Framing work unitary, pluralist and critical perspectives in the 21st century

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi F R A M I N G WO R K OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Framing Work Unitary, Pluralist, and Critical Perspectives in the Twenty-first Century EDMUND HEERY OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Edmund Heery 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016931573 ISBN 978–0–19–956946–5 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi To Janet, Catherine, and Patrick OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Preface The origins of this book lie ten years ago when I co-authored the Introduction to the Sage Handbook of Industrial Relations (Heery et al 2008) In the Introduction, I and my co-authors identified the main ‘normative orientations’ within Industrial Relations (IR) and briefly reviewed the debate between them A dominant pluralist frame of reference, we argued, had been subject to powerful critique by Marxism, feminism, and neo-liberalism from the 1970s onwards and had responded, partly through the development of countercritique and partly by seeking an accommodation with critics In the latter case, mainstream IR adjusted to critique by absorbing some of the assumptions and systems of argument of its opponents The book springs from this seed and the conviction born at the time that it was possible to write an account of IR that made use of the time-honoured concept of frames of reference The book’s first purpose, therefore, is to demonstrate the continued utility of the frame-concept by showing that there are unitary, pluralist, and critical currents within IR broadly defined and that much contemporary writing on employment can be allocated to one of these three traditions Unitary, pluralist, and critical frames have evolved away from classic positions, as developed in the early years of the field, it is argued, but they are enduring and remain identifiable today A second purpose is to examine the interaction between these three frames of reference The book is distinguished by an attempt to identify the lines of fracture within IR as a field of study, rather than common assumptions that bind disparate traditions together, and to this end it examines several areas of current debate between unitary, pluralist, and critical researchers These areas are worker participation, consumer culture, equality and diversity, and the impact of the global financial crisis on employment relations in developed economies In all of these areas, the book identifies unitary, pluralist, and critical argument and notes the lines of contention that divide these positions and the sometimes surprising accommodation that occurs between them In writing the book I have received considerable help from friends and colleagues Peter Ackers, Paul Edwards, Jean Jenkins, John Kelly, and Tom Keenoy have each read chapters and provided helpful advice that has contributed to redrafting In a couple of cases the encouragement received by readers kept me going when finishing the book seemed a very distant prospect indeed Parts of the book have also been presented to seminar and conference audiences at Warwick University, Loughborough University, Saïd Business School OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi viii Preface in Oxford, and at the Universities of Macquarie, Melbourne, and Monash in Australia A version of Chapter Three on pluralism was presented to the International Labour and Employment Relations Association (ILERA) conference in Cape Town, South Africa in 2015 I am grateful to all who participated in these events and who provided useful feedback Especial mention should be given to Willie Brown who provided detailed written comments on the South African conference paper A version of the pluralist argument has also been published by the Journal of Industrial Relations (Heery 2016) Chapter Three is much longer and different in a number of respects from the journal article but there is some overlap and I am grateful to the journal and its editors for their permission to re-use material Finally, the book takes the form of an extended literature review and lots of people have kindly provided me with suggestions for reading, especially in areas where my prior knowledge was limited Those who have helped me in this way include: Peter Ackers, Ismael Al-Amoudi, Peter Armstrong, Rachel Ashworth, Willie Brown, Andy Danford, Steve Davies, Tony Dundon, Jane Holgate, Jean Jenkins, Sarah Jenkins, John Kelly, Rebecca Kolins Givan, Jonathan Morris, Stephen Mustchin, Aoife MacDermott, Joe O’Mahoney, George Tsogas, and Jane Wills If I have forgotten anyone who should be on this list, I apologize—‘It’s his age, you know’ While many have helped me, I am the sole author of the book and all the errors, infelicities, and miss-steps (of which I’m sure there are many) are mine alone Edmund Heery 2016 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Contents List of Abbreviations xi Introduction Unitary Perspectives on Work 13 Pluralist Perspectives on Work 36 Critical Perspectives on Work 70 Debating Participation 111 Debating the Customer 138 Debating Equality 171 Debating the Crisis 211 Conclusion 242 Bibliography Index 261 307 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/8/2016, SPi 304 Bibliography Vidal, M (2014) ‘Incoherence and dysfunctionality in the institutional regulation of captialism’, in M Hauptmeier and M Vidal (eds), Comparative Political Economy of Work Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 73–97 Villa, P and Smith, M (2014) ‘Policy in the time of crisis: employment policy and gender equality in Europe’, in M Karamessini and J Rubery (eds), Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality London: 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Redman, T and Snell, S (eds) (2010) The Sage Handbook of Human Resource Management Los Angeles, CA: Sage Wilkinson, A., Gollan, P J., Marchington, M., and Lewin, D (eds) (2010) The Oxford Handbook of Participation in Organizations Oxford: Oxford University Press Wilkinson, R and Pickett, K (2010) The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone London: Penguin Books Williams, S and Adam-Smith, D (2006) Contemporary Employment Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press Williams, S., Heery, E., and Abbott, B (2010) ‘Mediating equality at work through civil society organizations’, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 29/6: 627–38 Williams, S., Heery, E., and Abbott, B (2011) ‘The emerging regime of civil regulation in work and employment relations’, Human Relations, 64/7: 951–970 Willmott, B (2009) ‘Tension seeking behaviour’, People Management, 12 February: 22–5 Willmott, H (1993) ‘Strength is ignorance; slavery is freedom: managing culture in modern organizations’, Journal of Management Studies, 30/4: 515–52 Willmott, H (1995) ‘Managing the academics: commodification and control in the development of university education in the UK’, Human Relations, 48/9: 993–1027 Willmott, H (2011a) ‘Governing employability: business school accreditation as “soft” regulation’, in P Blyton, E Heery, and P Turnbull (eds), Reassessing the Employment Relationship, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 249–70 Willmott, H (2011b) ‘Journal list fetishism and the perversion of scholarship: reactivity and the ABS list’, Organization, 18/4: 429–42 Wills, J (2004) ‘Trade unionism and partnership practice: evidence from the Barclays–Unifi agreement’, Industrial Relations Journal, 35/4: 329–43 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/8/2016, SPi 306 Bibliography Wills, J (2014) ‘Engaging’, in R Lee, N Castree, R Kitchin, V Lawson, A Paasi, C Philo, S Radcliffe, S Roberts, and C W J Withers (eds), The Sage Handbook of Human Geography, Volume London: Sage Publications, 367–84 Wills, J., Datta, K., Evans, Y., Herbert, J., May, J., and McIlwaine, C (2009) ‘Religion at work: the role of faith-based organizations in the London Living Wage campaign’, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2/3: 443–61 Wilson, G K and Grant, W (2014) ‘Introduction’, in W Grant and G K Wilson (eds), The Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis: The Rhetoric of Reform and Regulation, (2nd edn) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–14 Wolf, A (2010) More Than We Bargained For: The Social and Economic Costs of National Wage Bargaining London: CentreForum Womack, J P., Jones, D T and Roos, P (2007) The Machine that Changed the World, (revised edn) London: Simon and Schuster Wray, D (2005) ‘Management and union motives in the negotiation of partnership: a case study of process and outcome in an engineering company’, in M Stuart and M Martínez Lucio (eds), Partnership and Modernization in Employment Relations London: Routledge, 120–36 Wright, E O (2010) Envisioning Real Utopias London: Verso Yagil, D (2008) ‘When the customer is wrong: a review of research on aggression and sexual harassment in service encounters’, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13/2: 141–52 Yalabik, Z Y., Popaitonn, P., Chowne, J A., and Rayton, B A (2013) ‘Work engagement as a mediator between employee attitudes and outcomes’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24/14: 2799–823 Yates, C (2006) ‘Challenging misconceptions about organizing women into unions’, Gender, Work and Organization, 13/6: 565–84 Yates, C (2010) ‘Understanding caring, organizing women: how framing a problem shapes union strategy’, Transfer, 16/3: 399–410 Yeandle, S and Stiell, B (2007) ‘Issues in the development of the Direct Payments Scheme for Older People in England’, in C Ungerson and S Yeandle (eds), Cash for Care in Developed Welfare States Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 104–36 Yeandle, S and Ungerson C (2007) ‘Conceptualising cash for care: the origin of contemporary debates’, in C Ungerson and S Yeandle (eds), Cash for Care in Developed Welfare States Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1–12 Youseff-Morgan, C M and Bockorny, K M (2014) ‘Engagement in the context of positive psychology’, in C Truss, R Delbridge, K Alfes, A Shantz, and E Soane (eds), Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice London: Routledge, 36–56 Zagelmeyer, S and Gollan, P J (2012) ‘Exploring terra incognita: preliminary reflections on the impact of the global financial crisis on human resource management’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23/16: 3287–94 Zeng, M and Williamson, P J (2007) Dragons at Your Door: How Chinese Cost Competition is Disrupting Global Business Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press Zinn, K S (2000) ‘Solidarity across borders: the UMWA’s corporate campaign against Peabody and Hanson PLC’, in M Gordon and L Turner (eds), Transnational Cooperation among Labor Unions, Ithaca, NY and London, ILR Press, 223–37 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Index abusive consumers 144–5, 151 ACAS 57, 66 Ackers, P 47, 63, 67, 70, 118 Adams, R J 59 Adler, L H 230 Aer Rianta Authority study, Ireland 113, 115 agency function Akerlof, G A 19 Alfes, K 125, 126, 129–30 alienation 34 Allen, V 70 Alternative Workers’ Plans 102 alt-labour movement 199 Appelbaum, E 226, 259 Arab Spring 231 Asda supermarket study 131 austerity policies 211, 220, 229, 256 and gendered employment 222–3 and trade unions 226–7 threat to social integration 224 Bach, S 146, 147, 160–1, 162, 168–9, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226 Bacon, N 113, 114–15, 116, 117–18, 137, 185, 193 Barclays Global Investors 27 bargained corporatism, and trade unions 43 bargaining networks, international 81 Batstone, E 47–8 Batt, R 226, 259 Beale, D 119 Bell, D 21 Beresford, P 164 Beynon, H 70, 89 Bhave, D 2, 4–6 Bielski Boris, M 195 Big Society initiatives 220 Blair, Tony 93 Blasi, J R 161 Blyton, P 70 bond markets 92 Bordogna, L 220, 226 Boselie, P 23 Boxall, P 15, 33 Bradley, H 22, 27 Braverman, H 73, 77–8, 87, 93 Briskin, L 207, 229–30, 232 British Gas 188 British Petroleum 27 Bronfenbrenner, K 72, 80, 101 Brook, P 104 Brown, P 48, 78, 113, 123 Bryson, A 44, 115 Budd, J 2, 4–6, 38, 39 bullying, workplace 83 Burns, J 216, 230 capacity standard 99–100 capitalism (critical frame) 72–3, 74, 86, 88–90 disconnected 134 phases of development 90–2 capitalist development, and the global financial crisis (GFC) 228 Caring Self, The (Stacey) 166–8, 169 Carruth, A A 19 cash-for-care 157–8 care workers 162–3 consumer sovereignty 159 critical frame accounts 166–8 Cederström, C 82 Central Arbitration Committee, UK 66 Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) 216–17 Chemco plant study, Bristol 89 Chicago Teachers Union 235, 237–8, 239 citizen-consumer 160 Citizens UK 106 civil society organizations, and regulation 46 Clark, J 61 class conflict 63, 71, 89, 237 class consciousness 84, 85 Clegg, S 36, 50, 53, 54, 251 Cobble, D S 52–3 Cockburn, C 202–3 Coffey, D 79, 203 Colgan, F 200 collective bargaining 45, 53, 59, 65, 68, 75, 89, 114, 122 and education reforms 157 and equality 186 in post-crisis Europe 221 Colling, T 188 commodification 73 and service work (CLS frame) 152–3 communism 70, 72, 73, 75 community unionism 101–2, 106 competency-based incentives 157 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi 308 Index Conley, H 186, 188, 193, 203, 204, 205, 230, 238, 239 Conservative-Liberal coalition Government, UK 158, 218 consultancies 31 consumer culture, and IR 9, 10–11 consumer organizations 148 consumer sovereignty, and cash-for-care 149, 159 consumers see customers/consumers and the trilateral relationship contradiction critique 97–8, 122 and employee engagement 132–5, 136 convergence thesis 52 Cooper, C 217 cooperatives 22 Corbyn, J 231 Cornelius, N 178 corporate codes of conduct 95 corporate governance, and the global financial crisis (GFC) 217–18 corporate values and incentives, and the global financial crisis (GFC) 214 Coser, L 31, 35 Crain, M 196, 207 credit-rating agencies 92 Critical Labour Studies (CLS) perspectives 8–9, 71–2 agency 246 context 245–6 critique 247 degradation accounts 77–8, 120 divisions with CMS 243 employer interests 75–6 engagement 248 evaluation 246–7 explanation 85–7 gender equality 171–2, 194–208 incorporation critique 96–7, 99 as labour strategists 104–5, 248 managing diversity/diversity management 204–5 practice 104–6 prescription 100–2, 104, 247–8 progressive reform critique 79 research 245 resistance from service workers 154 resistance research agenda 80–2 scholar-activism 105–6 service worker unionism 167–8 solidarity and opposition 85 subjectivity 245 trade union, accounts of 74–5, 76, 78, 80–1, 82, 86 trade union prescriptions 101–2 utopian thinking 102 worker interests 73 worker resistance 254–5 see also customers/consumers and the trilateral relationship; global financial crisis (GFC); labour–management partnerships Critical Management Studies (CMS) perspectives 9, 71, 72, 257 degradation accounts 78 divisions with CLS 243 employer interests 76–7 employment relationship 73–4 explanation 87–8 HRM 96, 98, 103 incorporation critique 96, 99 practice 107 prescription 103–4 progressive reform critique 79 public service workers 165 resistance 103–4 resistance research agenda 82–3 solidarity and opposition 85 subjectivity 84 see also employee engagement; Human Resource Management (HRM) critical perspectives 3, 4, 5, 7, 8–9, 11–12, 85–8, 70–110, 244 agency 93–4, 246 agency function capacity standard 99–100 capitalism 72–3, 74, 86, 88–90 capitalist phases of development 90–2 consumer culture 11 context 245–6 context of the employment relationship 88–92 contradiction critique 97–8, 122 critique 247 cynicism critique 95, 133, 204 defined degradation critique 77–9, 95–6, 108 description function emancipatory standard 98–9 employer interests 75–7 engagement 248 evaluation 94–100, 246–7 evaluation criteria 98–100 and financialization 92 gender equality 10 goal displacement 74–5 ideology critique 96 incorporation critique 96–7, 99 interests of workers and employers 72–4 and the marketization of public services 163–8 pluralist critique of 62–3, 254–5 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Index practice 104–7 prefigurative forms 22 prescription 100–4, 247–8 progressive reform critique 79 race redistributive standard 99 research agenda 77–83, 245 resistance research agenda 80–3 resistance standard 100 solidarity and opposition 84–5 subjectivity 83–4, 245 see also customers/consumers and the trilateral relationship; global financial crisis (GFC); labour–management partnerships; marketization of public services critical realism 74, 87–8 critical reportage selection Crouch, C 213 Crow, Bob 237 culture management 15, 18, 179 customers/consumers and the trilateral relationship 11, 138–70, 249, 251–2 abusive consumers (critical frame) 151 alternative consumption (critical frame) 155 citizen consumers (pluralist frame) 146 consumer interests (critical frame) 149–50 critical perspectives 148–55 customer satisfaction (soft unitary frame) 144 customer service delivery (critical frame) 150–1 dysfunctional/deviant customers (soft unitary frame) 144–5 end-user organizations (pluralist frame) 146, 148 job satisfaction and customer service (soft unitary frame) 144 marketization and cost-cutting (pluralist frame) 147 occupational violence (pluralist frame) 147 pluralist perspectives 145–8 prescriptions (pluralist frame) 148 public service marketization 140–3, 155–68 regulation of unfettered markets (pluralist frame) 147, 148 resistance (critical frame) 153–5 resisting consumers (critical frame) 149, 150, 151, 152 service workers (critical frame) 152–3 social care, UK (pluralist frame) 146–7 unitary perspectives (soft) 143–5 worker–consumer coalitions (critical frame) 154 309 worker–consumer interests (critical frame) 150–3 worker-consumer relations (pluralist frame) 147–8 cynicism critique 95, 133, 204 Danford, A 89, 119, 120 Darlington, R 100, 104, 233, 236–7, 239 decentralization and industrial relations, in post-crisis environments 221–2 degradation critique (critical frame) 77–9, 108, 120, 197 consumer sovereignty 149, 159 employee engagement 133, 134 Delbridge, R 103, 133–5, 137, 204 Deloitte Touche 27 deregulation: financial markets 226, 228 labour market 29–30 description function deskilling 73 Dickens, L 182–4, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 205, 259 disconnected capitalism thesis 134 disidentification/disengagement 84, 91–2 diversity management see managing diversity/ diversity management Dobbin, F 56, 187, 188 Donovan Commission, UK 65 Dromey, J 126, 130 Dunlop, J T 36, 49–50, 55 Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations, US 66 Dunn, S 49 dysfunctional/deviant customers 144–5, 151 Early, S 122, 230, 233, 234, 238 economic imperialism 31 economics, hard unitary perspectives 20 education, as recipe for success 78 Edwards, P K 34, 70, 88 egoist perspectives 4, Eli Lilley 27 emancipatory standard 98–9 Emanuel, R 235 employee engagement 111–12, 124–36, 251 CMS critique 132–5, 136, 257 engagement theory (unitarist frame) 127–8 forms of debate 135 pluralist perspectives 130–2 in the post-crisis economy (unitarist frame) 215, 216–17 prescription and critique (unitarist frame) 128–30 psychology 127 research agenda (unitarist frame) 125–7 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi 310 Index employee engagement (cont.) social exchange theory 127 unitarist perspectives 124–30 employee ownership, post-crisis environment 218 employee share ownership (pluralist frame) 161–2 employee voice 40–1, 42, 64, 129, 132, 172 multiform 64 pluralist research 43–4, 44–5 employee well-being 17, 18, 25, 38, 41–2, 47, 54, 58, 126, 133, 217, 245, 246, 253 employment law: and equality 171, 172, 177, 178–9, 181 EU 46 and public policy 64–5 employment rights regimes 53 Employment Tribunal system 57, 65 Engage for Success movement 124, 128, 132 engagement theory (unitarist frame) 127–8 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) 207 equal opportunities management 172–3 equal opportunities policy 203 Equal Pay Act (1970), UK 186, 201 equal pay legislation, UK 186, 191, 205 equality 171–210, 249–50, 259 bargaining 181, 185–6, 192–3, 250 civil society organizations 181, 194 employment law 171, 172, 178–9, 181 managing diversity, unitary perspective 172–80, 187 mobilizing for, CLS perspectives 171–2, 194–208 regulating for, pluralist perspectives 180–94 Equality Act (2010), UK 191–2, 205 Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), UK 191 equity 40–1, 42 European Central Bank 211, 221, 224 European Commission 221, 224 European dock workers strikes 80 European Trade Union Institute 226 European Union 46, 64, 105 European Works Councils 44, 64 evaluation function Evans, C 147, 151 explanation function 6–7 Fabian pluralism 65–7 Fawcett Society 206, 238 fee-for-service direct payments see cash-for-care feminist critiques and perspectives see under equality; managing diversity/ diversity management; mobilizing for equality; women and trade unionism Fight for Fifteen campaign 234 financial market regulation (pluralist frame) 226, 228 financialization 77 critical frame accounts of 92, 246 and equality initiatives 188 and the GFC 226 inhibiting progressive HRM 61 and labour–management partnerships 118 Fine, J 233 Fink, L 230 Flanders, A 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 55, 58, 63, 251 Fleming, P 82, 84 food reclamation movement 155 Ford Motor Company 201 Fordism 52 Forth, J 44 Foucault, M 87 Fox, A 2–3, 5, 8, 9, 12 n 1, 37, 65, 70, 214, 242 frames of reference 2–9 analysing 5–9, 243–8 diverse interests 248–50 patterns of debate 250–3 realignment 255–7 theoretical and analytical aspects zones of contention 253–5 Freeman, R B 20, 60, 115 Fullerton 173–4 Gagnon, S 178 Gahan, P 87 Gall, G 105, 121, 122, 231–2 Gallie, D 59 Garibaldi, P 14 gay discrimination 92 Geary, J 113, 115 gender: equality, post-crisis developments 222–3, 225 oligarchies, and trade unions 196, 200 order 196, 200–1 and trade unions 80–1 see also equality; managing diversity/ diversity management; mobilizing for equality; regulating for equality, pluralist perspectives; women and trade unionism gender-blind categories 10 gender budgeting, Iceland 225 general strikes 86 in the post-crisis environment 232, 236–7 global financial crisis (GFC) 89, 102, 211–41, 252, 257 and alternative forms of governance 22 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Index austerity programmes and public sector workers 229 causes of 212 and corporate governance 217–18 corporate values and incentives 214 effects 212 effects (critical frame) 229–30 effects (pluralist frame) 220–4 effects (unitarist frame) 215–16 and financial market regulation (pluralist frame) 226 and gender equality 229–30 gender equality, post-crisis developments 222–3, 225 labour crisis, critical perspectives 227–40, 241 management crisis, unitary perspectives 213–18, 240 as neo-liberal phase of capitalist development 228–9, 231 northern Europe, post-crisis environments 221 origins (critical frame) 227–9 origins (pluralist frame) 219 origins (unitarist frame) 214 post-crisis economy (unitarist frame) 215 practice (critical frame) 235–40 prescription (critical frame) 232–3 prescription (pluralist frame) 224–7 prescription (unitarist frame) 216–18 prescription (CLS frame) 212–13 and radical political unionism 236–9 regulation crisis, pluralist perspectives 219–27, 240 resistance (critical frame) 230–2 scalable work forces 216, 218 social democracy in post-crisis environments (critical frame) 234–5, 237 southern Europe, post-crisis environments 221 trade union effects 230, 231 unilateralism, and the imposition of pay and job cuts 220 Global Partnerships 81 Global Union Federations 81 globalization 93, 114 and structural change 21 Glyn, A 90 goal displacement, and trade unions 39 Godard, J 3–4 Gollan, M 214, 217–18 Gomper, S 99 Gramsci, A 86, 104 Growth of White-Collar Unionism, The (Bain) 54 311 Guest, D 15, 17, 18, 25, 131, 132–3, 136 Gumbrell-McCormick, R 102, 105 Hall, M 156 Hall, P A 50, 53 happiness research 18, 19 Hartman, P T 56 Hayek, F 29 Hayekian critiques 26 Hazlehurst, J 214 Healy, G 196, 200, 201, 204, 207 Heery, E 161, 186, 188, 193, 232 Heskett, J 144 high performance work systems (HPWS) 3, 7, 9, 13, 32, 52, 120 research 16–17, 17–18 Hirschman, A O 94 Hobsbawm, E 84 Holbeche, L 130 Holgate, J 99, 105, 233 homecare workers study, US 199 Hoque, K 185, 193 Howell, C 56 Human Resource Management (HRM) 252, 253, 255, 256, 257 black box problem 20–1 CMS accounts 96, 98, 103 and customer-facing employees 145 employee engagement 126 and the GFC 213–18, 240 ownership and corporate governance roles 21–2 pluralist critique of 60–1, 68 psychological contract 17 research 17, 18 social embeddedness importance 13, 23, 25 strategic (SHRM) 7, 23–4, 27–8, 246 unitarist perspectives 13, 15, 26–8 worker interests 14 Human Equation, The (Pfeffer) 26 human resource architecture 28 Hunt, G 195 Huselid, M 17 Hyman, R 3, 70, 72, 102, 88–9, 90, 93, 105, 122 IBM 27 ideology critique 96 incorporation critique 97–7, 99 Information and Consultation of Employees (ICE) regulations, UK 132 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 211, 221 incentive systems 28 competency-based 157 hard unitarist perspective 15, 16, 43, 157–8 regulated (pluralist frame) 161–2 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi 312 Index Kahn, W 125, 127 Kaiser Permanente study, US 48, 113, 114, 115, 116, 235, 238 Kandola, R 173–4, 175, 178 Karamessini, M 225 Katz, H C 55 Keele school of critical analysis 164 Keenoy, T 103, 132–3 Kelly, J 70, 72, 105, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 252 Kerr, C 36, 51–2 Kessler, I 146, 147, 160–1, 162, 168–9 Keynesian economics, and the global financial crisis (CGFC) 219 Kirton, G 196, 200, 201, 207, 232 Kochan, T 48–9, 55, 66, 113, 114, 115 Kolins Givan, R 56 Konzelmann, S 21–2 Korczynski, M 139, 145, 147, 151 alternatives to (CLS frame) 118–19, 122 CLS perspectives 119–22, 136, 137 content of agreements 112 context (CLS frame) 119 context (pluralist frame) 114 critical perspectives 76, 79, 89–90 employer interests (pluralist frame) 117 and financialization 118 institutionalizing (pluralist frame) 117–18 limits to (CLS frame) 121–2 and the marketization of public services (pluralist frame) 160–1, 169 no alternative to (pluralist frame) 118–19 pluralist perspectives 113–19, 136 pluralist/critical divide 111, 113 in post-crisis environments 235 public sector agreements 112–13 resistance (CLS frame) 121 towards resolution 123 trade union interests (CLS frame) 120–1, 123 trade unions (pluralist frame) 116–17 worker interests (CLS frame) 120 worker interests (pluralist frame) 115–16 labour markets, unregulated 62 Labour Party, UK 107 labour process tradition 9, 39, 42, 70, 72, 73, 78, 87–8, 100, 107, 110 n 1, 134, 139, 198 and the service workforce 148, 153, 154, 164, 166, 167 labour rights as human rights 38, 41, 60, 67 Lacan, J 98 Law, A 165 Lawler III, E E 30 Lazear, E 19, 25, 28, 31 Le Grand, J 141–2, 157–8, 159, 161 Ledwith, S 200 Legal and General study 115 Legge, K 94, 103 Lenin, Vladimir 86 lesbian discrimination 92 liberal reformist perspectives Liff, S 182 Lincoln Electric Company 27 Lipsey, D 142 Living Wage campaigns 45, 71, 81–2, 99, 106 London Citizens 233 Low Pay Commission, UK 66–7 Luce, S 229, 230, 233, 235–6, 238 Luxemburg, Rosa 86 Lyddon, D 100 labour–management partnerships 39, 44, 45, 48–9, 63–4, 111, 112–23, 136, 251, 254 agency (CLS frame) 119–20 agency (pluralist frame) 114–15 MacDonald, S 27 MacLeod Report (2009), UK 124, 126, 128, 129, 130 Makinson Report (200), UK 157 inclusive employment regimes, Scandinavia 58 income inequality 219 indebtedness 219 indignados movement, Spain 224, 231 Industrial Relations Act (1971), UK 55 industrial relations institutions reform, post-crisis environment 221–2 Industrialism and Industrial Man (Kerr) 51 Institute for Economic Affairs (IEA) 29–30 Institute for Workers’ Control 102 institutional theory 50 institution-building, pluralist perspectives 63 International Framework Agreements 81 intersectionality, and equality 184, 197–8, 200, 210 Involvement and Participation Association, UK 113 Industrial Relations (IR) 1, 12 n and consumer culture 9, 10–11 frames of reference 2–9, 242–59 Ironside, M 76, 164 Jenkins, J 119, 120, 121, 122, 133–5, 137, 199, 201, 204, 205, 207 Job Centre Plus, UK 157 job satisfaction 19, 25 John Lewis Partnership 22, 45, 143, 218 Johnstone, S 113, 118 Juravich, T 80 Justice for Janitors 80 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Index management ideology and frames of reference progressive and humane 33–4 strategies, techniques and practices (unitarist perspectives) 15–16 style 2–3 typologies of styles and strategies 55 see also Human Resource Management (HRM) management gurus 30 managing diversity/diversity management 171, 179, 209–10, 249 and business performance 173, 176, 178–9, 182–3, 209, 210 CLS response 204–5 employee choice 173–4 employee conflict 174–5 employment law 171, 172, 177, 178–9, 181 ethical defence of 189 evaluation 177–8 explanation 176–7 identity-based networks 180 inclusion 174 individualism 173 participation 179–80 research 175–6 voicing difference 180 worker interests 173–5 work-life balance/work-life integration 174–5 unitarist perspective 10, 172–80, 187 see also equality Manning, A 186, 189 Marginson, P 220–2, 223–4, 225 market failure 37, 50, 62 and equality policy 188 marketization of public services 138–9, 155–68, 249 anti-unionism 143 cash-for-care (critical frame) 166–8 and consumers (critical frame) 150 cost cutting 147 critical perspectives 163–8 deregulation (hard unitarism frame) 156–7 direct payments (hard unitarist frame) 156, 158–60 incentives (critical frame) 165 incentives (hard unitarist frame) 157–8 labour–management partnership (pluralist frame) 160–1, 169 market forces 142 performance related pay (critical frame) 166 pluralist perspectives 160–3, 169 313 regulated incentives (pluralist frame) 161–2 regulating social care (pluralist frame) 162–3 skills-based pay 143 markets, disorderly 43 Marks, A 74 Marsden, D 161 Martin, G 214, 217–18 Martínez Lucio, M 123 Marxist perspectives 3, 4, 85–6, 87, 109 class conflict and consumers 153 equality 196–7 and the GFC 227–8 Matthews, G 130 McBride, A 200 McBride, J 119, 121 McGregor D 58 McIlroy, J 76, 79 McKay, S 201, 205 McKersie, R B 63 Meardi, G 224, 226–7 Medoff, J L 20, 60 Metcalf, D 189 methodological individualism 14 Meurs, J A 180 micro-emancipation 82 micro-savings schemes 201 Milkman, R 72, 91, 101, 105, 229, 230, 233, 234, 238, 239 minorities 197 agency (CLS frame) 201 and trade unions 80–1, 184, 206–8 see also equality; managing diversity/ diversity management; mobilizing for equality; regulating for equality, pluralist perspectives Mintzberg, H 24 mobilization theory (CLS) 20, 86–7, 100 mobilizing for equality, CLS perspectives 194–208 agency of women and minorities 201 degradation of employment conditions 197 diversity initiatives 197 employers 196–7 equality law 205–6 evaluation 201–3 explanation 199–201 gender order 196, 200–1 intersectionality 184, 197–8, 200, 210 management 203–5 oppressed social groups 195 participation 206–8 pluralist frame compared 194–5, 202, 204, 205 research agenda 198–9 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi 314 Index mobilizing for equality, CLS perspectives (cont.) worker interests 195–8 Mondragón cooperatives, Spain 22 monopsony theory of wages 50, 62 Moody, K 230, 232, 233, 234 Morton, G 79 Mulholland, K 153–4 Munro, A 200 mutual gains bargaining 112, 114, 119, 123 National Council of Civil Liberties 193 National Health Service (NHS), UK 156 study, Scotland and Wales 113, 116 National Minimum Wage (NMW), UK 46, 50, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66–7, 79, 99 National Shop Stewards Network 237 Needham, C 165 neo-classical perspectives (Godard) 3, neo-Durkheimian position 3, neo-liberalism 13, 36, 56, 60, 88, 77, 78–9, 90–1 critique of IR and the GFC 214, 228–9, 229–30, 231 globalized 239 marketization of public services 164 phase of capitalism 228–9, 231 pluralist concerns 37 post-crisis attack on public services 224, 225–7 restructuring the welfare state 72 and trade unions 90–1 Ness, I 230 New Labour Government (1997–2010), UK 37, 76, 79, 93, 119–20 marketization 156 modernization of public services 160–1 statutory union recognition (1999), UK 45 new public management 10–11, 78, 139, 143–4, 155–6 New South Wales Teachers’ Federation 154 New Zealand Post 27 Nichols, T 70, 89 Nijssen, M 216 Nissan 27 non-union collective forms of resistance 81–2 Noon, M 185, 189–90 Noon Products 199 Norman, A 131 NUMMI, US 44 Nuttall Review, UK 218 O’Brien-Smith, F 193 occupational pensions, and worker behaviour 28–9 occupational violence 147 Occupy movement 231 Ogbonna, E 147 Olin Wright, E 22 Opportunity Now, UK business group 197 organizational citizenship 18 organizational commitment 18 Orlando, R C 176 Oswald, A 19 Ott, E 230 Oxenbridge, S 48, 113, 114, 118, 123 Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management, The (Boxall) 16 Oxford Handbook of Participation in Organizations, The (Wilkinson) 44 Paauwe, J 23, 216 Page, S 177 Parker 79, 110 n 1, 110 n 2, 185 Parsonian functionalism 49–50 participation 111–37 employee engagement 111, 124–36 labour–management partnerships 111, 112–23, 136 Pekarek, A 87 performance related pay 143, 157, 249 critical frame perspectives 166 individual (IPRP) 161 and procedural justice 161 performativity 14, 20, 24–5, 28, 32, 33, 246 unitarist research 16 Personnel Economics 31, 32, 62 Pfeffer, J 25–7, 30, 33, 145, 252 Phelan, C 231 Pilkington Co 27 Piore, M 53, 56 pluralism, critical 258–9 inequality 258 institutialism 258–9 gender equality 259 redistribution 258 reflexive law 259 social cohesion 258 pluralist perspectives 3–4, 5, 11–12, 36–69 agency 54–6, 246 agency function consumer culture 11 context 51–4, 245–6 convergence thesis 52 critical frame critique 62–3 critical frame realignment 68–9 critical vs pluralist debate 37, 254–5 critique 60–3, 247 defined description function employee engagement critique 130–2 employee voice research 43–4, 44–5 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Index employer interests 40–2 engagement 248 equality, regulating for 180–94 evaluation 56–60, 246–7 explanation 49–51 explanation function and gender equality 10 hard unitarist position critique 62 HRM critique 60–1, 68 hybrid systems 64, 68 inequality evaluations 58–9 institution-building 63 international and comparative research 46–7 labour economics 50 marginalization 243 market failure 37, 50, 62, 188 mutual gains enterprises 39 practice 65–7 prescription 63–5, 247–8 and public sociology 65–7, 68 redistribution and inequality 38–9 reflexive governance 41 regulatory institution reform 45–6 reportage selection research agenda 42–7, 244–5 research and trade unions 43–4 social justice case 60 socio-economics/political economy strands 50–1 state intervention and regulation 55–6 statutory regulation 46 subjectivity 47–9, 245 typologies of management styles and strategies 55 work quality evaluation 58 worker interests 38–40 see also global financial crisis (GFC); labour–management partnerships; marketization of public services; regulating for equality, pluralist perspectives Pocock, B 192 Pollert, A 70 Poole, M 68 post-industrialism theories 21 post-Marxist critical theory 87 post-structuralist perspectives 71, 82, 87, 93–4, 103, 132 analysis of gender and minorities 197 Priestland, D 65 principal-agent problems private equity 92, 226, 259 procedural justice, and performance related pay 161 315 psychology, and soft unitary perspectives 19–20 public choice theorists 140 public service ethos 142 public service mutuals 156, 158, 161, 162, 218 public service workers: and austerity programmes 229 in the post-crisis environment 220 and trade unions 141, 142 see also marketization of public services Purcell, J 15, 33, 131–2, 135, 137 race-based perspectives 4, 250 Ramsay, H 83, 119 Ravenswood dispute 80, 81 redistribution and inequality 43 redistributive standard 99 redundancy pay, statutory 25 Rees, C 125–6, 127 regulating for equality, pluralist perspectives 180–94 evaluation 189–90 explanation 187–8 institutional explanation 187 equality law 190–2 management 190 participation 192–4 positive/negative mediation 187 procurement and employment practice 191 reflexive regulation 191–2, 259 reform of equality law 191–2 research 184–6 social justice arguments 189 valuing difference 182 worker interests 181–4 workerist standards 189, 202 regulation: beneficial constraint 40 civil society organizations 46 consumers 11 pluralist system 40, 41 reflexive 191–2 social 192 and state intervention 55–6 statutory 46 trade union 29–30 regulationist school 90 regulatory institution reform (pluralist frame) 45–6 Reich, R 219 renationalization of railways, UK 237 reportage functions representation criteria for assessing post-crisis economies 223 resistance standard 100 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi 316 Index resource based views (RBV) 23 Rethinking Industrial Relations (Kelly) 86–7, 252 Richards, W 197, 203 Rigby, M 193 Riley, R 176 RMT rail union 236–7 Roche, W K 113, 115, 225, 235 Ross, A M 56 Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) collapse of 214, 217–18 Royal Mail study, UK 119, 121 Rubery, J 223, 225 Rubinstein, S 113, 115 Runciman, W G 6–9, 34, 172, 244 Safelite Glass Corporation 28, 29 Safford, S 53, 56 Sahlman, William A 214, 216 Samuel, P J 49, 113, 114–15, 116, 117–18, 137 Sanders, B 231 Sasser, W 144 Saturn study, US 44, 113, 115, 116 scalable work forces 216, 218 Schaufeli, W B 124, 125, 127–8, 135 Schlesinger, L 144 Scott, A 61 Seifert, R 76, 105, 164, 166 Sen, A 178 service work, and commodification (CLS frame) 152–3 service worker unionism (CLS frame) 167–8 sexual contract, and employment contract 202 sexual harassment 195, 196, 207 Shantz, A 133 shareholder value 92, 214 shareholders 22 Shelor, R M 176 shop stewards 43, 47–8 Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) 27–8, 246 and employer agency 7, 23–4 Simms, M 99 Sisson, K 61, 68 Slaughter, J 79 Smedley, T 214 Smith, Adam 142 Smith, P 79 Smith, M 222 Soane, E 128 social democracy, in post-crisis environments (critical frame) 234–5, 237 social exchange theory, and employee engagement 127 social identity theory 176 social integration, and austerity 224 social movement theory 86–7, 252 social regulation 192 Soskice, D 50, 53 Southwest Airlines, US 44 sovereign debt crisis, European 92, 211, 221 Spicer, A 84 Stalker, G 216 Standing, G 37, 57 state/states: as agents of positive industrial relations 115, 118 equality and anti-discrimination policies 186, 188 interference 23 intervention and regulation (pluralist frame) 55–6 and post-crisis austerity 223, 225 statutory regulation 46 Stiglitz, J 219 Stirling, J 119, 121 Stonewall organization 180 Storey, J 27 Streeck, W 40 strikes 56–7, 238 general 86 European dock workers 80 in post-crisis economies 232, 236–7 Stroleny, A 224 structural antagonism 34, 37, 74, 174–5 Stuart, M 123 subjectification 84 CMS accounts 93 SUD unions, France 236 superficiality critiques (critical frame) 95, 120, 133 Sutton, J R 56, 187 Syriza Party, Greece 231 Tapia, M 207–8, 233 Tattersall, A 154 Taylor, P 119 Tea Party movement, US 67 Terry, M 123 Thatcher government UK 80, 93 Thompson, P 74, 107, 134 Thornley, C 79, 203 Tilly, C 86 Toyota 27 Trade Union under Collective Bargaining (Clegg) 53 trade unions 13, 36–7 agency 54–5 American healthcare study 148 and austerity 226–7 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi Index bargained corporatism 43 bargaining relationship with management 47–8 capacity standard 99 CLS accounts of 74–5, 76, 78, 80–1, 82, 86 CLS practice 104–5 CLS prescriptions 101–2 coalitions 81–2, 208 community coalitions 101–2, 106 and consumers 11 and effective HRM 61 equal pay legislation 205 equality 185–6, 189, 192–4 equality (CLS frame) 196, 200, 206–8 equality bargaining 181, 185–6, 192–3 equality programmes, post-crisis environment 229–30 gender and minorities 80–1, 172 gender neutral policies 193 as gendered oligarchies 196, 200 GFC effects 230, 231 goal displacement 39 and Hayekian unitarianism 23 home care aides, US 167–8 incorporation arguments 96–7 instrumental collectivism labour–management partnerships 112, 116–17, 120–1, 122, 123 leadership and governance structures 40 and the marketization of public services 160–1 member relationships 48 multiform systems 68 mutual gains bargaining 112, 114, 119, 123 neo-liberalism challenge 90–1 organizing models 101 pluralist defence of 38 pluralist research 43–4, 59–60 policy on part-time work 186 post-crisis environment 221, 225–6, 233–4 post-industrial environments 52–3 and public services (critical frame) 165 radical political unionism 236–9 regulated incentives for workers 161 regulation 29–30 renewal/revitalization 63, 71, 80, 94, 95, 105, 114, 154, 198, 254–5 separatism 206–8 social movement unionism 232–3, 235–6, 238–9 social regulation 183 statutory recognition (1999), UK 45 violent and abusive customers 138, 148 women and minorities 80–1, 181, 184, 198–9, 200, 206–8 317 worker–consumer coalitions 154 see also collective bargaining Trade Unions and Socialist Politics (Kelly) 86 Transformation of American Industrial Relations, The (McKersie) 55 Trif, A 113, 115 TripAdvisor 144 Trotskyism 70, 73, 75, 86, 105 Truss, C 126, 135 Trade Union Council (TUC) 130 Turnbull, P 70, 80 Turner, H A 228, 229, 232–3, 239 Turner, L 72 Uetricht, M 229, 230, 235, 238 Ulrich, D 24, 30 Undy, R 54 unemployment, and the GFC 211 Ungerson, C 148, 162, 163 Union Modernization Fund, UK 193 UNISON 206, 207 unitarist perspectives 4, 8, 9, 11, 13–35, 242, 244 agency 22–4, 34–5, 246–7 agency function contextual factors 21–2, 245–6 critical commentators 32 critique 247 defined dependent variable 17 description function employer interests 15–16 engagement 248 evaluation of employment relationships 24–6, 35 explanation 19–21, 34–5 explanation function 6–7 happiness 18 HRM 13, 15, 26–8 management strategies, techniques and practices 15–16 ownership and corporate governance roles 21–2 pluralist differences 253–4 practice 29–31 prescription 26–9, 247–8 psychological contract 17 public policy positions 29–30 reform or mobilization damaging business and workers 25 reportage selection research agenda 16–18, 34, 244–5 roles of psychology and economics 20–1, 25 and state policy 243 subjective experience 245 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/8/2016, SPi 318 Index unitarist perspectives (cont.) worker interests 14–16, 34 worker subjectivity 18–19, 34 see also employee engagement; global financial crisis (GFC); managing diversity/diversity management unitarist perspectives, hard 13–14, 242–3 anti-unionism 143 deregulation 143 economics 20 evaluation 246 happiness research 19 incentive structures 15, 16, 143 market forces 142 pluralist critique of 62 prescription 28–9, 142–3, 247–8 skills-based pay 143 worker interests 14 worker subjectivity 19 see also marketization of public services unitarist perspectives, soft 13–14 customers/consumers 143–5 prescription 26–8 progressive management 27 psychology 19–20 worker interests 14, 18 see also customers/consumers and the trilateral relationship; Human Resource Management (HRM) Unite Union, UK 106 university system, CMS critique 107 Upchurch, M 119, 233, 236, 238 USDAW policy on work–life balance 193 Utrecht Work Engagement Scale 125 varieties of capitalism (VoC) school 9, 53–4, 67, 89, 188 Villa, P 222 Vodafone 27 voluntary simplicity and consumerism 155 Wacjman, J 200, 202 Walsh, J 174–5, 176 Walton, R E 63 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice 65–6 Weekes, B 55 well-being, employee 17, 18, 25, 38, 41–2, 47, 54, 58, 126, 133, 217, 245, 246, 253 Williams, S 194 Wills, J 106 Wolf, A 156–7 Women Against Pit Closures 80 Women and Austerity (Karamessini and Rubery) 222, 223, 225, 227, 230 women and trade unionism 198–9 as gendered oligarchies 196, 200 and minorities 80–1, 181, 184, 206–8 separatism 206–8 see also gender Work, H 165 work intensification 32, 116, 134, 147–8, 247, 251, 254 Worker Centers, US 71, 81, 205 worker–consumer coalitions 154 ‘workerist’ criterion, for assessing post-crisis economies 223 Workplace Employee/Employment Relations Surveys (WERS), UK 58, 67, 83, 126, 130, 176, 185 workplace wellbeing, in the post-crisis environment 217 works councils 112, 118 Wray, D 119 Wright, E O 104 Wright Mills, C 48 Yeandle, S 148, 162, 163 Zagelmeyer, S 214 Žižek, S 87 ... endure and shape the behaviour of employers, constraining their action and requiring accommodation to the interests of workers; including women and minority workers The pluralist and critical. .. interest of workers in challenging their subordination and securing greater power and control over their working lives These assumptions, in turn, provide the basis for different beliefs about the compatibility... unitary perspectives on work are analysed using the framework described in the Introduction, beginning with the conception of interests that lies at the heart of each INTERESTS Both soft and hard