www.ebook3000.com The Global Water Crisis www.ebook3000.com Recent Titles in the CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Series Wind Energy: A Reference Handbook David E Newton Profiling and Criminal Justice in America: A Reference Handbook, second edition Jeff Bumgarner Fracking: A Reference Handbook David E Newton Cyber Warfare: A Reference Handbook Paul J Springer Healthcare Reform in America: A Reference Handbook, second edition Jennie Jacobs Kronenfeld and Michael Kronenfeld Cloning: A Reference Handbook David E Newton Hate Crimes: A Reference Handbook, third edition Donald Altschiller Illegal Immigration: A Reference Handbook, second edition Michael C. LeMay Obesity: A Reference Handbook, second edition Judith S Stern and Alexandra Kazaks Solar Energy: A Reference Handbook David E Newton Prescription Drug Abuse: A Reference Handbook David E Newton The Minimum Wage: A Reference Handbook Oren M Levin-Waldman Juvenile Justice: A Reference Handbook, second edition Donald J Shoemaker and Timothy W Wolfe www.ebook3000.com Books in the Contemporary World Issues series address vital issues in today’s society such as genetic engineering, pollution, and biodiversity Written by professional writers, scholars, and nonacademic experts, these books are authoritative, clearly written, up-to-date, and objective They provide a good starting point for research by high school and college students, scholars, and general readers as well as by legislators, businesspeople, activists, and others Each book, carefully organized and easy to use, contains an overview of the subject, a detailed chronology, biographical sketches, facts and data and/or documents and other primary source material, a forum of authoritative perspective essays, annotated lists of print and nonprint resources, and an index Readers of books in the Contemporary World Issues series will find the information they need in order to have a better understanding of the social, political, environmental, and economic issues facing the world today www.ebook3000.com This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND MEDICINE The Global Water Crisis A REFERENCE HANDBOOK David E Newton www.ebook3000.com Copyright © 2016 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Newton, David E., author Title: The global water crisis : a reference handbook / David E Newton Description: Santa Barbara, California : ABC-CLIO, 2016 | Series: Contemporary world issues | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2015051083 | ISBN 9781440839801 (alk paper) | ISBN 9781440839818 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Water-supply—Encyclopedias | Water resources development—Encyclopedias | Droughts—Encyclopedias Classification: LCC TD348 N49 2016 | DDC 333.91—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015051083 ISBN: 978-1-4408-3980-1 EISBN: 978-1-4408-3981-8 20 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America www.ebook3000.com Contents Preface, xiii Background and History, Earth’s Water Resources, The Distribution of Water on Earth, The Origin of Earth’s Water, The Water Cycle, The Nature of Groundwater, 11 Water and the Rise of Human Civilization, 14 The History of Water Wells, 16 The History of Irrigation Systems, 21 Irrigation Today, 24 The History of Dams, 25 Water Treatment, 28 Power Production, 34 Water Law, 39 Water Rights, 39 Environmental Regulations, 44 Summary, 46 References, 47 vii www.ebook3000.com viii Contents Problems, Issues, and Solutions, 57 Water Scarcity, 58 Population Growth, 60 Urbanization, 62 Drought, 64 What to Do about Droughts, 68 Climate Change and Water Resources, 72 Another View of Water Scarcity, 77 Water Disputes, 81 Neighbor against Neighbor, 83 Fish versus Farmers, 85 Power Production versus Domestic Use, 86 Power Production versus Endangered Species, 87 Water Use Agreements, 88 Transboundary Disputes, 90 Resolving Transboundary Issues, 98 Sanitation, 101 Statistics, 101 Disease and Death, 103 WASH Programs, 107 Water Pollution, 109 Conclusion, 113 References, 113 www.ebook3000.com Contents ix Perspectives, 131 Introduction, 131 Follow the Money: Trudy E Bell, 131 Aral Sea: John R Burch Jr., 135 Desalination and Reuse: Facing a Global Water Crisis with Alternative Technologies: Roberto Molar Candanosa, 138 Balancing Supply and Demand on the Colorado River: Hannah Holm, 144 Not Just Schoolyard Gossip: The Dirty on Water, Disease, and Education in Africa: Emily Myers, 149 A Water Riot: Katherine Ann Stanfill, 153 Rural Water Supply Challenges in Developing Countries: Ivanna Tan, 156 Remediation of the Buffalo River: Andrew Van Alstyne, 160 Profiles, 165 Introduction, 165 Perry Alagappan, 165 American Water Works Association, 166 John Briscoe (1948–2014), 170 Jimmy Carter (1924–), 172 CH2M, 175 Rita R Colwell (1934–), 177 www.ebook3000.com 340 Index “Oasis,” 221 oceans, 79 – 80 Ogallala aquifer, 13 – 14 Ojendal, Joakim, 274 onchocerciasis, 105 open defecation, 101, 206 – 207, 321 “Open Pit and the Great Green Macaw in Costa Rica, The,” 299 Operation Popeye, 314 Opflow, 169 Otitis externa, 105 Pacific Institute (PI), 182 – 183, 204 – 206 Pacific Northwest, 3 Pakistan, 67, 187 Pan, Xubin, 284 Panjabi, Ranee Khooshie Lal, 286 parasitic waterborne diseases, 104 – 105 (table) Pasteur, Louis, 31 Pathak, Bindeshwar, 206 – 210 pathogens defined, 103 graywater recycling and, 141 – 142 waterborne diseases from, 103 – 105 (table), 103 – 106 Paulson, Linda Dailey, 301 “Peak Water: How We Built Civilisation on Water and Drained the World Dry,” 270 Pearce, Fred, 301 Pegram, Guy, 292 Peppard, Christiana Z., 276 Persian water wheel See sakia physical water scarcity, 58, 311 Pinworms, 105 Piper, Karen Lynnea, 276 policy development, 221 politics assertions in, researched, 134 water as “third rail” in, 132 – 133 pollution from agriculture, 112 Alagappan and, 165 – 166 FWPCA for, 46 from industry, 111 – 112, 165 – 166 problems and issues of, 109 – 112 poor-inclusive sector reform, 216 population growth, 60 – 62 Postel, Sandra, 276 potable water, 321 Pottinger, Lori, 301 poverty, 157 Powell, Colin, 200 power production domestic use vs., 86 – 87 endangered species vs., 87 – 88 Index 341 hydroelectric, 34 – 39, 38 (table) nuclear, 86 – 87 with water wheels, 35 – 36 Powers, Madison, 302 precipitation climate change influencing, 74 – 75 urban, 63 – 64 Price of Thirst: Global Water Inequality and the Coming Chaos, The, 276 primary drinking water standards, 321 prior appropriation rights, 43 – 44, 238 – 240 problems See water problems and issues “Problems with Big Dams,” 302 Pruss-Ustun, Annette, 286 Pseudomonas, 105 Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, 317 public policy, questions about, 133 – 134 qanat, 23, 310, 321 Quantification Settlement Agreement, 317 “Quantifying Renewable Groundwater Stress with GRACE,” 286 questions framing of, 132 about public policy and proposed technology, 133 – 134 Quist, Bob, 86 – 87 Ramachandran, Sudha, 302 RAP (Remedial Action Plan), 161 raw water, 321 “Real Threat to Our Future Is Peak Water, The,” 296 “Recharge Report,” 190 recreation, 82 religious significance, of water, 82 Remedial Action Plan (RAP), 161 Repella, Amanda C., 283 replication, of systems, 218 reservoirs, drought and, 69 residence time, 10 – 11 Restoring Communities Resettled after Dam Construction in Asia, 276 reuse, water, 138 – 142 reverse osmosis, 139, 198 – 199, 322 Richey, Alexandra S., 286 Richmond, Terese (T.C.), 292 Richter, Brian D., 277 Rift valley fever, 105 342 Index rights, water, 39 – 44, 96 – 97, 231, 237 – 240 Right(s) to Water: The Multi-Level Governance of a Unique Human Right, 278 “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (Coleridge), 4 – 5 Ringersma, Jacquelijn, 293 riparian doctrine, 40 – 41, 43, 236, 237 – 238 riparian rights, 40 – 42, 311, 322 river blindness, 105 rivers, impairment of, 234 – 236 (table) Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 35, 45, 312 Rogers, H. J., 37 Roman aqueducts, 29 – 30 rotating biological contactors, 141 rotavirus, 105 Ruby, Emily, 302 Running Dry: The Global Water Crisis, 275 Running the Sahara, 222 rural areas sanitation and hygiene in, 215 urbanization and, 62 – 64 water supply challenges in, 156 – 159 Sadd Al-Kafara, 26 Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, 246 – 250, 315 sakia, 24, 310, 322 saline water classifications, 5 defined, 5 drought and, 69 reverse osmosis of, 139, 198 – 199 Salmon Fisheries Act of 1861, 45 Salmonella, 105 Salmonella typhi, 105 Sandford, Bob, 289 sanitation, 101 in African schools, 150 – 151 in developing nations, 106 disease and death influenced by, 103 – 105 (table), 103 – 106, 107 (table) problems and issues of, 101 – 108, 103 – 105 (table), 107 (table) in rural areas, 215 statistics, 101 – 102 “Water and Sanitation Are a Human Right! Water Is a Public Good, Not a Commodity!” petition for, 259 – 261 WSH, 225 WSP, 215 – 217 Index 343 WSS, 216 See also WASH problems Saudi Arabia, 15 Scabies, 105 scale, of systems, 218 scarcity different view of, 77 – 81 problems and issues of, 58 – 60, 74, 77 – 81 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 32 Schistosoma, 105 schistosomiasis, 105 Schmidt, Wolf-Peter, 286 Schulte, Peter, 303 schools Africa, 149 – 151 in Dominican Republic, 153 – 154 Science Olympiad, 189 Seacrest, Susan S., 188 secondary drinking water standards, 322 “Seeing ‘Invisible Water’: Challenging Conceptions of Water for Agriculture, Food and Human Security,” 287 “Selected USGS Groundwater Publications,” 303 The Seven-Part Code (Las Siete Partidas), 41 severe weather events, 75 shaduf, 22 – 23, 23 (figure), 310, 322 Shani, Uri, 72 Shi, Minjun, 288 Shigella, 105 shigellosis, 105 Shrestha, Sangam, 277 Singh, Rajendra, 209 – 212 SIWI (Stockholm International Water Institute), 212 – 214 slightly saline, 322 Small Aral, 136 – 137 small towns, service improved in, 216 Snow, John, 31 – 32, 311 socioeconomic drought, 65 “Solar Desalination: A Sustainable Solution to Water Crisis in Iran,” 282 solar-powered toilets, 193 Somalia, 66 Source to Sea, 213 – 214 Sourirajan, Srinivasa, 198 – 199 South Africa, 170 South Lake Tahoe Public Utility, 175 Spisiak, Stanley, 160 – 161 Sri Lanka, 220 Stallard, Brian, 303 Standards for the Growing, Harvesting, Packing and Holding of Produce for 344 Index Human Consumption, 255 – 259 Stanfill, Katherine Ann, 153 – 156 Staphylococcus aureus, 105 statistics research on, 133 sanitation, 101 – 102 Stockholm Industry Water Award, 175, 214 Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), 212 – 214 Stockholm Junior Water Prize, 165, 214 Stockholm Water Front, 214 Stockholm Water Institute, 212 – 214 Stockholm Water Prize, 170, 202, 209, 214 Story, Joseph, 42 – 43, 236 streams, impairment of, 234 – 236 (table) Sudan, 66, 92 Sulabh International Social Service Organization, 208 Sulabh Shauchalaya, 209 Sumer, Vakur, 273 Sun, Yat-Sen, 87 supply, on Colorado River, 144 – 148 sustainability, 218 “Sustainable Intensification: Overcoming Land and Water Constraints on Food Production,” 281 Sustainable Water: Challenges and Solutions from California, 275 Sustainable Water Use and Management: Examples of New Approaches and Perspectives, 273 Swain, Ashok, 274 Swatuk, Larry, 287 Swedish Water House, 213 “Swimming Upstream to Save a Victim of State’s Water Crisis,” 301 Syncrude Tailings Dam, 28 Syr Dar’ya River, 135 – 137 “Systematic Review: Hygiene and Health: Systematic Review of Handwashing Practices Worldwide and Update of Health Effects,” 282 Sze, Szeming, 224 Takara, Kaoru, 280 Tan, Ivanna, 156 – 160 Tang, Qiuhong, 277 Tannahill, Kim, 277 Tanzania, 150, 220 Tanzi, Attial, 278 tariffs, 158 Tarun Bharat Sangh (India Youth Association), 209 – 210 Index 345 Teague, Jordan, 287 technologies alternative, 138 – 142 questions about, 133 – 134 temperature, of water, 77, 178 Terrestrial Water Cycle: Natural and Human-induced Changes, The, 277 terrorism, 92 Thames Tideway Tunnel, 176 Thielborger, Pierre, 278 Thom, Robert, 32 Thomas Jefferson Award, 181 – 182 Three Gorges Dam, 87 – 88 Tietê Project, 111 – 112 Tilt, Bryan, 278 Togo, 3 toilets Blair ventilated pit latrine, 202 Pathak and, 206 – 209 solar-powered, 193 two-pit pour-flush compost, 209 Tool Box, GWP, 188 Tools, PI, 206 Tortajada, Cecilia, 278 “Toward a Formal Definition of Water Scarcity in Natural Human Systems,” 283 Toxoplasma gondii, 105 toxoplasmosis, 105 trachoma, 105, 150 transboundary disputes, 90 – 101 defined, 90 problems and issues of, 90 – 101 resolution, 98 – 101 resolving, 98 – 101 SIWI and, 213 transparency, 218 trapped knowledge, releasing, 205 treaties, 98 – 100, 259 Treaty of Mesilim, 310 Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), 105 tropical enteropathy, 180 Tucker, Josephine, 271 Turkey, 95 two-pit pour-flush compost toilet, 209 Tyagi, Avinash, 278 Tyler v Wilkinson, 42 – 43, 236 – 238, 311 Typhoid fever, 105 UN See United Nations Understanding and Confronting Cultural Complexities Characterizing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Sub-Saharan Africa’s Water, 280 346 Index UNECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes: Its Contribution to International Water Cooperation, The, 278 Unified (Johnston) Water Plan, 314 United Nations (UN), 224, 259 – 260 Conference on Environment and Development, 185 Conference on Water, 227 Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 99 – 101 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, 252 – 255 Millennium Development Goals, 102, 153, 226 “United Nations World Water Development Report 205: Water for a Sustainable World,” 294 United States (U.S.) AWWA in, 166 – 169 Baker v Carr, 174 Buffalo River remediation in, 160 – 162 Carter in, 172 – 175 Clean Water Act of 1972, 46, 244 – 246 Climate Change Impacts report for, 261 – 263 dams in, 28, 37 desalination in, 80 drought in, 65 – 67, 70 – 71, 96 – 98, 131 – 134, 206, 261 – 263 environmental regulations in, 45 – 46 EPA, 264 FDA, 255 Global Change Research Act of 1990, 261 hydroelectric power in, 37 Irwin v Phillips, 43 – 44, 238 – 240 municipal water treatment in, 33 – 34 pollution in, 109 rivers and streams, impairment of, 234 – 236 (table) Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, 246 – 250 Standards for the Growing, Harvesting, Packing and Holding of Produce for Human Consumption, 255 – 259 transboundary disputes in, 90 Tyler v Wilkinson, 42 – 43, 236, 236 – 238 Index 347 water crisis in, 8 water disputes in, 83 – 87 water resource quality, 231 (table), 234 (table) water rights in, 41 – 44, 96 water use agreements in, 88 – 89 water use trends in, 232 (table) water withdrawal sources in, 233 (table) WaterSense, 264 – 266 See also California; Colorado River urban poor, 216 urban precipitation, 63 – 64 urbanization, 62 – 64 U.S See United States U.S Drought Monitor, 303 Uzbekistan, 187 – 188 Vajpeyi, Dhirendra K., 279 Van Alstyne, Andrew, 160 – 163 Van der Laan, Michael, 284 vendors, water, 69 – 70 Vibrio cholerae, 105, 177 Vibrio vulnificus, 105 viral gastroenteritis, 105 viral waterborne diseases, 104 (table) Vitruvius, 35 Vogel, Richard M., 287 wars, water, 83, 90 – 95 WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) problems dealing with, 165 four-prong approach to, 220 – 221 MWA and, 201 NTDs and, 172 programs for, 68 – 69, 107 – 108, 179 – 182, 201, 213 – 214, 225 water African education and, 149 – 151 appropriation of, 43 – 44, 237 – 240 blue, 6 cultural and religious significance of, 82 cycle, 9 – 11, 10 (figure), 63 domestic use of, 81 – 82, 86 – 87 fossil, 15 – 16 gray, 6 – 7, 72, 140 – 142 green, 6 human civilization’s rise and, 14 – 28 origin of, 8 – 9 as political “third rail,” 132 – 133 prices, 78 – 80, 157 reuse, 138 – 142 rights, 39 – 44, 96 – 97, 236, 237 – 240 riot, in Dominican Republic, 153 – 155 348 Index supply challenges, rural, 156 – 159 table, 12 taps, 192 tariffs, 158 temperature, 77, 178 treaties, 98 – 100, 259 use agreements, 88 – 90 use trends, 232 (table) vendors, 69 – 70 wars, 83, 90 – 95 wells, 16 – 21, 19 – 21 (table), 68 – 69, 92, 109 – 110 wheels, 24, 35 – 36 See also freshwater; groundwater; saline water “Water” (Berlatsky), 270 “Water” (World Bank), 303 Water, Peace, and War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis, 272 water, sanitation, and hygiene programs See WASH “Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH): A Critical Component for Sustainable Soil-Transmitted Helminth and Schistosomiasis Control,” 280 “Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), Environmental Enteropathy, Nutrition, and Early Child Development: Making the Links,” 285 “Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Accelerating and Sustaining Progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases,” 293 “Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Health Care Facilities: Status in Low – and Middle-Income Countries and Way Forward,” 293 water, sanitation, and hygiene problems See WASH problems “Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Nutrition: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for Integration,” 287 “Water and Climate Change Adaptation in Transboundary Basins: Lessons Learned and Good Practices,” 290 “Water and Sanitation Are a Human Right! Water Is a Public Good, Not a Commodity!” petition, 259 – 261 Index 349 Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), 215 – 217 climate change and, 216 – 217 domestic private sector participation with, 215 – 216 Water and the Future of Humanity: Revisiting Water Security, 274 Water Convention See Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes water crisis See global water crisis water cycle, 9 – 12 “Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Manage Complex Water Problems,” 283 water disputes, 81 – 88 agriculture and, 81, 97 – 98 chronology of, 206 Colorado River, 83 – 84, 88 dams in, 84 – 88 fish vs farmers, 85 – 86 neighbor against neighbor, 83 – 85 power production vs domestic use, 86 – 87 power production vs endangered species, 87 – 88 problems and issues of, 81 – 88 in U.S., 83 – 87 See also transboundary disputes “Water for Food Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture,” 292 Water for People (W4P), 177, 217 – 219 “Water for the Human Environment” conference, 195 Water Framework Directive, EU, 260 Water Gap: The Overuse of Fresh Water, 275 “Water International,” 195 water law, 38 – 44 common law and, 42, 238 environmental regulations, 44 – 46 overview of, 39 water rights, 39 – 44, 96 – 97, 237 – 240 Water Management and Climate Change: Dealing with Uncertainties, 278 Water Policy Journal, 228 water pollution, 109 – 111 water problems and issues climate change, 72 – 77, 261 – 263 disputes, 81 – 88 350 Index drought, 64 – 73 overview of, 57, 113 pollution, 109 – 112 population growth, 60 – 62 questions framed in, 132 sanitation, 101 – 108, 103 – 105 (table), 107 (table) scarcity, 58 – 60, 74, 77 – 81 transboundary disputes, 90 – 101 urbanization, 62 – 64 use agreements, 88 – 90 See also WASH problems “Water Properties and Measurement,” 304 “Water Quality, Potential Conflicts and Solutions An Upstream Downstream Analysis of the Transnational Zarafshan River (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan),” 282 Water Resource Conflicts and International Security: A Global Perspective, 279 water resources, 304 climate change and, 72 – 77 demands on, 81 – 83, 132 – 133 nonrenewable, 9 overview of, 4 – 7 quality, U.S., 231 (table), 234 (table) Water Resources for the Built Environment: Management Issues and Solutions, 271 “Water Resources of the United States,” 304 water rights, 38 “Water Rights Law: Prior Appropriation,” 304 water risk, 322 water sanitation and health (WSH) program, 225 water scarcity, 58 – 81, 322 alternative views, 77 causes, climate change, 72 – 77 drought, 64 – 72 economic water scarcity, 58 – 59 physical water scarcity, 58 population growth, 60 – 62 urbanization, 62 – 64 “Water Scarcity” (Bat Conservation International), 305 “Water Scarcity” (Powers) 302 “Water Scarcity” (World Wildlife Fund), 305 Water Scarcity in Latin America and the Caribbean: Myths and Reality, 275 “Water Scarcity: The Food Factor,” 285 Water Security, 274 Index 351 “Water Stewardship,” 305 “Water Stewardship and Corporate Sustainability: A Case Study of Reputation Management in the Food and Drinks Industry,” 283 water supply and sanitation (WSS), 216 water table, 12, 322 Water: The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource, 272 water treatment, 28 – 34 with chlorine, 31 – 34, 197 history of, 28 – 34, 311 methods, 34 municipal plants, 32 – 34, 175 – 176, 197 process, 34 Water use (data), 232 water use agreements, 88 – 90 “Water Use in Agriculture,” 305 “Water Wars: China, India and the Great Dam Rush,” 302 “Water We Eat, The: Combining Virtual Water and Water Footprints,” 269 Water wells history, 16 – 17 types, 17 Water wheel, 35 history, 35 – 37, 309 Water withdrawal (data), 233 WaterAid, 219 – 222 waterborne diseases, 103 – 106, 322 Colwell and, 177 – 178 Gangarosa, Eugene, and, 179 – 180 Hawksley and, 191 – 192 Leal and, 197 sanitation influencing, 103 – 105 (table), 103 – 106 WaterCredit, 222 – 223 Water.org, 222 – 224 WaterPartners, 222 WaterSense, 264 – 266 water-stressed areas, 59 Web sites AWWA, 169 Groundwater Foundation, 190 GWP, 188 PI, 204 – 206 WSP, 216 – 217 WWC, 228 Weber, Karl, 279 Weisenberger, Dennis, 188 Weiss, Wayne, 217 wells, 92, 109 – 110 drought and, 68 – 69 in human civilization’s rise, 16 – 21, 19 – 21 (table) West Nile virus. 105 Western equine encephalitis, 105 wetlands, constructed, 141 352 Index W4P (Water for People), 177, 217 – 219 “What Is Water Scarcity?”, 301 “Where Is the Future for a Growing Metropolis in North China under Water Resource Constraints?”, 288 White, Gary, 222 WHO (World Health Organization), 224 – 226 Winters v United States, 312 Woodingdean Well, 17 World Health Assembly, 224 – 225 World Health Organization (WHO), 224 – 226, 293 World Water Congress, 195 – 196 World Water Council (WWC), 196, 226 – 228 “World Water Crisis,” 306 World Water Day, 316 “World Water Development Report,” 294 World Water Forum, 228 World Water Week, 214, 316 The World’s Water, 183 “World’s Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources, The,” 274 “Wrong Climate for Big Dams, The,” 301 WSH (water sanitation and health) program, 225 WSP See Water and Sanitation Program WSS (water supply and sanitation), 216 WWAP, 294 WWC (World Water Council), 196, 226 – 228 Yacoub, Sameer, 306 Yakima River Valley, 3 Yellow fever, 105 Yohe, Gary W., 292 Yuster, Samuel, 199 Zambia, 220 Zarafshan River, 187 – 188 Zarfl, Christiane, 288 Zekster, Igor S., 18 Zetland, David, 79 Zhang, Y., 288 Zhang, Zhuoying, 288 Zhou, Dingyan, 288 Zimbabwe, 108, 202 – 204 About the Author David E Newton holds an associate’s degree in science from Grand Rapids (Michigan) Junior College, a BA in chemistry (with high distinction), an MA in education from the University of Michigan, and an EdD in science education from Harvard University He is the author of more than 400 textbooks, encyclopedias, resource books, research manuals, laboratory manuals, trade books, and other educational materials He taught mathematics, chemistry, and physical science in Grand Rapids, Michigan, for 13 years; was professor of chemistry and physics at Salem State College in Massachusetts for 15 years; and was adjunct professor in the College of Professional Studies at the University of San Francisco for 10 years The author’s previous books for ABC-CLIO include Global Warming (1993), Gay and Lesbian Rights—A Resource Handbook (1994, 2009), The Ozone Dilemma (1995), Violence and the Mass Media (1996), Environmental Justice (1996, 2009), Encyclopedia of Cryptology (1997), Social Issues in Science and Technology: An Encyclopedia (1999), DNA Technology (2009), Sexual Health (2010), The Animal Experimentation Debate (2013), Marijuana (2013), World Energy Crisis (2013), Steroids and Doping in Sports (2014), GMO Food (2014), Science and Political Controversy (2014), Wind Energy (2015), and Fracking (2015) His other recent books include Physics: Oryx Frontiers of Science Series (2000); Sick! (4 volumes; 2000); Science, Technology, and Society: The Impact of Science in the 19th Century (2 volumes; 2001); Encyclopedia of Fire (2002); Molecular Nanotechnology: Oryx Frontiers of Science Series (2002); Encyclopedia 354 About the Author of Water (2003); Encyclopedia of Air (2004); The New Chemistry (6 volumes; 2007); Nuclear Power (2005); Stem Cell Research (2006); Latinos in the Sciences, Math, and Professions (2007); and DNA Evidence and Forensic Science (2008) He has also been an updating and consulting editor on a number of books and reference works, including Chemical Compounds (2005), Chemical Elements (2006), Encyclopedia of Endangered Species (2006), World of Mathematics (2006), World of Chemistry (2006), World of Health (2006), UXL Encyclopedia of Science (2007), Alternative Medicine (2008), Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia (2009), Community Health (2009), Genetic Medicine (2009), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (2010–2011), The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine (2013), Discoveries in Modern Science: Exploration, Invention, and Technology (2013–2014), and Science in Context (2013–2014) ... Great Artesian Basin Australia 1,700 3,000 Amazon Basin Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru 1,500 2,000 Arabian Aquifer System Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia 1,485 6,500 Guaraní Aquifer... stored in the atmosphere Water in the atmosphere makes up a vanishingly small amount of the total water on Earth (about 0.001%), as well as a very small amount of total 10 The Global Water Crisis. .. called the water table, and the region itself is referred to as an aquifer The land above the water table remains unsaturated because water is able to flow out of it, across the water table, and