Lecture Medical assisting: Administrative and clinical procedures with anatomy and physiology (4/e) – Chapter 21

Chapter 21 - The skeletal system. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Describe the parts of a long bone, list the substances that make up bone tissue, list the functions of bones, identify bones by their classifications, describe how long bones grow, list and describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure,…

CHAPTER 21 The Skeletal System © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­2 Learning Outcomes 21.1 Describe the parts of a long bone 21.2 List the substances that make up bone tissue 21.3 List the functions of bones 21.4 Identify bones by their classifications 21.5 Describe how long bones grow © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 21.6 List and describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure 21.7 List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet Describe the location of each bone 21.8 Define fontanels and explain their importance © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­4 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 21.9 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each 21.10 Describe the structure of a synovial joint 21.11 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the skeletal system © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­5 Introduction • Bones provide the body with structure and support • Divisions – Axial – 80 bones • • • 206 bones with joints and connective tissue • – Skull Vertebral column Rib cage Appendicular – 126 bones • • • Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­6 The Skeletal System © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­7 Bone Structure • Bones contain various kinds of tissues, Compact Bone including – – – • Osseous tissue Blood vessels Nerves Spongy  Bone Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­8 Bone Structure (cont.) • Compact bone looks solid – • Structures can be observed with a microscope All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­9 Bone Structure (cont.) © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­10 Bone Structure (cont.) • Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage – – • Ribs Frontal bone Irregular bones – – Vertebrae Bones of the pelvic girdle © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­45 Joints • Junctions between bones • Classification based on structure – Fibrous joints • Connected together with short fibers • Between cranial bones and facial bones • Sutures – fibrous joints in the skull © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­46 Joints – Cartilaginous joints • Connected together with a disc of cartilage • Between vertebrae © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­47 Joints – Synovial joints • Covered with hyaline cartilage • Held together by a fibrous joint capsule lined with synovial membrane – Secretes synovial fluid so bones move easily against each other • Freely movable • Bones are also held together through tough, cord-like structures called ligaments © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­48 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: A Fibrous joints B Cartilaginous joints C Synovial joints A Between cranial bones and facial bones C Covered with hyaline cartilage B Between vertebrae C Freely movable A Sutures in the skull © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­49 Common Diseases and Disorders • Arthritis – general term meaning joint inflammation – Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease, primarily of weight-bearing joints – Rheumatoid arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­50 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluidfilled sac that cushions tendons) • Carpal tunnel syndrome – overuse of wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed • Ewing’s family of tumors (EFT) – a group of tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily bone • Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­51 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback) • Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback) • Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease • Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Common Diseases and Disorders 21­52 (cont.) • Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue • Paget’s disease – causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak • Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­53 Apply Your Knowledge The doctor has told your patient that he has an osteosarcoma What you know about this disorder? Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue Nice Work! © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­54 In Summary 21.1 Bones consist of the following substances: Osteons or Haversian systems, bone matrix between osteocytes (bone cells), collagen fibers and proteins, the lamella, and canaliculi 21.2 Diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone Epiphysis is an end of a long bone Articular cartilage covers the end of long bones The medullary cavity is lined by the endosteum The periosteum is the membrane surrounding the diaphysis 21.3 Bone functions include giving shape to body parts, protecting the soft structures of the body, and assisting in movement The red bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis Bones also store calcium © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­55 In Summary (cont.) 21.4 Long bones include the femur and humerus; short bones include the carpals and tarsals; flat bones include the ribs and frontal bone; irregular bones include the vertebrae and bones of the pelvic girdle 21.5 Bones grow through the two types of ossification: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification The cartilage plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis allows for growth of the long bone 21.6 Skeletal structures include the following: Condyles, crests, epicondyles, foramens, fossas, heads, processes, sutures, trochanters, tubercles and tuberosities © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­56 In Summary (cont.) 21.7 The major bones of the skull are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones Within the skull are the mastoid processes, sphenoid, ethmoid, and ear ossicles The facial bones include mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal and palatine bones, and vomer The spinal column includes cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum and coccyx There are12 pair of ribs, a sternum, and xiphoid process An upper extremity includes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges The bones of the hip, leg, and foot include the coxal bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, tarsals, and phalanges © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­57 In Summary (cont.) 21.8 The fontanels are the membranous structures that connect the incompletely developed cranial bones 21.9 The three joint types are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints 21.10 A synovial joint consists of hyaline-covered bones held together by a fibrous joint capsule, which is lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid Ligaments hold the bones of these joints together © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­58 In Summary (cont.) 21.11 There are many diseases and disorders of bones and skeletal system with varied signs, symptoms, and treatments found in the Pathophysiology section of this chapter Some of the common diseases and disorders discussed include arthritis, bursitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, EFT, gout, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis, as well as osteoporosis and osteosarcoma © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 21­59 End of Chapter 21 Rigid, the skeleton of  habit alone upholds the  human frame ~ Virginia Woolf © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved ... All rights reserved 21 5 Introduction • Bones provide the body with structure and support • Divisions – Axial – 80 bones • • • 206 bones with joints and connective tissue • – Skull Vertebral column... rights reserved 21 12 Gender Differences (cont.) • Male pelvic cavity – Narrower and longer – Less roomy and more funnel shaped • Male coccyx – Less movable • Male sacrum – Narrower – Sacral promontory... reserved 21 27 Cranial Bones • Frontal – anterior • Parietal – top and most of the sides • Occipital – back • Temporal – form the lower sides of the skull • Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – floor