeans, 76 “Load cards,” 64 Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food (Charles), 133 M McCubbin, W.A., 198 Mad-cow disease, 131 MAFF (Japan), 136, 137, 138, 141 Maize, see Corn Makino, N., 138 Male classification/quality, 205, 208 Male percentage, 205-206 Manual sampling, 93 Manufacturing/processing, see Processing/manufacturing Marketing Agricultural Marketing Act (1946), 84, 85-86 “spot market,” 120-121 MCIA, 151-154, 175 Mechanical Sampling Systems Handbook (GIPSA), 93 Miller, P.D., 197 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association, 151-154, 175 Mission documentation, 78 growers, 54 handbook, inspection/sampling/testing activities, 70 IP program, 50 IP workbook, 44 processing/manufacturing, 66 receiving/conditioning, 62 testing, 74 Models, pollen dispersal, 198-199 Morse, R., 198 Moschini, G., 131 Multiple sample plans, 96-97 N National Identity Preservation Standard (Canada), 155-165 Natto, 125 Nelson, G.C., 133 Newell, L.C., 197, 198, 199 New Zealand Royal Commission on Genetic Modification, 133 Niche marketing, 6, 7-8 Nick, 197, 202 233 Non-profits (third-parties), 109 Nowakowski, J., 196 Nutraceutical products, 125, 129 O Oats pollination, 14, 16 USGSA, 86 Ocean freighter, 140 OECD, 22 Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), 87 Official Export Inspection Certificate, 102 Official Grain Weight Certificate, 102 Off-types, see Contamination Organic growing, IP trait, 30 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 22 Organizations related to IP, 183-191 Ovary/ovules, function, 11 P Particle gun transformation techniques, 127-128, 129 Paterniani, E., 198 PCR description, 76, 77, 130 leaf tissue testing, 75 sampling, 95, 97 seed selection, 32 Peas, AMA, 86 Pelican sampler, 93, 94 Perfect flowers, 12, 14, 15, 16 Pest resistance, 129 Pharmaceutical products, 118, 123, 125, 126, 129, 132 Phytosanitary certification, 87, 102 Planter cleaning, 33, 36 preparation costs, 43 Planting, contamination, 23, 33 Plasmid, 129 Pollen, see also Pollination dispersal, 196-197, 198-199 function, 11-12 morphology (maize), 196, 198 type importance, 12 viability, 195 Pollination corn, 12, 15, 16, 154, 197-198 crop differentiation, 11-16, 19 cross-pollination, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 floral synchrony, 195 flower structure, 11-12 introduction, 11-16 self-pollination, 12, 14, 16 soybeans, 14, 16, 154 Polymerase chain reaction, see PCR Port/export terminal elevators, 140, 142 Pricing, see Costs Pricing systems central markets, value-chains, Principles of Biotechnology, 133 234 Identify-Preserved Systems: A Reference Handbook Q Responsibilities documentation, 79, 80 establishment, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53 inspection/sampling/testing, 71, 72, 73 “team approach,” 117-120 transportation/handling, 61 Rice AMA, 86 pollination, 14, 16 Risk management risk sharing, 118, 120 sample size, 94-97, 98 sampling, 92, 94-97, 98 Risk sharing, 118, 120 River terminal elevators, 140, 142 Roguing, 195 Roundup ReadyTM soybeans, 76 Rye pollination, 14, 16 USGSA, 86 Quality Labeling Standard (Japan), 138, 139 Quality and weight certification, grain exporters, 87 S Probability theory, 92 Processed Foods Quality Labeling Standards (Japan), 141 Processing/manufacturing Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 164 checklist, 69 documentation, 66, 67, 68, 69 equipment cleaning, 66, 67, 68, 69 IP considerations, 38, 119 mission, 66 “step-by-step,” 68 workbook activities, 49, 66-69 Program development checklist, 53 “step-by-step,” 52 workbook activities, 48, 50-53 Purdue University’s EXCERPT program, 87 Purity, see Genetic purity R Random sample, 92 Rapeseed, see Canola Raynor, G.S., 196 Receiving/conditioning checklist, 65 costs/risks, 43, 119 IP considerations, 5, 37-38 mission, 62 sampling, 63, 64, 65 “step-by-step,” 64 workbook activities, 48, 62-65 “Recipe for life,” 127, 128, 130 Registered seed description, 19 standards, 32 Registration, grain exporters, 87 Regulation of Genetically Engineered Organisms and Products, 133 Regulations APHIS, 87 exporting grain, 86-88 FAIRS reports, 87 FGIS, 87, 88, 108 inspection, 84-88 Japan, 136, 137-145 Relationships establishment, 48, 51, 52, 53 trust, 71, 79, 101, 102, 103, 108 Research contamination in seed production, 195-208 future studies, 212 IP economics, 42 marketing, 85-86 planter cleaning costs, 43 Resistance to pests, 129 Resources, see also Contact information AOSCA agency listings, 171-179, 181 GMO issues, 133 Sampling, see also Inspection; Testing checklist, 73 GMO testing, 77 growing crop, 72 inspection requirements, 31 leaf tissue, 72 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association standards, 151, 152, 154 procedures, 91-98 processing/manufacturing, 68 receiving/conditioning, 63, 64, 65 sample defined, 91-92 sample preparation, 92, 97 sample size/risk management, 94-97, 98 seed, 72 sources of error, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 103 step-by-step, 72 workbook activities, 49, 70-73 Sampling Grain for the Detection of Biotech Grains (GIPSA), 91 Schoper, J.B., 197 SED, 87 Seed certification agencies/programs, see also AOSCA history, resource for IP systems, 13 Seed certification standards, see also AOSCA Canadian Soybean Export Association, 159 classes of seeds, 19-20, 32 description, 19-20 isolation requirements, 16, 20, 21 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association, 151, 152, 153 soybean example, 21 tolerances, 21-22 Seed industry model, 18-19 Seeds costs, 42 labels, 75 sampling, 72 selection, 22, 32, 55, 56, 57 soybean breeders, 119 testing, 31, 75, 89 Select seed, description, 19 Index Self-cleaning equipment, 22, 36 Self-incompatibility, IP, 12, 14, 15, 16 Self-pollination, 12, 14, 16 “Seller’s risk,” 96 Services accreditation, 101, 104, 110 AOSCA agencies, 181 auditing, 101, 110 FGIS sampling/testing, 109 Shipper’s Export Declaration, 87 “Shoot bagging,” 195 Sorghum pollination, 14, 16 USGSA, 86 South Dakota Crop Improvement Association, 34, 55 Soybeans Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 155-165 certification standards, 21-22, 32 commodity soybeans use, demand/products, 125 distribution/handling in Japan, 140, 141, 142-143 ELISA test, 76 genetically modified, 76 Japan’s import regulations, 137-145 MCIA non-GMO requirements, 151, 152-153 pollination, 14, 16, 152 storage, 34 value-chain example, 118-119 Specialty marketing, 6, 7-8 “Spot market,” 117, 120-121 “Spray-and-sprout” test, 76 Standardization of testing, 77, 132 StarLink corn, 123, 124-125 “Step-by-step” documentation, 80 grower activities, 56 inspection/sampling/testing, 72 overall IP program development, 52 processing/manufacturing, 68 receiving/handling/conditioning, 64 transportation and handling, 60 Stigma, 11, 12 Storage Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 161, 163 contamination avoidance, 22 costs, 43 IP considerations, 34-35 modification of facilities, 36 samples, 98 Stort, A.C., 198 Strayer, D., 138 Studies, see Research Sub-sampling, 93 Sunflowers pollination, 15, 16 seeds/USGSA, 86 Supply-chain description, individualized efforts, 118 Systematic sampling, 92 235 T “Team approach,” 52, 117-120, 124 Temperatures, pollen viability, 197 Teosinte, 114-115 “Terms of trade,” 102 Testing, see also Inspection; Sampling as evolving field, 74, 77, 114, 115 importance, 18 leaf tissue, 75, 91 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association standards, 151, 152, 154 mission, 74 planting seed, 75 procedures, 75-77 processed foods, 77 product, 99 standardization, 77 web-based data transfer, 114 workbook activities, 49, 74-77 The Draft, 102 Third-party use Canadian Grain Commission, 155 coordination, 55 costs, 43 decision regarding, 49, 52 description, 107 expertise, 108-109 inspection, 31 Japan’s recommendations, 138 legal considerations, 102-103, 110 Minnesota Crop Improvement Association, 151 overview, 107-110 philosophy, 108 verification, 24, 71, 103, 104 Time isolation, 193 Tissue plasminogen activator production, 129 Tofu, 125 Tolerance levels description, 21-22 GMO implications, 132, 210 setting, 30 Tomato, Flavorsavor, 131 Traceability documentation, 78, 102 importance, 5, 17 Trader/broker, 119 Transgenic breeding, 127-128 Transgenic organisms, 127-128, 129, 130, see also GMO issue Transportation/handling Canadian Soybean Export Association standards, 160 checklist, 61 costs, 43 documentation, 39, 60 equipment cleaning, 22, 37, 60 IP requirements, mission, 58 “step-by-step,” 60 workbook activities, 48, 58-61 Trier probes, 94 Triticale, USGSA, 86 Truck probe pattern (sampling), 93 Trust, importance, 71, 79, 101, 102, 103, 108 236 Identify-Preserved Systems: A Reference Handbook U W Unintentional commingling, 141 United States Agricultural Marketing Act (1946), 84, 85-86 Department of Agriculture, see USDA Department of Commerce, 87, 88 distribution of corn/soybeans, 140 GMO viewpoint, 130-131 Grains Council, 102 Grain Standards Act, 84-85, 86, 88 Japan’s import requirements, 138-144 USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 87 Federal Seed Act, 21 Foreign Agricultural Service, 87, 88 Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration, see GIPSA USGSA, 84-85, 86, 88 Washouts (contamination source), 22, 33, 57 Weather risks, 120 Web resources documentation databases, 79, 80, 87, 110, 114 FAS, 88 FGIS, 87 GIPSA, 76, 91, 93, 109, 132 GMO issues, 133 seed certifying agencies, 171-179 Wheat commodity wheat use, demand/products, 126 differentiated markets, pollination, 14, 16 USGSA, 86 Wind, pollination, 12, 14, 15, 16, 196, 197 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, 114 Workbook, 44-81 documentation, 49, 78-81 grower/growing activities, 48, 54-57 inspection/sampling/testing activities, 49, 70-73 mission, 44 overview, 46-51 processing/manufacturing activities, 49, 66-69 program development, 48, 50-53 receiving/conditioning activities, 48, 62-65 testing procedures, 49, 74-77 transportation/handling activities, 48, 58-61 V Value-chain, see also Identity preservation (IP) description, documentation, 17 example chart, 118-119 potential parties involved, 9-10 Value-enhanced grains (VEG), 102 Varietal purity, see Genetic purity VEG Exporter Manual (U.S Grains Council), 102 Verification costs, 43 documentation/methods, 101-105 establishing procedure, 24, 50, 52, 53, 102-105 importance, 6, 18 seed quality, 89 Virus, genetic engineering use, 128, 129 Visual inspection plant/seed traits, 18-19, 90 sampling devices, 94 Volunteer plants, 33, 208, 211 Y Yield drag, 42 Yield reduction, 42 Z Zea mays, see Corn ... IP value-chain 10 Identity- Preserved Systems: A Reference Handbook Potential parties in a supply-chain or value-chain Table 1.1 There are many potential parties in a supply-chain or value-chain,... part of Canadian Soybean Export Association – Approved Identity Preservation Standard 159-165 Appendix B AOSCA summary of individual agency IP services Tables as part of research paper – Adventitious... preservation or separation of a particular trait from commodity counterparts As the volume of a specialty product in a market increases it is likely that that particular product may establish a “stand-alone”