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Industrial sectors have been playing a key role in socio-economic development and making an important contribution to the increase of GDP and state budget revenues of the Quang Ninh province, however, they have caused the most serious environmental pollution. Therefore, the balance of industrial development and environmental protection is more and more necessary. Through doing a research on the reality of industrial development and environmental protection of the Quang Binh province in 2010-2017, this article clarifies achievements and limitations as well as their root causes in order to find solutions for these issues and for the provincial industrial manufactures; and to make several proposals for the Government, Ministries and Branches in the locality.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AT QUANG NINH PROVINCE Assoc Prof Nguyen Thua Loc School of Trade and International Economics Email: nguyenthualoc@gmail.com M.Econ Dang Thanh Binh Abstract Industrial sectors have been playing a key role in socio-economic development and making an important contribution to the increase of GDP and state budget revenues of the Quang Ninh province, however, they have caused the most serious environmental pollution Therefore, the balance of industrial development and environmental protection is more and more necessary Through doing a research on the reality of industrial development and environmental protection of the Quang Binh province in 2010-2017, this article clarifies achievements and limitations as well as their root causes in order to find solutions for these issues and for the provincial industrial manufactures; and to make several proposals for the Government, Ministries and Branches in the locality Keywords: industrial development at Quang Ninh province; environmental protection in Quang Ninh; Reality and Solutions Reality of industrial development at Quang Ninh province The study of industrial development at the Quang Ninh province from 2010 to 2017 shows the following realities: Frist, due to the different miniral resources, Quang Ninh‘s industrial sectors are diverse and have had a stable growth GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) by industry of Quang Ninh in 2016 was 2.27 times higher than that in 2010, making a reasonable economic structure for the province In its 2017 economic structure, agriculture accounted for 6.7% while industry, construction accounted for 52.1% and services accounted for 41.2% 219 Figure 1.1: GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) by industry of Quang Ninh 2010-2017 at current prices Unit: VND Billion 140,000 122,576 110,626 120,000 99,294 100,000 80,000 60,000 59,209 50,097 63,862 53,740 53,042 57,771 48,365 40,000 26,090 24,017 20,000 GRDP Industry and Construction 2010 2015 2016 Of which Industry 2017* Source: Quang Ninh Statistical Office 2017: Quang Ninh Statistical Yearbook 2016, page 43, 2017 *: estimated figures Second, the provincial industry has an attempt to be independent from coal mining and has various sectors Key products of the province in 2016 included coal (38,671 million tons; cement (3.65 million tons); vegetable oil (253,000 tons); electricity (25,473 million kilowatt-hours); running water (45,352 million m3); textile fibres (201,975 tons); frozen aquatic products (1,815 tons); flour (318,000 tons); fish sauce (1,065 million litres); beer (26,203 million litres); mineral water (83.7 million litres) These are goods used for production and essential consumption of people Third, in the structure of investment capital for industrial production development of the province, state capital decreased from 59.6% in 2010 to 39.6% in 2016 while nonstate capital slightly increased from 35.2% to 40.8% and foreign direct capital increased from 5.2% to 19.6% (1, 73) Fourth, there are just a small number of FDI projects in Quang Ninh The total amount of FDI capital into the province, which has just slightly increased since 2010, is not much From 1988 to 2016, there were 124 projects, with a total committed capital of 6,215.9 million USD and a total disbursed capital of 4,403.3 million USD The FDI capital into the province was distributed to such sectors as fertilizer production, manufacturing industry, lodging service, construction and other sectors (1, 84-85) Fifth, there are just a small number of enterprises operating in the province (2,768 enterprises in 2010 and 4,541 enterprises in 2015) In terms of structure, state-owned enterprises increased slightly in absolute terms, from 90 to 94, but decreased in relative terms, from 3.3% to 2.1% in 2015 The non-state enterprises went up from 2,635 to 4,392 220 in absolute terms; and increased from 95.2% to 96.7% in relative terms In absolute terms, foreign enterprises increased from 43 to 55 but decreased in relative terms from 1.6% to 1.2% (1, 102-107) According to the Department of Planning and Investment, up to November 2017, the total number of registered enterprises and their dependent units in the province was 14,900 with a total registered capital of 147, 990 billion VND (9.93 billion VND per enterprise on average) Sixth, the number of waste collection enterprises in the province is very low In 2015, there was only one drainage and wastewater solution enterprise with fewer than 100 employees Besides, there were just 22 waste collecting, processing and recycling enterprises, out of which 17 enterprises had fewer than 100 employees The fixed asset value per drainage and wastewater solution enterprise in 2015 was 40 million VND while the total fixed asset value of all the waste and pollution management enterprises was 467 million VND This figure was so inconsiderable that the service quality and the operational efficiency of these enterprises were not good enough (1, 111) Seventh, according to the approved planning, the Quang Ninh industrial establishment system consists of 11 industrial zones, 19 industrial clusters, one coastal economic zone (Van Don), and three border-gate economic zones (Mong Cai, Hoanh MO - Dong Van and Bac Phong Sinh) The provincial enterprises are distributed uneven, located mainly in such areas as Ha Long city, Cam Pha city, Mong Cai city and Dong Trieu town The number of enterprises in the northeastern districts of the province such as Ba Che, Dam Ha, Tien Yen is small (1,107) Reality of environmental protection in Quang Ninh 2.1 Achievements First, due to the early awareness of the important role of environmental protection in economic development, the activities of environmental management and protection in the province have been well organized Quang Ninh is the province having the largest coal resource in Vietnam with a total reserve of 8.8 billion tonnes The coal mining industry provides fuel for electricity generation and energy for other industries; enabling to develop the provincial economy, to create jobs for the locals and to make key state budget revenues for the province In 2017, coal production reached 36.33 million tons, accounting for 46.9% of the domestic budget revenue However, this industry caused the most serious environmental pollution Being aware of the impact of environmental protection on stable economic development, at the beginning of 2010, the provincial standing committee issued Directive No 30-CT/TU dated September 7, 2010 on enhancing the leadership and guiding the environmental management and protection in the province The Quang Ninh Provincial People‘s Committee issued Resolution No 32/2010/NQ-HĐND dated December 10, 2010 on environmental management and protection in the province, stating ―The Provincial People‘s Committee has issued many documents for guiding and implementing a lot of environmental protection measures, thus the awareness of the environmental protection of 221 all levels, branches, localities, people and enterprises has been raised‖ Therefore, the activities of environmental management and protection in the province have changed dramatically (3, article 1) Second, the legal document system has been developed and completed as a basis for the environmental management and protection in the province The legal document system of environmental management and protection in the province has been updated and improved continually Therefore, Quang Ninh is one of the provinces having enough the legal document system and guidance documents of environmental state management early (4,1-2) Third, the province has actively cooperated with the coal industry and electricity industry, step by step resolving issues of environmental pollution caused by the coal mining and production system and the electricity generation system in the past; for example, removing factories from residential areas and separating the coal transport system from public passenger transport in order to minimize the impact of pollution on the people's life Fourth, science and technology have been applied to production Besides, the norms relating to the local environmental protection have been issued, forming the basic for inspecting and controlling the environmental pollution Fifth, economic zones, industrial parks and clusters, border-gate economic zones and their management boards have been established to manage the local industrial manufacturing units Sixth, the province has organized dissemination of environmental protection for local people in residential areas and enterprises in industrial parks, and drawn investment into this activity Seventh, in recent years, Quang Ninh has been implementing administrative reforms, placing emphasis on the improvement of business environment and natural environment The province has also been a pioneer in evaluation and ranking the economic management of the provincial departments, agencies and branches for enterprises with DDCI Index Therefore, the regulations on state management of environmental protection are disseminated quickly and conveniently 2.2 Limitations First, ―Overcoming environmental pollution caused by coal mining and construction material production has been inefficient‖ (2,2) Coal mining and screening is the largest source of emissions in the province, accounting for 79.0% of the total emission amount in 2015 and 68.8% of the total emission amount by 2020 Two other major sources of emissions which are energy production and consumption, cement production tend to increase rapidly in the coming period Wastewater from coal mining sites runs off on the surface Coal transportation inside and outside the mine, on the routes to factories; and operation of thermal power plants cause air pollution 222 and increase the level of dust in the environment Wastewater from thermal power plants with high temperatures (above 40oC), which is not cooled, will negatively affect the natural ecosystems around them (6; 63-64) Second, coal mining has a negative impact on the health of the residents around the area The dust level in coal mines and dumps is higher than the standard many times High dust concentrations can cause serious lung diseases Third, coal mining sector causes bad effects on the current tourist attractions and the surrounding landscapes, preventing tourism development Fourth, in some industrial parks and clusters of the province, due to unsynchronized technical infrastructure and limited management, wastewater collecting and processing not meet the requirements Furthermore, because of the uninterrupted traffic flow of heavy goods vehicles in some industrial parks, up to now, many construction items have been seriously degraded Fifth, the funding for environmental protection in economic zones, industrial parks and clusters is limited; so the province has not mobilized the active participation of production and business units, communities and society Sixth, the quantity and quality of the environmental management tools are inadequate, especially in remote areas There have not been synchronous database system and automatic environmental monitoring system yet The funding for the management activities of the provincial environmental protection at the industrial parks and clusters, for example, sampling of wastewater and exhaust fumes, has been limited Seventh, some enterprises‘awareness of complying with state regulations of environmental protection has been low 2.3 Causes of limitations Objectively, Quang Ninh has the potential for developing the coal industry, electricity industry and construction material industry The province also has a great potential for developing trade, investment and tourism However, the development of one sector will make negative or positive influence on other sectors in the locality The provincial economic structure is depending on the industrial sectors causing the most serious pollution, affecting badly the stable economic growth The management mechanism and autonomy of localities had a great impact on the environmental protection in the past Coal mining and developing thermal power and construction material sectors in the province depended too much on the development planning and implementation of ministries and branches at the central level The province only had authority in local management Subjectively, the awareness, thinking, vision and behavior of state agencies at all levels in economic development and environmental protection are the most important things The mechanism, policies and short-term, inconsistent thinking of the generations of local leaders have great impact on industrial development and environmental protection in the province 223 Solutions for industrial development and environmental protection in Quang Ninh 3.1 Solutions for Quang Ninh province Frist, it is necessary to identify the strategic vision for socio-economic development, industrial development and environmental protection in accordance with the specific time and conditions of the province The current economic structure of Quang Ninh is highly dependent on the economic sectors that have a negative impact on the environment Therefore, the objective of developing industries is to reduce immediately pollution at the locality It is also the main objective of environmental protection The Executive Board of the Provincial Party Committee has chosen the 2018 activity theme as ―Protecting and improving the quality of the natural environment‖ In the medium term, strict regulations and requirements for environmental protection should be applied The vision to 2030 must be ―Gradually shifting the structure of economy from ‗brown‘ activities to ‗green‘ activities, giving priorities to develop service sector and non-mining industries, at the same time, ensuring coal mining operations cleaner and more sustainable‖ (5, 1) Second, the province must choose the strategies of industrial development and environmental protection that are shifted from ―brown‖ growth to ―green‖ growth For a long time, the development of the provincial economy has been largely due to the coal mining sector, construction materials industry and electricity generation industry, which is called ―brown growth‖ At the present, it is necessary to shift to ―green growth‖, which means developing such key industries as clean industries, supporting industries, processing industries and hi-tech industries which are more environmentally friendly; so the province will not have to choose between marine life and the steelmaking industry as the situation happened at the Formosa industrial park of Ha Tinh Third, environmental management and protection must be a process of long-term, continuous and synchronous efforts which are made in the direction of placing emphasis on prevention - strictly controlling - actively overcoming the adverse effects of pollution The province must give priorities to prevention of pollution by such measures as making an overall assessment for the impact of investment projects on the environment; selecting advanced technology when reviewing projects, complying the promulgated steps and standards for new projects without lowering environmental barriers to attract the investment at any cost Besides, criteria should be completed and added to form the basis for approving the investment projects; so the danger of environmental pollution can be avoided It is also necessary to develop and issue a set of local environmental standards to implement the roadmap of applying environmental standards of developed countries by 2020 Strictly control the environmental impact assessment and strengthen the supervision and control of the implementation of the commitments of the projects Establish a system of automatic environmental monitoring in the province to regularly grasp the situation and take measures to handle in time Carry out environmental pollution control activities based 224 on new standards To sanction enterprises and units that violate environmental regulations To review and supplement the strong sanctions to strictly handle environmental violations It is essential to strictly control the environmental impact assessment and to increase the supervision of implementing the project commitments Moreover, the province must establish a system of automatic environmental monitoring to regularly follow the situation so that they will have any necessary measures to handle it punctually In addition, they should carry out environmental pollution control activities based on new standards The enterprises or business units that violate the regulations must be imposed penalties The consequences of environmental pollution and degradation in the past must be resolved Quang Ninh needs to actively study and to have each overall environmental evaluation for the coal industry, electricity industry and construction materials industry to resolve the pollution caused by soil erosion, sedimentation from watershed areas of rivers and streams The province also needs to increase the investment in improving the environmental landscape, the water quality of rivers and streams flowing through residential areas which are affected heavily by dust, emission and wastewater from coal mining, electricity generation and construction materials production Fourthly, it is necessary to have a complete planning for industrial parks and clusters to classify the environment according to the level of each type of zone: conservation zone; positive environmental management zone; environmental improvement, rehabilitation zone and environmental development zone Fifth, it is essential to apply the achievements of science and technology, especially high technology and advanced environmental protection models of developed countries to the environmental protection and sustainable industrial development at the province Furthermore, it is important to study, apply, transfer clean and environmentally friendly technologies as well as cleaner manufacturing models in the mineral mining and processing Besides, waste treatment and recycling technologies must also be developed Sixth, there must be an investment in the construction of technical infrastructure at industrial parks and clusters to ensure that wastewater collection and treatment systems must be established before they come into operation 3.2 Solutions for production and business entities in the province After all, production and business entities in the province have direct duties towards industrial development and environmental protection These enterprises need to step by step apply advanced technology to production in order to save resources as well as protect the environment They also must implement more effective waste management solutions to minimize negative impacts on the environment according to the 3R approach: ReduceReuse-Recycle The enterprises manufacturing and exploiting minerals, especially coal, need to comply with the standard progress of production projects and to improve the environment badly affected by the coal exploitation, processing, transportation and consumption They should actively expand their production capacity by using more advanced technology, 225 diversify higher-value products and have better waste management to boost their competitiveness on the market 3.3 Proposals for related agencies First, the Government, Ministries and branches should have a mechanism to combine the content of socio-economic development with environmental protection at localities They should also have appropriate policies to encourage production and business entities in fully complying with regulations on environmental protection and clean technology Second, it is important to strengthen the capacity of state environmental agencies in building up a streamlined, appropriate and efficient environmental management apparatus; in planning, monitoring and reviewing the Green Growth Strategy; in evaluating and monitoring impacts on the environment to ensure the harmony between environmental protection and economic development; in inspecting and handling environmental law violations Besides, information about these violations of individuals, organizations and enterprises must be publicized on mass media in order to create public opinion and social pressures Third, the coal and electricity industries must actively cooperate with the province to implement plans of relocating manufacturing facilities out of residential areas; to overcome the consequences of air, water and soil pollution; and to ensure a healthy life Fourth, it is essential to boost the education and dissemination of the law on environmental protection and biodiversity in order to raise the awareness and responsibility of people, organizations and enterprises Moreover, it is neccessary to promote the supervision role of communities to strongly condemn the environmental law violations Bibliography Quang Ninh Province‘s Statistical Office (2017), Quang Ninh Province‟s Statistical Yearbook 2016, Hanoi Statistics Publishing House, pp 43-147 Quang Ninh People‘s Council (2016), Summary Report on socio-economic development master plan for Quang Ninh province till 2020, with a vision toward 2030, pp.1-83; 127-183 Quang Ninh Provincial Party Committee (2015), Resolution of the 14th Congress of the Quang Ninh Provincial Party Committee in the 2015-2020 term, dated October 14th 2015 Quang Ninh People‘s Council (2015), Resolution on policies and measures to strengthen the management of environmental protection in Quang Ninh Province in the 2016-2020 term Quang Ninh People‘s Council (2010), Resolution No 32/2010/NQ-HDND dated December 10th, 2010 on environmental management and protection in Quang Ninh province The Prime Minister (2013); Decision No 2622/QD-TTg dated December 31st, 2013; Approving the master plan on socio-economic development of Quang Ninh province till 2020, with a vision toward 2030; pp.1-15 226 PROBLEMS OF SEA FISHING IN RANONG PROVINCE, THAILAND Pawida Rungsee pawida_r@kkumail.com Prof Sekson Yongvanit* sekyon@kku.ac.th Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand *corresponding author Abstract This article has the objective of analyzing the problems of sea fishing in Ranong province, Thailand All documents used in this article are from literature review Ranong province is located in the upper part of southern Thailand, on the Andaman Sea, so the area is considered as being exceptional for sea fishing Analysis of the many documents regarding the problems of sea fishing in Ranong revealed many issues The government has tried to resolve the problems, without success, due to the complexity of the issues regarding the public management of sea fishing This paper presents a collaborative governance concept in order to resolve this problem with the involvement of all stakeholders Thailand‟s Fishing Act of 2015 AD sets a good trend for the future as it contains regulations concerning collaborative governance of sea fishing Keywords: Sea Fishing, Ranong Province, Collaborative Governance Importance of Fisheries in Thailand Thailand has a total of 23 coastal areas, including provinces on the Andaman coast and 17 provinces on the Gulf coast The coastline is 2,942.35 km in length Fisheries, especially sea fishing, have been around for a long time During the First National Economic Development Plan (1961-1966), Thailand was supported by foreigners in obtaining advanced fishing gear and technologies Thailand's fisheries were becoming more modern in terms of commercial fisheries and increasingly important According to the National Economic and Social Development Plan, No (1987-1991), the Thai fisheries sector had a high level of fishery production, and ranked as one of the top ten in the world In 2014, the value of fisheries was calculated to account for percent of Thai agriculture GDP Total output of fisheries in Thailand totaled 2.56 million tons, 1.67 million tons (65%) from fishing and 0.89 million tons (35%) from cultured fish The caught fish value was 1,938 million USD (43 percent) and the cultured fish value was 2,745.33 million USD (57%) The total value of fish exports in 2016 was 6,873.94 million USD Thailand‘s major export markets include the United States, Japan, the European Union, and ASEAN (Department of Fisheries, 2017, 3-4) Thailand's fisheries are important as a source of food security for more than 2,500 local fishing communities 227 around the coast It is an important part of the economy as fishery products are exported, bringing in foreign currency for the country Furthermore, the fishing industry is also a strong source of employment, since there are about 172,430 fishermen (82% foreigners) employed, and about 515,000 people are employed in related industries, most of whom are women These industries include: aquatic animal processing, shipbuilding, canned and frozen fish products and fish meal production (Department of Fisheries, 2015) Geography of Sea Fisheries in Ranong Province Ranong Province is a major fishery area of Thailand and is located in the Upper South, about 568 km from Bangkok The area covers about 3,324.60 square km, or about 2,141,250 rai, (4.7 percent of the southern region) It is the 11th largest province in the South and the 60th largest in the country Fig.1 Ranong province maps Source: https://th.wikipedia.org/ Topography - North and East adjacent to Chumphon Province -South adjacent to Phang Nga and Surat Thani Provinces -West adjacent to Kho Song island, Republic of the Union of Myanmar and the Andaman Sea The geography of the province's fisheries is that it is located on the upper Andaman Sea, bordered by the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, where the Khmer River provides the border The coastline is about 151 km long, which is divided into two parts: 93 km long, and 58 km long Because the boundary line between Thailand and the Republic of the Union of Myanmar slopes down at about 45 degrees to Thailand, the fishing area in Ranong Province is quite limited, it is only about 1,377 square km Although Ranong 228 Province has a limited fishing area, it is able to produce the most abundant fishing when compared to the various provinces bordering the Andaman Sea This is due to the fact that there is not only sea fishing in the Ranong Province and neighbouring areas, but there are also sea creatures from the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Ranong Fisheries Provincial Office, 2013, 34) Importance of fishery in Ranong Province The top five production structures in Ranong Province are: Agriculture, Fisheries, Wholesale-Retail, Repairing motor vehicles and households, Logistics and Industry The fishing industry ranks second in the production structure, at 21 percent (Ranong Statistical Provincial Office, 2014, 1-4) The annual Provincial Gross Domestic Product and the production values of the fishery sector in Ranong Province are as follows Table Gross Provincial Product at Ranong Province's Fisheries Production Value Million USD Year 2008 2009r 2010r 2011r 2012r 2013r 2014r 2015p GPP 19,970 19,884 21,568 22,221 22,674 22,854 23,558 23,250 Fisheries Production Value 147.87 142.58 136.27 164.76 135.27 126.62 133.13 122.27 Note: r is derived from real term with inflation adjusted Source: Office of The National Economic and Social Department Board, 2017, 102 Fishery production activities in Ranong Province provide values as follows 1) The fishery of aquatic animals landed in Ranong Province As mentioned, Ranong Province has limited fishing areas but has the most abundant fish when comparing to various provinces by the Andaman Sea due to the fact that the fishing area is located in Ranong Province and neighbouring areas There are also aquatic animals caught in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar The value of the aquatic animals in the port of Ranong Province is therefore as follows Table Important statistics of Ranong Province fishing harbour 2012-2016 Transportation (round) Quantity of value Year aquatic animals Import (USD million) Export Car (metric tons) Boat Car 2012 2013 31,521 27,307 59,260,663.56 49,342,513.19 2,535 2,449 - 2,958 3,090 2014 2015 24,186 22,679 40,013,643.08 32,259,326.13 2,212 2,076 - 3,079 2,880 2016 21,167 33,408,261.03 2,720 3,387 Source: Bureau of Monitoring and Evaluation, Fish Marketing Organization, 2016, 84 Just 10% of the docked aquatic animals will be consumed in the province The rest will be exported to foreign countries as follows: 229 -Export through Hat Yai to Malaysia and Singapore, about 1in fish from Ranong Province Small fish are sent to four fish processing factories, which produce 24 tons per day - Import to the Bangkok Fish Market In 2016, it was found that more than half of the aquatic animals (50.35%) came from Ranong Province, which was much higher than from other provinces It was not only in 2016 that the fresh sea aquatic animals from Ranong Province were brought to the Bangkok‘s fish market, more than other provinces When viewing data for the past years, it was found that fresh aquatic animals from Ranong Province were brought to the Bangkok fish market, more than from any other provinces, and that trend is increasing every year These aquatic animals were auctioned to different sources: 1) Buyers, i.e.; buyers in Bangkok sub-markets and other provinces including cold rooms Most aquatic animal products were distributed by over 92.42% buyers 2) Processing and exporting abroad and 3) others 2) Coastal aquaculture such as white shrimp, white snapper, white bass, scallop and mussel- Due to the abundance of natural aquatic animals in the waters, competition in fishery is quite high, and fishermen come from a variety of areas 3) Seafood production figures in 2011 revealed that the production of frozen seafood in Ranong Province was expanding This is the income from the operator, declared for tax, in the industry Sea food production increased from 204.85 million USD in 2009 to 261 million USD in 2010, representing a rise of 22.5% due to the increasing demand from overseas markets due to the recovery of the global economy The sea food production potential of Ranong Province is considered as the main source of fishery resources of the Andaman coast, which has high potential for seafood production Ranong Province also has many advantages regarding labour and low wages (Ranong Fisheries Provincial Office, 2013) The activities and production value of the fishery sector came from 2,434 fishing households in the province, including 2, 143 households engaged in fishing alone, 151 households were engaged in coastal and 136 households were engaged in coastal offshore fishing (Department of Fisheries Policy and Strategy, 2017, 80) In December 2017 Thailand had 37,049 migrant workers who were working legally, of which 35,643 were able to prove their nationality (Foreign Workers Administration Office, 2017 ) Most of these migrants work in the fisheries sector, where there is a shortage of workers in Thailand Problems of Fishery in Ranong Province Although fishery in Ranong Province, especially commercial fishery, can create economic value and income for the country, there are still several issues The Ranong Fisheries Provincial Office (2013, 56) disclosed the problems of fisheries in the province, such as conflicts between local fisheries and commercial fishing, the problem of illegal fishing using illegal tools, such as using trawl nets, anchovy fishing in restricted areas, fishermen lacking awareness, overlapping fisheries, neighbouring fisheries, etc In general, the fisheries resources have been exploited for a long time This has resulted in degradation and over fishing The production capacity of the resource, 230 preventing over fishing, is based on the MSY value, which is the optimal value of fishing when compared to actual fishing and the value of the aquatic species integrity Also, the main problem comes from commercial fishing vessels using nets that that are smaller mesh than the smaller fishing boats This has the potential to destroy the enormous resources The problems of fishery in important areas such as Ranong Province are consistent with the problems of fisheries in the country, overall Over Fishing in Thailand began in 1991 The government is trying to solve the problem by setting public policy as a guideline for responding to the problems that arise (Supachai Yawapan, 2009, 3) The 7th National Economic and Social Development Plan (1992-1996) illustrated awareness of the deterioration of fishery resources; such as by setting up regulations regarding boat control and creating a ‗master plan‘ for fisheries management at the local level, set to get the highest return, etc The 9th edition of the National Economic and Social Development Plan (20022006) enacted the repeal of fishing gear that destroyed coastal ecosystems However, on 21 April 2015, the European Union issued a ‗yellow card‘ to warn Thailand against illegal fishing which was referred to as ‗Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing‘ (IUU Fishing) The alert is raised when a fishery destroys the marine resources, it is a great threat to sustainable fishing, and violates conservation measures undertaken in conjunction with other countries or is in violation of international law ratified by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) If Thailand doesn‘t provide an acceptable solution urgently, the EU may take measures to halt the import of fishery products from Thailand The government has set up a management plan for marine fisheries in Thailand, the National Policy for Marine Fisheries Management, 2015-2019, which is not intended to address the IUU fishing issue in isolation, but also has other objectives as: 1) Reduction of the fishing potential and fishing effort 2) Restoration of aquatic resources by planting artificial reefs and aquaculture 3) Reduction of IUU fishery through effective monitoring and control measures 4) Reduction of the catches of the species of economic importance 5) Conflict resolution between local and commercial fisheries 6) Restoration and maintenance of aquatic habitats 7) An update of fisheries information 8) Strengthening fishery management According to the plan, commercial fishing operators in Ranong Province would be affected as follows: Objective 1: The reduction of fishing potential and effort The objective is to reduce fishing capacity and fishing effort within years, especially fishing boats for sea-ground fish, 40 percent in the Gulf of Thailand and 10 percent in the Andaman Sea, and for seasurface fish by 30 percent in the Gulf of Thailand and 20 percent in the Andaman Sea This 231 will be through the use of the Marine Fisheries Management Plan in these areas The measures taken are MSY considerations before issue of a fishing license Large commercial fishing boats will not be able to fish for months because the new fishing licenses for 20182019 will have to wait until April 2018 Commercial fishing boats will be able to catch fish again, which will have a large impact on the economy both in the purchasing of raw materials for the boats prior to leaving for fishing, the sale of fish to fish traders, and export processing plants, which lost revenue valued at about 300 billion baht or about 100 billion baht per month These figures not include the impact of the import of expensive fish, as a substitute, during the high season of tourism (Than Setthakij Online, 2018) Objective 4: Reduction in the catches of species of economic importance The goal is to reduce the proportion of small catches, to 50 percent of the current catch, in the next years The measures are the order of the chief of the NCPO Section 44- ‗No person shall use or possess fishing gear such as trawl nets, with mesh smaller than centimetres‘ This led to more than 150 trawler fishermen in Ranong Province submitting a letter to the provincial governor to ask the state to review this law enforcement More than 200 fishing boats were unable to catch fish because of the lack of a license and the boats must remain docked As a result, the fishing vessel owners lost income, due to not being able to go out to catch fish They also had to pay for care and expenses, including mooring fees, which amount to $ 15.55 per boat, per day At present, many fishing boat owners are discouraged from engaging in fishing I not see a solution or government help Therefore, most of them will have to sell their ships, without a license (Matichon Online, 2015) Furthermore, commercial fishermen are also affected by the enactment of the Aliens Act of 2018, where both labour and operators face very high costs in the process of obtaining a work permit, the penalty for non-compliance is very high Workers and entrepreneurs are concerned that this will cause a shortage of labour and possibly lead to ‗circumvention‘ of the law, especially in the border areas of Ranong Province where it is easy to cross the border It seems that the problem of fisheries in Ranong Province is one that overwhelms government due to the over fishing that resulted in the destruction of marine resources The policies and measures push the entire burden on to the fisheries sector, which the state previously supported, as it is a major manufacturing sector that generates revenue for the country The solution to the conflicts therefore contrasts with the concept of fishery management, which has three main paradigms to consider: resource conservation, social, and economic Fisheries management policy must be based on the integration and balance of these three paradigms (Charles, 2000) The solution must concern the whole system of implementation of the final objectives of the fisheries management plan, which is to strengthen fisheries management The goal is to create effective fishing management This is very important because if it can be managed, other problems can be solved 232 Solutions to fisheries problems in Ranong Province Considering the problems of fisheries in the whole of Thailand and in particular Ranong Province, it was found that the problem may have been solved, yet still continues Society has noted the potential of the state to implement a policy to solve the problems of fisheries resources, which are public property that the centralized government must manage, in unity, in the cheapest and most effective way This is very difficult due to policy fragmentation in many organizations involved in the work of power division, and the management of public and private sectors The public-private distinction, as in the traditional values of public administration, has vanished However, decentralization has the power to draw all sectors related to public works into the management process and acts as a co-operator with, or as, a government agency This leads to acceptance of state policy that participants share feelings and ownership in and can be targeted for all parts to play their role in the right to drive resources, and the resources from multiple parties, to achieve common goals (Kjoer, 2006, 4-5) The author therefore presents the concept of shared management Collaborative Governance is used in fisheries management to solve fisheries problems in Ranong Province and other areas of the country Krik Emerson, Tina Nabachi and Stephen Balogh (2012) defined the meaning of Collaborative Governance in decision-making structures in public policy and management that actively participates with the people Collaborative Governance works across the boundaries of government agencies, at government level and / or in the public sector, private sector, and has a scope of knowledge that the state, alone, cannot achieve This also corresponds to the findings of Chris Ansell and Alison Gush (2007), that Collaborative Governance is defined as a multi-sector governing body Both government and non-governmental stakeholders join in the official decision making, focusing on consensus in discussions to create, or implement, policies to solve the public problems of the country and/ or to achieve development goals that are too difficult to accomplish individually (Tossaporn Sirisampan, 2016, 4) Fisheries management requires diverse knowledge including, biology for resource conservation, economics for trading, income, and human resources for the rights of coastal fishing communities and labour Therefore, problem solving requires multiple parties to work together As a result, the author proposes a common management concept for fisheries There are several researches related to the management of environmental and natural resources, such as the research by Rob D Fish (a), Antonio AR Ioris (b) and Nigel M.Watson (c) (2010) ―Integrating Water and Agricultural Management: A Collaborative Governance for a Complex Policy Problem‖ which is a study of five European union member states in Northwest Europe; Research by Jae-Young Ko et al (2017) on ―Challenges in Collaborative Governance for Coastal Restoration: Lessons from the Caernarvon River Diversion in Louisiana; A research of Judith Westerinka et al (2017) on ―Collaborative governance arrangements to deliver spatially coordinated agri-environmental management‖ and; Christina M Kossmanna, Jelle H Behagel (a), Megan Bailey (b) (2016) ―Action and Inertia in Collaborative Governance of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in Indonesia‖ It was found in all studies mentioned above that: 233 1) Shared management creates a collaborative mechanism of actors who are the stakeholders in the policy, such as operating in the form of a network of committees 2) Management is a combination of learning, coordination, and social activities to build understanding, trust, and to resolve conflicts between parties For Thailand, joint management is a good trend since the 2015 Fisheries Act states the following issues: 1) The National Fisheries Policy Committee and the Provincial Fisheries Commission comprises the sectors related to the fisheries in the provinces, such as; the representatives of local fisheries organizations in coastal fisheries, offshore fisheries, freshwater fisheries, aquaculture activities or aquatic animals processing This also includes scholars and people experienced in fisheries or natural resources and the environment, to work with the government to gather recommendations, suggestions, and solutions for fisheries management, maintenance, conservation, rehabilitation and the utilization of the aquatic resources of the local fishing community organizations, in the area responsible for policy making 2) The government shall encourage the collection and organization of fishing community organizations to allow The Department of Fisheries to advise, provide information to disseminate to the local fishing community for management, to promote the maintenance, conservation, rehabilitation and utilization of aquatic resources as a community project or activity However, the implementation of the concept of shared management, within Thailand, is a new issue that has recently taken place in the law to develop terms of implementation of effective management of fisheries effectively Conclusion Thailand is a major fishing area of the world During the 6th National Economic and Social Development Plan (1987-1991), the fisheries sector was ranked as one of the top 10 fisheries in the world At the same time, sea fishery is a source of food for the fishing community in Thailand It produces revenue for the country, and creates employment One major fishing area is Ranong Province that is located in the Upper South of the country, adjacent to the Andaman Sea In 2015, Ranong Province had fishery production valued at 122.27 billion USD, resulting from the catching of aquatic animals, importing aquatic animals from neighbouring countries for export and domestic sales, coastal aquaculture and seafood production However, the long-term commercial fisheries are often responsible for over-fishing Hence, the government has a policy to address this problem, but it cannot be done effectively because fisheries problems are complex and involve many parties The author therefore proposes a common management approach of collaborative governance to be used in fisheries management This will allow the related sectors to resolve issues with the government It is likely that, in Thailand, a good example of this, as a guideline for the implementation of the Fisheries Act 2015, must be implemented effectively 234 Reference Announcement of National Council for Peace and Order No.44 Must not use types of fisheries tools, if law violated, they will be punished (August, 6, 2015) Matichon Online Retrieved from https://www.thairath.co.th/content/516633 Charles A.T (2000) Sustainable Fishery Systems New York: Blackwell Science Inc Chris Ansell and Alison Gush (2007) Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 (4), 543-571 DOI: 10.1093/jopart/mum032 Christina M Kossmanna, Jelle H Behagela, Megan Baileyb (2016) Action and inertia in collaborative governance Marine Policy, 72, 21-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.06.007 Department of fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (2015) Fisheries Management Plan of Thailand National Marine Fisheries Management 20152019 A.D Retrieved from http://www4.fisheries.go.th/local/file_document/2016112 6150115_file.pdf Department of Fisheries (2017) Department of Fisheries year Strategy (2017-2021) Retrieved from จาก www.fisheries.go.th/ strategy/UserFiles/files/strategy%202560-2564.pdf Fishing Statistic 2016 A.D Fish Marketing Organization Retrieved from http://www fishmarket.co.th/index.php/2559-693/01-11-03-29-09 -2015 Foreign Workers Administration Office, Department of Employment (2017) Foreign labour statistics allowed to work in Thailand, December 2017 Retrieved from https://www.doe go.th/prd/ alien/statistic/param/site//152cat//82sub//73pull/sub_category/view/list-label Jae-Young Ko, John W Day, James G Wilkins, Jermesha Haywood & Robert R Lane (2017) Challenges in Collaborative Governance for Coastal Restoration: Lessons from the Caernarvon River Diversion in Louisiana Coastal Management, 2(45), 125-142 DOI: 10.1080/08920753 2017.1278145 10 Judith Westerink (a), Roel Jongeneel (b), Nico Polman, Katrin Prager (c), Jeremy Franks(d), Pierre Dupraz (e), Evy Mettepenningen (2017) Collaborative governance arrangements to deliver spatially coordinated agri-environmental management Land Use Policy, 69, 176-192 DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.002 11 Krik Emerson, Tina Nabachi and Stephen Balogh (2012) An Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22 (1), 1-29 DOI: 10.1093/jopart/mur011 12 Marine Vessels in Ranong are docked for a long time They are waiting for a new license (January, 6, 2018) Than Setthakij Online Retrieved from http://www thansettakij.com/ content/246869 13 Office of The National Economic and Social Department Board (2017) Gross Provincial Product at Annual Rate 2017 Retrieved from http://www.nesdb.go.th/more_news php?cid=513&filename=index 235 14 Peter, B.G (2001) The future of governing Kansas: The University Press of Kansas 15 Ranong Fisheries Provincial Office (2013) General conditions of Ranong province Retrieved from www.fisheries.go.th/ cs-ranong/law%20on%20fisheries.pdf 16 Ranong Statistical Provincial Office (2014) Ranong Province Statistic Report 2014 A.D Retrieved from http://ranong.nso.go.th/index.php?option=com_content&view= article&id=343:2558&catid=102&Itemid=507 17 Rob D.Fisha, Antonio A.R Iorisb, Nigel M Watsonc (2010) Integrating water and agricultural management: Collaborative governance for a complex policy problem Science of The Total Environment, 23(408), 5623-5630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.010 18 Supachai Yavaprabhas (2009) Public Policy Bangkok: Chula Press 19 Tossaporn Sirisampan ―Public Private Collaboration.‖ http://www.สานพลังประชารัฐ.com//04/05 /2016doc-/2 (Retrieved January, 15, 2018) 20 Wikipedia (2017) https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/จังหวัดระนอง 236 Ranong Province Retrieved from ... industrial development and environmental protection in Quang Ninh 3.1 Solutions for Quang Ninh province Frist, it is necessary to identify the strategic vision for socio-economic development, industrial. .. science and technology, especially high technology and advanced environmental protection models of developed countries to the environmental protection and sustainable industrial development at the province. .. violations Bibliography Quang Ninh Province s Statistical Office (2017), Quang Ninh Province s Statistical Yearbook 2016, Hanoi Statistics Publishing House, pp 43-147 Quang Ninh People‘s Council