PHYSICAL THERAPY PERSPECTIVES IN THE 21ST CENTURY – CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES Edited by Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Berta Paz-Lourido Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century – Challenges and Possibilities Edited by Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Berta Paz-Lourido Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Publishing Process Manager Maja Jukic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century – Challenges and Possibilities, Edited by Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Berta Paz-Lourido p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0459-9 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Physical Therapy for Scoliosis and Spinal Deformities in Infants, Adolescents and Adults 1 Chapter 1 Physical Therapy for Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis 3 Josette Bettany-Saltikov, Tim Cook, Manuel Rigo, Jean Claude De Mauroy, Michele Romano, Stefano Negrini, Jacek Durmala, Ana del Campo, Christine Colliard, Andrejz M'hango and Marianna Bialek Chapter 2 Kyphosis Physiotherapy from Childhood to Old Age 41 Jean Claude de Mauroy Chapter 3 A Review of Non-Invasive Treatment Interventions for Spinal Deformities 67 Clare Lewis Part 2 Physical Therapy for Biomechanical and Musculoskeletal Conditions 89 Chapter 4 An Overview on the Efficacy of Manual Therapy (Manipulations and Mobilisations) on Nonspecific Cervical Pain: A Systematic Review in Adults 91 José Antonio Mirallas Martínez Chapter 5 Use of Physiotherapeutic Methods to Influence the Position of the Foot 107 Eva Buchtelová Chapter 6 Effectiveness of Passive Joint Mobilisation for Shoulder Dysfunction: A Review of the Literature 125 Judy Chen VI Contents Part 3 Use of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy in Physical Therapy 153 Chapter 7 Cryotherapy: Physiological Considerations and Applications to Physical Therapy 155 Anna Lubkowska Chapter 8 Natural Wool Fabrics in Physiotherapy 177 Krzysztof Gieremek and Wojciech Cieśla Part 4 Characteristics of Physical Therapy Interventions with Elderly Patients at Home and Within Clinical Settings 195 Chapter 9 Home Physiotherapy: The Relevance of Social Determinants of Health in the Development of Physiotherapy in the Home Environment 197 Berta Paz-Lourido Chapter 10 Functional Challenges in the Elderly 219 A. C. Tavares and G. V. Guimarães Chapter 11 Evidence-Based Management in the Rehabilitation of Osteoporotic Patients with Fragility Fractures 233 Umberto Tarantino, Irene Cerocchi, Federico Maria Liuni, Pietro Pistillo, Cecilia Rao and Monica Celi Part 5 Effects of Psychological Factors, Body Awareness and Relaxation Techniques in Physical Therapy Interventions 249 Chapter 12 Focus on Psychological Factors and Body Awareness in Multimodal Musculoskeletal Pain Rehabilitation 251 G. Gard Chapter 13 Relaxation Techniques and States – Applications to Physical Therapy 263 Leslaw Kulmatycki Part 6 Physical Therapy Interventions in Patients with Respiratory and Cardiovascular Disorders 281 Chapter 14 Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Weaning Success in Critically Ill Intubated Patients 283 Samária Cader, Rodrigo Vale and Estélio Dantas Chapter 15 Lipedema 305 Győző Szolnoky Contents VII Part 7 Physical Therapy for Patients with Stroke 313 Chapter 16 Running a Complementary Stroke Rehabilitation and Aftercare Program: Experiences of Four European Centres 315 Wilfried Schupp, Napasakorn Komaratat and Simon Steib Chapter 17 Group Circuit Class Therapy for Stroke Survivors - A Review of the Evidence and Clinical Implications 337 Coralie English, Ingrid van de Port and Elizabeth Lynch Part 8 Physical Therapy and New Concepts of Wheelchair Design 369 Chapter 18 Reaching for Independence: Challenges for a New Concept of Wheelchair Design 371 Fausto Orsi Medola, Carlos Alberto Fortulan, Carla da Silva Santana and Valeria Meirelles Carril Elui Preface We are very excited to introduce the first InTech book dedicated to advancements in the field of physical therapy. Indeed in the last few decades physical therapists have made great strides in advancing both the research knowledge base within physical therapy whilst at the same time making significant improvements in clinical practice. In our society today physical therapists face continuous challenges related to the advancement of physical therapy practice, medicine and technology in addition to the effects of the global economic downturn. An ongoing challenge for the profession is the need to underpin physical therapy practice with the best available evidence. For the past five decades, physical therapy has been a burgeoning science as evidenced by the numerous national and international physical therapy organisations to be found worldwide. The aim of this book is not to cover all areas of research and practice in physical therapy. There are many emerging contexts that require the intervention of physical therapists and it is not possible to include all of them within a limited space. We consider that this book highlights a number of key aspects related to the way that physical therapy is currently contributing to better overall health of citizens everywhere who are suffering from numerous diverse medical conditions. Because of this, different topics and research approaches will be found within this book, ranging from very specific interventions to broader concepts within physical therapy practice that consider the social determinants of health. As this book will demonstrate, many researchers throughout the world are contributing greatly to our understanding of the use of a range of diverse physical therapy approaches for a wide array of medical conditions. More recently, increasing and innovative contributions have been made by physical therapists worldwide towards this important enterprise. They are also providing strong evidence to support the benefits of exercise to both avoid and treat acute and chronic diseases. This book contains new information on physical therapy research and clinical approaches that are being undertaken into numerous medical conditions; biomechanical and musculoskeletal conditions as well as the effects of psychological factors, body awareness and relaxation techniques; specific and specialist exercises for X Preface the treatment of scoliosis and spinal deformities in infants and adolescents; new thermal agents are being introduced and different types of physical therapy interventions are being introduced for the elderly both in the home and clinical setting. Additionally research into physical therapy interventions for patients with respiratory, cardiovascular disorders and stroke is being undertaken and new concepts of wheelchair design are being implemented. Our hope is that this book will become an important compendium and resource for physical therapists who treat a wide array of clinical conditions. Additionally, we hope these reviews will act to stimulate researchers throughout the world to continue this important work and solve persistent clinical questions posed by physical therapy researchers and clinicians worldwide. Dr. Josette Bettany-Saltikov Teesside University, Middlesbrough UK Dr. Berta Paz-Lourido University of the Balearic Islands Spain [...]... patients (Negrini et al, 2008c) 12 Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century – Challenges and Possibilities 3 Barcelona Scoliosis Physical Therapy School (BSPTS) 3.1 Introduction The ‘Barcelona Scoliosis Physical Therapy School’ – BSPTS - is the physiotherapy method integrated into the rehabilitation approach used in the ‘Elena Salvá Institut’ in Barcelona, Spain BSPTS is a physiotherapy method... symmetrical, mainly made in the supine position; indeed, the radiological scoliotic angle is higher in the standing position than in the lying down position The standing exercise called the "grand porter" consists of walking on tiptoes with a sandbag on the head The child tries to stretch the spine along the vertebral axis while controlling balance by looking at the feedback mirror (fig 14) During therapy the. .. frequent checking of the patient by the physiotherapist is required In our practice the best results were achieved by daily systematic exercises actively supervised by the parents, who were previously trained in the approach during the initial in- patient rehabilitation period 18 Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century – Challenges and Possibilities The following are the principal distinctive features... of the apical vertebra, therefore, avoid shortness of breath 24 3 4 Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century – Challenges and Possibilities The modelling of the rib hump in the sagittal plane favours a flat back For a true derotation in the prone position, place a cushion under the opposite anterior chondrocostal prominence and press the inner slope of the rib hump (fig 16) Strengthening the. .. However, no 16 Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century – Challenges and Possibilities research-based paper has shown that specific exercises following Schroth principles, or any other physiotherapy principle, can prevent curve progression in rapidly progressive scoliosis during the acceleration phase of the pubertal spurt, before the peak of growth and maintained through until reaching maturation... of the exercise, the correct maintenance of the selected self-correction In order to facilitate this `control` the patient uses a series of standard questions that they ask themselves during treatment 10 Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century – Challenges and Possibilities The four questions Question 1: Whilst performing SEAS exercises, patients are always told to start from where the spine... United Kingdom is the lack of knowledge within the physical therapy community and associated clinical specialists These pathological condition-specific exercises are not taught at either undergraduate or post-graduate level within the physiotherapy curriculum in the UK Most clinicians (both physiotherapists and surgeons) in the UK normally do not appreciate the difference between SSE and general physiotherapy... it increasingly more difficult to maintain the self-correction The question that they will now ask themselves at this point will be: Question 3: Whilst doing the exercise am I able to maintain the correction? Based on the reply of the patient the therapist will be able (beyond the simple observation) to understand whether the difficulty of the exercise is appropriate to the patient's ability to maintain... Barcelona, Spain 4Clinique du Parc – Lyon, France 5Italian Spine Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy 6Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland 7Fits Institute, Poland 4 Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century – Challenges and Possibilities pulmonary problems, and progression during adulthood (Weinstein et al, 2003) Because of this, management of scoliosis also includes the prevention of... approach to Assessment The Lyon approach considers that there are three elements that are important to guide therapy: 22 Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century – Challenges and Possibilities 1 The patient’s age When the patient is less than 10 years old, it is usually an Early Onset Scoliosis (EOS) We know that there is a maturation delay in balance and posture Physical therapy will be based . PHYSICAL THERAPY PERSPECTIVES IN THE 21ST CENTURY – CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES Edited by Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Berta Paz-Lourido Physical Therapy Perspectives. infants and adolescents; new thermal agents are being introduced and different types of physical therapy interventions are being introduced for the elderly both in the home and clinical setting Contents Part 3 Use of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy in Physical Therapy 153 Chapter 7 Cryotherapy: Physiological Considerations and Applications to Physical Therapy 155 Anna Lubkowska Chapter