DSpace at VNU: A perspective on industrial development and industry - University cooperation in VietNam

VNU JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ECONOMICS-LAW T.XXIII, NọỊ 2007 A PERSPECTIVE ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRY - UNIVERSITY COOPERATION IN VIETNAM P h u n g X u a n N h a '* ' O verview V ietnam of in d u s try in o u u t T h e re h a s also been considerable new in v e s tm e n t in th e in d u s tria l sector, w ith m an y p ro jects u n d e rta k e n in heavy in d u s try such a s p etro l, electricity, Steel, 1.1 T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f i n d u s t r y in V ie tn a m p ulp, fertilizer, DAP fertilizer, m ining In d u stry p lay s a n im p o rta n t role in a n d m eta llu rg y In v e s tm e n t in labour- econom ic dev elo p m en t, especially in the in te n siv e process rnodernization a n d in te g tio n in to the in creased , in clu d in g in te x tiles, footw ear a n d g a rm e n ts, a n d food an d d rin k global economy In V ietn am , th e volum e P ro c e s s in g of in d u stria liz a tio n , of in d u s tria l a c tiv ity as a proportion of in 2003 The v alu e G DP, a g ric u ltu re , fo restry a n d aq u atic P r o c e s s in g h a s c o n tin u o u sly decreased from 23.2% in 2001 to 23% in 2002 an d co n sisten tly over th e la s t decade The av erag e a n n u a l in c re a se in th e v alue of 22.3% in 2003 T h is su g g e sts th a t th e ta r g e t of 20-21% for th e period 20012005 will be íu líìlled O n th e contrary, in d u s tria l p ro d u ctio n w as 13.9% betw een 1996 a n d 2000 From 2001 to 2003, th e v alu e of in d u s tria l production re g iste re d an av e rag e also th e V ietn am ese econom y As a s h a re of of in d u s tria l p ro d u ctio n h a s also in creased has has h a s led to m an y s tr u c tu r a l chang es in 2000 to 38.1% in 2001; 38.5% in 2002 39.9% in d u s trie s T he grow th of th e in d u s tr ia l sector to ta l G D P h a s in c re a se d from 36.7% in and ex p o rt th e annual p ro p o rtio n of G D P raade up of in d u s try a n d b u ild in g h a s continuously in crease of 14.9%, ex ceeding th e ta rg e t in c re a se d from 38.1% in 2001 to 38.5% of 13% se t fo rth for th e period b etw een in 2002; risin g fu rth e r to 39.9% in 2003 2001 an d 2005 T he size of th e serv ices secto r m eanw hile M ost in d u s tria l P r o d u c ts h a s a c tu a lly declined, from t h a t are 38.6% of p rin cip ally u sed for production (oil and G D P in 2001 to 38.5% in 2002 an d th e n g a s , e le c tr ic ity , c o a l, S teel a n d c h e m ic a ls ) ía lỉin g f u rth e r to 37.8% in 2003 T his as export su g g e sts t h a t in th e n e x t tw o y ears, th e shoes, Service sector m ust rapidly develop if it and is to m e e t th e ta r g e t of 40-41% of G D P w ell as (tex tiles h a n d ic íts, co n su m p tio n an d an d g a rm e n ts, a g ric u ltu l-ío re s try for th e period 2001 to 2005 a q u a tic Processing) h av e in c rea sed in n Assoc Prof., Dr., College of Economics Vietnam National University, Hanoi 11 Phung Xuan Nha 12 R eg a rd in g th e a g e n ts of economic activ ity in V ie tn a m , th e role of th e State* 1.2 S t r e n g t h s V ie tn a m e s e an d w eaknesses o f in d u s try in th e sid erab ly o ver th e la s t decade This c o n te x t o f in te g r a tio n in te rn a tio n a l eco n o m y sector re p re s e n te d over 50% of economic In d u s tria l d ev elo p m en t over th e p a s t owned e n te rp ris e s sector h a s decreased activ ity in 1995 an d h a s since been reduced to 41.8% in 2000 an d 36.8% in 2003 O ver th e second h a lf of th e 1990s, th e size of th e p riv a te sector in V ietnam y e a rs has achieved in to fru itfu l th e re su lts, signiíìcantly c o n trib u tin g to VietnarrTs economic grow th In d u s tria l p roduction has been also fell, from 24.6% of G D P in 1995 to g rad u ally stab ilized an d developed T he ju s t 22.4% in 2000 T h is d isap p o in tin g s tru c tu re p eríb rm an ce w as d u e to th e low grow th considerably; th e q u a lity of p roduct h a s te of p riv a te secto r in d u stry , which visibly im proved a n d th e a d v a n ta g e s of in d u stria l p ro d u ctio n have been in creased by only 11.6% in th is period, com pared w ith th e grovvth te of th e to tal in d u s tria l secto r of 13,9% From 2000 to th e p re s e n t day how ever, th a n k s to th e im p le m e n ta tio n of th e Co- o p erativ e L aw a n d th e E n te rp rise Law, th e re la tiv e size of th e p riv a te sector in V ietnam has 25,5% of th e in creased , to m ake up econom y in 2003 The of p ro d u ctio n has changed prom oted th ro u g h o u t th e com m unity In th e la s t y ear, th e grovvth te of in d u stry v alue-added ju m p ed to 10.3%; a fa ste r te of grovvth th a n h a d been achieved in recen t years T h is o u tsta n d in g re s u lt is largely due to a n in c re a se in effĩciency in in d u stria l production T he s tru c tu re in th e in d u stria l secto r itse lf h a s changed to w a r d s th e P r o c e s s in g in d u s tr y The grow th te of th e foreign capital*ow ned Processing in d u stry re p re se n te d 82.5% of sector h a s also stre n g th e n e d , averaging in d u stry v alu e-ad d ed in 2003, up 2.5% 22.4% b etw ee n 1996 an d 2000 T his has seen th e size o f th is secto r rise from from 2000 In c o n tra st, d u rin g th is period th e size of th e m ining sector fell 25.1% in 1995 to 35.9% in 2000 Largely 3.1% to 10.5% w hi)e th e size of the reíle ctin g th e policy th a t lim its crude oil electricity, w a te r a n d decreased 0.3% to 7.0% exploitation, th e grow th te of íoreign- fuel sectors ow ned in d u s try for th e period 2001 to S tro n g 2003 w a s n 't as rap id a s th e previous developm ent years As such, th e re la tiv e size of th is in d u strie s (oil a n d gas, electricity, coal, sector in c re a se d only m odestly to 36.2% Steel, fertilizer, m echanics an d cem ent.) a n d In d u s trie s w h e r e V ie tn a m h a s a of G D P in 2003 in v e stm e n t of in V ietn am ’s the m ain VNU, Journal o f Science, EconomicS'Law, TJ0ŨII, N J , 2(X)7 A pcrspective on industrial dcvelopmcnt and 13 competitive advantage (such agricultural-forestry-aquatic Processing, tannery textiles, clothing and íootvvear, rubber and plastics, food Processing, milk and vegetable oil.) have created shifts in the industry composition of the Vietnamese economy The relative size of several key sectors in the economy including Steel, cement, chemicals, plastics, metallurgy, offìce equipments, computers, electric and electronic equipments, telecommunication have all increased gradually T he in te rn a l in d u s t r i a l co n te n t of P r o d u c ts , some in c lu d in g autom obiles and m otorcycles m a n u fa ctu rin g a n d assem bly, textiles an d g a rm é n ts and eq u ip m ent m a n u í a c t u r i n g h a v e also co n sid erab ly increased F u rth e rm o re , in m any in d u strie s, such a s cotton, cigarettes, p a p e r a n d d a ir y cow b r e e d in g , d o m e stic in d u stria l activ ity now encom passes all th e diíTerent stag e s of production, from p rim a ry to in te rm e d ia te to íìn a l goods an d services As such, in d u stry has developed to m eet th e d em an d s for production an d for people’s lives The positive ch an g es in th e in d u stria l com position of th e V ietn am ese economy h av e led to a d iv ersiíìcatio n in th e scale of production an d th e u se an d adoption of technology T h e re is also now diversity in th e q u ality of in d u s try o u u ts so as to m eet th e d iffe ren t d em a n d s of all classes of society W hile V ietn am th e has in d u s tria l erýoyed sector m any in positive YNU Jourtiai o f Scieĩưe, Economics-Law, T.XXIII N J , 2007 achievem ents, m any w eak n esses in this sector rem ain T he volum e of o u t by th e in d u stria l an d construction sectors is s till low by I n te r n a tio n a l s ta n d a r d s F u rth e rm o re , prices in th is sector are grow ing m uch fa ste r th a n th e volum e of o u u t T h is largely reflects th e im pact of th e risin g price of im p o rted m a teria ls th a t are used in local production To c o un ter this inA ation ary impact, V ietnam should a tte m p t to reduce its reliance on production im p o rts by of som e step p in g up basic and in te rm e d ia te goods P roviđed th e production of th e se goods re q u ire s some developm ent of skills in th e local w orkforce an d does n o t im pose too high a cost on th e e n v iro n m e n t, th is ‘im portsu b stitu tio n ’ can prom ote a stro nger q u ality of dom estic econom ic grow th in th e fu tu re Indeed, we a re on th e rig h t tra ck T he d ev elo p m en t of local industrial activity throughout the diíTerent stages of production has raised the ratio of domestic m aterials in íìnal production and has also promoted eữìciency in the industrial sector However, the proportion of domestic inputs in final Products is still low In the textile industry, domestic inputs make up only 10 to 15% of total inputs, while the ratio is around 30% in garm ents, 30 to 45% in the electronic industry and about to 13% in automobile production Another weakness of Vietnam’8 industrial sector is the low level of export sales from this sector The export Phung Xu an Nìia 14 of V ietn am ese in d u s tria l P ro d u c ts has no t been ex ten d ed in to m an y large po ten tial m a rk e ts in clu d in g A írica, th e planned T he a re a of lan d set aside for th e se zones w as too sm all an d w hile th e se sectors a ttra c te d a larg e am o u n t of M iddle E a st an d L a tin A m erica This íoreign Capital, th e local im p lem en tatio n shortcom ing is due to sev eral reasons, principally th e vveakness of com m ercial of projects u n d e r th is policy was not effícient As a re s u lt, th e se in d u stria l prom otional activ ities, Ih e lack of a sense of in itia tiv e in local en terp rises, low levels of m a rk e t inform ation zones have n o t been successful in a ttra c tin g or developing ta le n te d labour, an d exports from th e se sectors h as been am o n g st su p p o rt low T his policy th erefo re, despite th e local íìrm s a n d a lack of for in te rn a tio n a l p ay m en t procedures b est of in te n tio n s, successíul Im p o rts to V ietn am are cu rren tly aro u n d 18% h ig h e r th a n ex p o rts from V ietnam B esides th e h igh volum e of im p o rts of m achines an d m a te ria ls for in has im pro v in g not been national com petitiveness or prom oting s u sta in a b le econom ic developm ent In d u stry in V ietn am also needs to im ported striv e for f u rth e r m odernization P resen tly , th e tio of in v estm en t in m a te r ia ls , e s p e c ia lly , S teel P ro d u c ts , oil ren o v atin g e q u ip m e n t an d technology in an d gas, p lastic m a te ria ls, cotton, fibre, an d cloth h a s rap id ly in creased A t th e sam e tim e, w ith th e exception of crude oil, th e price of V ietn am ese exports has in creased only slightly, an d in m any cases h a s n ’t in creased a t all The so m e I n d u s tr ie s is le s s t h a n in v e s tm e n t production, th e price of in ex ten d in g a n d im proving capacity T he speed of u p g d in g a n d replacing old eq u ip m en t an d technology is slow, p a rtic u la rly in state-ovvned enterp rises W hile th e technology level in production com bination of high volum es an d rising in m ajor in d u s tria l zones such as Ho Chi prices of im p o rts an d low volum es and stab le prices for exports h a s seen V ietnam ru n a su sta in e d tra d e dìcit in rece n t y ears By p ro m o tin g export grow th an d local production of some M inh goods th a t a re c u rre n tly im ported, V ietnam should be able to tu r n th is drag on economic grow th aro u n d City, D ong N a n d Hanoi is im proving, it h a s been a g d u a l process, an d th e tak e-u p of new technology and th e m odern izatio n of th e agricultural process in ru l a re a s re m a in s low High te s of ren o v atio n an d replacem ent of C a p ita l e q u ip m e n t is g e n e r a lly only of achieved in secto rs th a t have high levels of íoreign in v e stm e n t, largely due to the V ietn am ese in d u s tria l sector is th a t th e tra n sfe re n c e of technology from parent governm ent/s policy com panies to th e local operations As m o tivational econom ic A n other d isap p o in tin g íe a tu re of c re atin g or such, th e d en sity of ad v an ced technology in d u stria l zones, h a s not tu rn e d out as in V ietnam 's in d u s tria l sector is low and sectors, VNU, Journal o f Science, Economics-Lnw, T.XXIII, AIJ, 2007 A perspcctive on induslrial dcvclopment and 15 req u ire s co n sid erab le im p ro v em en t if the n a tio n is to co n tin u e to im prove its co m p arativ e a d v a n ta g e as a producer a n d ex p o rter in th e global m ark et In n o v atio n is a n o th e r a re a th a t w a rra n ts fu rth e r d evelopm ent in V ietn am pro d u cts T he is cap acity to u n d erd ev elo p ed design in m any e n te rp rise s, th e m odel of production is m onotonous, no t m u ltiíb rm , and iníluence, som etim es even from diíTerent segm ents of th e sam e C o rp o tio n T his m ean s th a t m any firm s can n o t learn from th e activ ities of o th e r íìrm s, cau sin g in v e stm e n t costs to in crease and u ltim a te ly vvasting th e g en eral ability of th e whole in d u stry A n o th er w eak n ess of in d u stria l activity in V ietn am is th e unvvieldy m an a g e m e n t tech n iq u es in place in th e conform s w ith in each m a rk e t segm ent m a jo r ity C o m p etitiv en ess in local m a rk e ts is also Indeed, excess m a n a g e m e n t often m akes up betw een to 10% of to tal em ploym ent in e n te rp rise s A num ber of oíTicials have not u n d e rta k e n tra in in g to advance or even keep th e ir skills up to date As a re su lt, th e re are m any oíTícials th a t a re not skilled in m odern b u sin ess m a n a g e m e n t an d th ereíb re lack th e p re p a tio n to d eal w ith th e not strong T h e tra n sío rm a tio n to a m odern and dynam ic lab o r force h a s also been slow The q u ality of local labor generally rc m a in s in su fficien t, w ith th e m ajority of em ployees u n sk illed vvorkers in the g a rm e n t, footw ear, b u ild ih g m aterials, a g ric u ltu re -íb re stry and aq u icu ltu re scctors As a re su lt, th e value-added of m ost em ployees is n o t high W hile a n u m b e r of em ployees h av e been train ed by colleges an d u n iv e rsitie s, th e re are still few o p p o rtu n itie s to fìnd a job suit-able for th e ir profession in V ietnam , such th a t m an y vvorkers a re y et to have an o p p o rtu n ity to prom ote th e ir full ability The level of asso ciatio n and cooperation betvveen e n te rp ris e s w ithin and b etw een I n d u s tr ie s , as well as b etw een I n d u s tr ie s a n d u n iv e r s itie s and o th e r re se arc h in s titu tio n s also rem ains in su ữ ìc ie n t in V ietn am M any e n te rp ris e s o p e te in a closed e n v iro n m e n t, p ro tected from an y outside Vh'U Journal o f Science, Economìcs-Law, TJ0QII N J , 2007 of S ta te ovvned by th e e n te r p r is e s c h a lle n g e s posed I n te r n a tio n a l in te g tio n im p o rtan ce q u estio n of succeeding process F u rth e rm o re little h a s been a tta c h e d to the a rra n g in g an d tra in in g for g en eratio n s If V ietnam ’8 economic developm ent is to continue, it is v ital th a t such education an d tra in in g is u n d e rta k e n 1.3 O r i e n t a t io n s a n d s o lu tio n s fo r d e v e lo p m e n t V ietnam m u st aim to build up a m odern in d u stry th a t can w ith sta n d an d indeed lead th e process of in te rn a tio n a l economic in te g tio n , a n d su stain ab le developm ent P ro m o tin g in v e stm e n t in to key In d u strie s, in clu d in g n a tu l resources, Phung Xu an Nha 16 tim b er, p etro ch em istry , electric an d electronic eq u ip m en t, in fo rm atio n an d com m unication technologies, Steel an d su ííìc ie n t pow er consum ption for economic sectors T h is developm ent should occur in lin e w ith th e principle of eq u ip m e n t "electricity in advance", w hich should m a n u fa c tu rin g m u st place T hese Industries h av e tak e a high c o n te n t of technology, involve a large am o u n t of v alu e-ad d ed by local in d u stry an d w orkers and h av e a large in te rn a tio n a l an d p o ten tially dom estic m a rk e t size P rio rity should also be given to th e fu rth e r developm ent of ag ric u ltu l, forestry and fishery Industries R eílectin g Processing see policy prom otion d ire cted of tovvards in v e stm e n t th e in th e d ev e lo p m e rt of electricity an d o th er pow er sources a n d d istrib u tio n grids Policy should also encourage local in d u stry to ad o p t new technologies an d effícient m a n a g e m e n t in o rd e r to e n su re th a t lim ited pow er su p p lies are used íìciently an d n o t vvasted V ietn am ’s A t th e b ro a d e r level, th e governm ent co m p arativ e a d v a n tag e, th e se Processing sector m u st conduct ongoing m onitoring an d re search so t h a t policy schem es an d Industries have an ability to attract investm ent Capital from economic agents p lan s for local in d u s try can be quickly ou tsid e th e S tate-o w n ed sector, such as ad ju sted in lin e w ith ch an g es in dem and local from th e dom estic an d foreign m arkets, and in te rn a tio n a l p riv ate e n terp rise as well a s ch an g es in th e s tru c tu re of th e sector, local a n d in te rn a tio n a l economy Policy in cluding m etallu rg y , chem icals, oil an d gas an d tim b er, h a s m a in ta in e d its grovvth te to m eet th e basic needs of economy T he grow th in th is sector h a s so far been conducted in a su sta in a b le way, w ith a focus on th e tio n a l exploitation a n d p re se rv a tio n of n a tu l should p a rtic u la rly focus on encouraging The n a tu l reso u rces resources Policies h av e also lim ited th e exploitation of n a tio n a l n a tu l reso u rces for export To e n su re V ie tn am ’8 p a th tovvards economic developm ent re m a in s su sta in a b le , these policies m u st continue The d evelopm ent m an u fac tu rin g and a fu rth e r ex p an sio n of th e p riv a te sector an d in prov id in g a route-m ap to im proving th e co m p etitiv en ess of each product in each region an d local area To e n su re th a t th e V ietn am ese economy does n o t face ‘b o ttle n e c k s’ in its in d u stria liz a tio n process, policy should encourage th e ongoing developir.ent of th e electricity and sectors P rio rity sh o u ld also be given to the developm ent of sm all a n d m ediun-sized th e in d u strie s In d istrib u tio n Industries m ust of povver generation p a rtic u la r, be in v e stm e n t these encouraged in new to Industries of electricity, fuel and vvater increase and m u st re m a in a focus in o rd e r to en su re advanced technology, an d to diversiíy VNU, Journ o f Science, EconomicS’Law, TJOƠII, SỈJ, 2007 A perspcclive on industrial dcvclopmcnt and 17 in to a b ro a d e r n g e of m a n u fac tu rin g products In c re a se d in v e stm e n t in technology a n d d iv ersiíìcatio n of th e m a n u ía c tu rin g b a se will n o t only b etter m eet local d em an d , but will also fac ilita te an ex p a n sio n in ex p o rts This m a ste rs Products m ore en v iro n m en tally s u sta in a b le m a n u fa c tu rin g practices T h e re is also V ietn am to industry, an c re a te university lin k betw een and scientiílc research Science n eed s a bigger role in in d u stry T o g e th e r, th e se sectors can PhD ), (inventions, o th e r research technological Products S erv ice (short-term tra in in g courses, consultancy) E n te rp rise s conferences, have com plem entary also íin an cial u n iv e rsitie s u rg e n t need in a an d solutions, ty p es of m an ag em en t,), and could also play a n im p o rta n t role in pro m o tin g degree provided resources th ro u g h to building lab o rato ries an d high q u ality research cen ters F u rth e rm o re , e n te rp rise s provide íìn an cial su p p o rt via research co n tracts, su p p o rt scholarship, p ay m en t for for stu d en t's sho rt-term build a n u rse ry g a rd e n of technology and tra in in g com bine re se a rc h a n d tra in in g vvith th e u n iv e rsitie s to tra in h u m a n resources for đev elo p m en t of in d u stry en te rp rise s also be c re a te d L in k s m u st betvveen courses by co n tractin g research B eside in stitu tio n s a n d th e m a n a g e m e n t and dep lo y m en t secto rs w ith in e n te rp ris e s in o rd e r to ap p ly th e re s u lts of research th e above in tere sts, e n te rp rise s also ac t as critics to verify th e activ ities of u n iv ersities in term s of production th e q u ality an d app licab ility of tra in in g process U ltim a te ly , this will see Science an d scientific re se a rc h an d services By p a rtic ip a tin g in tra in in g a n d scientiíic an d technology in to th e an d technology becom e a d ire ct em ployee of in d u stry In d u s try Academy C o o p eratio n in V ietnam 2.1 The b e n e íĩts of In d u s try - A c a d e m y C o o p e tio n re search activ ities, e n te rp ris e s also play an im p o rta n t role, by b rin g in g a severe en v iro n m e n t for s tu d e n ts to m ake co n tact w ith reality , an d by gưiding s tu d e n t’s essay an d rep o rt vvriting skilỉs as well a s th e ir an d scientiíìc research T h e p rom otion o f In d u s try - Academy in te re sts a n d m ethods E n te rp rise s can C ooperation (U n iv ersitie s - E n terp rises) also provide h as experience w here s tu d e n ts can develop d elivered m an y b e n e íìts to both a v ital space for work th e ir p ractical skills p a rtie s: e n te rp ris e s are T he prom otion of In d u stry - Academy clien ts who u se a bro ad n g e of the C ooperation also provides m an y benefits For U n iv e rsitie s', university*s tra in in g P r o d u c ts P r o d u c ts T h is (bachelor includes dcgree, VNU Joum aỉ o f Science, Economics-LưH\ T.XXIIÌ, AI J , 2007 to an d e n te rp rise s supply U n iv ersities high q u ality “produce” hum an Phung Xuan Nha 18 reso u rces, in v e n tio n s, technology and m a n a g e m e n t processes By u sin g th ese As th e above discussion dem onstrates, university - en terp rise cooperation is a ‘p ro d u c ts1, e n te rp ris e s c a n th e re ío re in cre ase lab o r p ro d u c tiv ity , u se o th e r m utually benìcial relationship (Chart 1) resources m ore effectively a n d efficiently, will promote th e strong developm ent of both university and industry a n d s tre n g th e n th e ir co m p etitiv en ess E nhancem ent of this cooperation thereíore Chart 1: Universities - Enterprises cooperation Enterprises Universities Technology, íinance, human resources, innovations, Skills Proíessional training Employment Regular training Bachelors, Engineers Masters Doctors 2.2 The c u rre n t s itu a tio n of I n d u s t r y - A c a d e m ic C o o p e r a t i o n in V i e t n a m are 5,476 doctors (14.2%), 10,598 m asters graduates (27.4%), and 21,239 university In 2003, excluding th e defense sector, th ere are 324 professors (0.84%) and l,330associate professors (3.4%) Almost Vietnam had (N ational n atio n al U niversity in universities Hanoi and N ational U niversity in Ho Chi M inh City), zone univ ersities (w ith 20 m em ber universities), 76 u n iv ersities and in stitu tes and 119 colleges W ithin this, th e re are semipublic un iv ersities, universities, sem ipublic private Every year, these tra in in g campuses supply a great q u an tity of students for the labor m arket The num ber of university and college stu d en ts increased 4.53 times In sum th en th ere are colleges' in the 10 years from 1993 to - 2003, from 225,274 stu d en ts in 1993 to 1,020 667 In th e above tra in in g cam puses, there stu d en ts in 2003 (Table 1) These students m et a t least the basic dem and for labor by tra in in g un iv ersities colleges, universities and scientiíìc staff are concentrated in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City private colleges 220 16 and colleges g rad u ates (55%) VVithin th at, and including m em ber universities are over 38,608 lectu rers, in vvhich there en terp rises in V ietnam VNU, Journal o f Science, Ecoìư)mics-Law, TJ0QỊỊ, N J 2007 A perspecỉive on industhal dcvclopmcnt and 19 Table 1: Number of university and college students in Vietnam (1993-2003) Number of students Year Total Regular and gathered tralnlng Other* 1993-1994 225,274 118,589 106,685 1994-1995 367,486 136,940 230,546 1995-1996 414,183 173,080 241,103 1996-1997 568,621 277,731 290,890 1997-1998 671,120 369,596 301,524 1998-1999 798.857 469.869 328,988 1999-2000 893,754 509,637 384,117 2000-2001 918,228 552,461 365,767 2001-2002 974,119 579,197 394,922 2002-2003 1,020,667 604,396 416,271 Note: (*) Including in-service training, crash course, second university degree training, u n altered training, p a rt tim e, rem ote, associative train in g , selective tra in in g Source: Education statistical data o f universities and colleges, M inistry of Education and Training, V ietnam , 2004 B esides su p p ly in g lab o r reso u rc es for e n te rp ris e s, u n iv e rsitie s also took p a rt in ap p lied re se a rc h ac tiv itie s to aid th e d ev elo p m en t of e n te rp ris e s In th e period of 1996-2002, u n iv e rsitie s c a rrie d out re se a rc h on over 3,800 su b jec ts and d u cted 90 tria l p ro d u ctio n projects In re c e n t y e a rs, th e Science and research centers and Consulting íĩrms W ith m an y a c h ie v e m e n ts of Science and technology re se a rc h a p p lied a n d carried o u t in e n te rp ris e s , th e u n iv e rsitie s have b een able to c o n trib u te sig n iíĩcan tly to th e a c h ie v e m e n ts of V ietn am ese’s e n te rp ris e s W hile th e re h av e b een technology re se a rc h a c tiv itie s of u n iv e rsitie s h av e b een co n d u cted not a c h iev em en ts, only in la b o to rie s b u t h av e also been still applied fully in e n te rp ris e s By 2002, C ooperation is still n o t th e norm a n d is u n iv e rsitie s th e re is little policy, on b e h a lí of e ith e r cam p u ses had for e sta b lish e d u n d e rta k in g 167 scientific coop eratio n m any betw een u n iv e rsitie s a n d e n te rp ris e s in V ietnam su ffers u n iv e rsitie s from or som e w eaknesses e n te rp ris e s, th a t re se a rc h in asso ciatio n w ith in d u stry a tte m p ts to s e t o u t lo n g -term objectives W ith in or fram ew o rk s In s te a d each cooperative th is, th e re are re se a rc h in s titu te s a n d 20 applied 147 executive VNU Journal oỊScience Ecoiiomics-Law, T.XXIII, N J 2007 pro ject te n d s to be a s e p a te and Phung Xuan Nha 20 sp o n tan eo u s affair, b ased m ain ly on the relatio n sh ip of th e people involved C ooperation is also n o t y e t a t a scale m a rk e t in w hich th ey can tra d e th e ir goods an d services T he developm ent of vvhere the full ad vantages, to universities such a m a rk e t can help re p a ir th e g en eral situ a tio n we face now, w hereby and e n te rp rise s, can be realized e n te rp ris e s need tra in in g , research or M oreover, th e re la tio n sh ip betvveen e n te rp rise s an d u n iv e rsitie s is no t yet close enough for th e se o rg an izatio n s to fully developm ent a n d d eliv er the re q u ire m e n ts th a t each side req u ires to e n su re m u tu a l b e n e íìts a re realised T he tra in in g an d Service P roducts of u n iv ersitie s often don’t m eet th e labor q u ality re q u ire m e n ts of en terp rises Also, m any scientiíìc re se arch resu lts an d technological developm ents form u lated in u n iv e rsitie s h av e y et to be applied to th e re a lity of V ie tn a m s developing e n te rp rise s F u rth erm o re, V ietn am ese e n te rp ris e s h av e no t had a custom of su p p o rtin g th e tra in in g and research activ ities of u n iv e rsitie s and th e s ta tu s of d irect asso ciatio n betvveen u n iv ersitie s a n d e n te rp ris e s is often not recognized S erv ice P roposals to stim ulate In d u stry U niversity C ooperation in V ietnam 3.1 C r e a te a m a r k e t f o r r e s e a r c h , S c ie n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y U n iv ersities a n d e n te rp ris e s a re each o th e r’s cu sto m ers, so th e y m u s t have a Products a c c o r d in g to th e ir developm ent re q u ire m e n ts b u t not know w here to find th em , vvhile u n iv e rsitie s m ainly still conduct tra in in g an d re search in a coníìned academ ic e n v iro n m e n t, re q u ire m e n ts not close of e n te rp ris e s to th e T hrough tra d in g on a science-technology m ark et, b oth sides will b e tte r know each o th e r’s re q u ire m e n ts a n d ab ility to pay an d provide T he creatio n of such a m a rk e t th ere fo re can directly lin k th e in p u ts and o u u ts of u n iv e rsitie s an d e n te rp rise s C h a rt shovvs th a t th e tra in in g p ro g ram s (B achelor, M a ste rs degrees) of u n iv e rsitie s m u s t be e sta b lish e d based on t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts of e n te r p ris o s , so th a t g d u a tin g s tu d e n ts can im m ed iately m eet th e labor quality re q u ire m e n ts of e n te rp ris e s Likewise, re se a rc h u n d e rta k e n in p o st-g rad u ate doctoral tra in in g p ro g ram s m ust be o rie n te d to w ard s an application for e n te rp rise s C h a rt also shovvs the role th a t e n te rp ris e s can play in directly d ìn in g th e p rio ritie s of u n iv ersities VNU, Journưl oỊScience, Economìcs-Law, T.XXIIỊ, Aụ t 2007 A pcrspective on industrial dcvclopmcnt and 21 C hart2: Associaỉe model between the universities and enterprises 3.2 C r e a t e a c o o r d i n a t i n g b o d y To best p ro m o te m u tu a lly beneíicial re la tio n sh ip s, u n iv e rsitie s an d e n te rp ris e s m u st ad o p t a form al m odel of lon g -term cooperation In doing so, it m o re t h a n lik e ly t h a t u n iv e r s i tie s a n d e n te rp ris e s m ay need to a p p o in t a n in d iv id u al or in d eed a n e n tire u n it to a d d re ss a n d co -o rd in ate th e re la tio n sh ip directly T h is in d iv id u a l or u n it can íb rm u la te lo n g -term policies a n d goals a n d c o - o r d in a te r e s e a r c h a n d p r a c tic a l a ctiv ities It is also im p o rta n t th a t a forum for co m m u n icatio n b etw een u n iv e rsitie s and e n te rp ris e s is developed T h ro u g h such a forum , u n iv e rsitie s and e n te rp ris e s can ex ch an g e id e a s, on b u sin ess, m a n a g e m e n t a n d in n o v atio n s, a s w ell as on th e d irectio n of th e p eríb rm an ce a n d s tr u c tu r e of th e econom y T his w ill allovv u n iv e r s i tie s to im p r o v e t h e i r P r o d u c ts and services, in clu d in g hum an reso u rces, to b e tte r m eet th e n eed s of e n te rp ris e s I t will also provide a n VNU' Journaì o f Science, Economics-Law, TXQ ìỉ, N J , 2007 av en u e w here u n iv e rsitie s can m ake d em an d s from e n te rp rise s, in term s of fu n d in g or b u sin ess a n d m anagem ent su p p o rt E ven tu ally , th e relatio n sh ip can be stre n g th e n e d íu rth e r th ro u g h th e b u ild in g of jo in t re search an d business íacilities, as well as th ro u g h th e prom otion of u n iv e rsity scholarships and b u sin ess in te rn sh ip s 3.3 S tre n g th e n u n iv e rs itie s th e a b ility of To begin, u n iv e rsitie s need to adopt a m ore inn o v ativ e m ean s of th in k in g an d m a n a g e m e n t an d also need to bolster th e ir coníĩdence w hen asso ciatin g w ith e n te rp rise s F or a long tim e, V ietnam ese u n iv e rsitie s hav e ac t in a closed en v iro n m en t, vvhere th ey have ta u g h t s tu d e n ts a n d conducted research on subjects according only to th e ir 0WĨ1 in te re s ts , in ste a d of ad d ressin g e n te rp ris e s ’ needs Indeed, th e reality is th a t m any u n iv e rsitie s don’f tru s t cooperation w ith e n te rp rise s A gainst th is background, it is no su rp rise th e n Phung Xuan Nha 22 th a t e n te rp ris e s in V ie tn a m dorTt w an t to co o p erate w ith th e u n iv e rsitie s In o rd er to m ak e e n te rp ris e s c a re about cooperation w ith u n iv e rsities, u n iv e rsitie s m u st ex ch an g e th o u g h ts an d p lan s, a n d m u s t c o n sid e r en terp rises as th e ir im p o rta n t custom ers in v e n to r As u n iv e rsitie s w ork to build re la tio n sh ip s w ith e n te rp ris e s , th e y also a re w hen th e y exploit new technologies T h is n o t only reduces th e confidence re la tio n sh ip of re se a rc h e rs w ith in th e ir e n te rp rise s, but u ltim a te ly disco u rag es re se a rc h e rs and u n iv e rsitie s from in v e stin g tim e an d m oney in new in n o v atio n s H ence, if we to g u a n te e th e in te re sts of need to b u ild s tro n g re se a rc h groups, u n iv e rsity re se a rc h e rs, w e need detailed re g u latio n , im p le m e n ta tio n and m odernize re se a rc h tools a n d practices eníbrcem ent of intellectual property rights by a p p ly in g new tech n o lo g ies, develop C onclusion c o n s u lta n t c e n te rs a n d deploy new ideas an d technologies to th e production process T h ro u g h th is, technological Science can in itia te a n d develop th o u g h ts an d in v e n tio n s a n d th e n h a n d th e m over to th e e n te rp ris e s 3.4 B u ild an e n v iro n m e n t e n ío rc e a b le fo r le g a l in te lle c tu a l p r o p e rty rig h ts P ro te c tin g in te lle c tu a l p ro p erty rig h ts is o ne of t h e t e n s i o n s betvveen u n iv e rstie s a n d e n te rp ris e s in V ietnam a t p re se n t M an y sc ie n tiíìc v a lu e s and technological u n iv e rstitie s in v e n tio n s of a r e n ’t p ro te cted the by In d u s tria l d ev elo p m en t h a s come a long w ay in V ietn am in th e la s t decade an d h a s played a n im p o rta n t role in the re c e n t rap id econom ic developm ent of th e n atio n H ow ever, if th e economic developm ent of V ietn am s u s ta in e d in to th e re la tio n sh ip b etw een e n te rp ris e s m u st is to fu tu re, be the u n iv e rsitie s and be ío stered an d stre n g th e n e d T h e se sectors both possess u n iq u e c o m p a r a tiv e a d v a n t a g e s th a t, if exploited ap p ro p ria te ly , w ill deliver not only b en ìts to b o th u n iv ersities and e n te rp rise s, b u t will also ultim ately deliv er positive re su lts, in term s of eníorceable in te lle c tu a l p ro p e rty rig h ts stro n g e r econom ic grow th an d higher E n te rp rise s don’t pay c o rp y rig h t to the living s ta n d a rd s , to th e e n tire nation T À I L IÊ U T H A M K H Ả O A.Ooterlinck, 2005, u n iv e rsity and Industrỵ, 14th Ju ly 2005, Bangkok Thailand Chen Hongbo, 2002, B uilding up the Platform for Partnership vuỉthin Industry, Uniuersity and Research by Tsinghua Science Park, Fifth APEC SME Business Netvvork Prom otion Forum , 19lh November 2002, Jap an Knack Kea Ad, 2002, Business Creation Through Academỉa - Industry Cooperation in Korea , Fifth APEC SM E B usiness N etw ork Promotion Forum , 19th November 2002f Japan VNU, Journaỉ o f Science, Ecofwmics-Law, T.XXỈIỊ, N J , 2007 23 A pcrspectivc on induxtrial dcvclopmcnt and Lee Luke Chon, 2002, Sims's Business Creation Through Academia - Industry Cooperation, Fifth APEC SME Business Netvvork Prom otion Forum , 19lh November 2002, Jap an Mai Trong N huan, 2005, Trends of ưniversity Education Innovation in the World, Vietnam N ational U niversity, Hanoi Mayumi Kaneko, Azure K im ura and Ryoichi Y am agishi, 2002, Higher Education Deuelopment in Asia - Inter-University Collaboration and Ưniversity-Industry Cooperatioĩĩy JB IC , Jap an Truong Gia Binh, 2005, Report of Experìences in Training and Science Research Activities Management, Association oỊTraining • Science Research to Serve Reality o f the Institute ), Faculty of Business Adm inistration, Vietnam National University, Hanoi Tan Sin Lang and Jeffrey Pham , Lee Luke Chon, 2002, S im s s business Creation Through Academia-Industry Cooperation, Current State o f Academic-Industry CQoperation in the Malaysian Economy, Fifth APEC SM E B usiness Network Promotion Forum , 19lh November 2002, Jap an Shinto E nem ata, 2002, Business Creation Through Academia - Industry Cooperation in Ja p a n , Fifth APEC SME Business Network Prom otion Forum , 19lh November 2002, Jap an 10 Report o f Academia-Industry Cooperation in Vietnam , M inistry of Education and train n in g ofV ietn am , 2004 TẠP CHỈ KHOAHỌC DHQGHN KINHTẾ- LUẬT, T.XXIII, số 1, 2007 V IỄ N C Ả N H P H Á T T R I Ể N C Ô N G N G H I Ệ P V À s ự H Ơ P • t • t c g i ữ a đ ạ• i HỌC - CƠNG NGHIỆP VIỆT NAM • • • PG S TS P h ù n g X u â n N h Trường Đại học Kinh tế, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội N g àn h cơng n g h iệp giữ vai trò q u a n trọ n g tro n g việc p h t triể n n ền k in h t ế địa phương hội n h ậ p k in h t ế to àn cầu quốc gia đ a n g p h t triể n Hơn m ột th ậ p kỷ q u a, V iệt N am đ ã có n h ữ n g tiế n đ án g kể tro n g việc th ú c đẩy vai trò n g àn h cơng nghiệp Các h o t động n g àn h công nghiệp tro n g k h u vực tư n h â n đ an g p h t triể n trở th n h m ột p h ậ n q u an trọ n g n ền k in h tế s ả n x u â t địa phư ơng đa d ạn g hóa với loại sản p h ẩm dịch vụ trê n quy mô rộng hdn T uy n h iên , với p h t triể n n g n h công nghiệp V iệt N am n h ữ n g th c h th ứ c k h ô n g nhỏ Đặc biệt, d o an h n g h iệp p h ải ng tỏ n ă n g động hơn, h iệ u q u ả hơ n n ếu th ự c m uôn cạnh tr a n h th n h công trê n th ị trư ng nội địa quốc tế Đ iều q u a n trọ n g n ày có th ể đ t thô n g q u a việc th ú c đẩy hợp tá c c h ặ t chẽ trư n g đ ại học doanh nghiệp tạ i V iệt N am H iện tạ i mối q u a n h ệ n ày r ấ t lỏng lẻo có xu hư ống không tư dng xứ ng sả n p h ẩm đ ầ u củ a trư n g đại học bav, gồm nguồn n h â n lực công nghệ với yêu cầu d o an h nghiệp C h ín h điều n y h n ch ế h iệu quả, n ă n g s u ấ t cì tă n g trư ng k in h tế M ột mối q u a n h ệ c h ặ t chẽ trư n g đại học d o an h nghiệp có th ể tạo d ự ng th ô n g q u a h o ạt động tạ o th ị trư n g tro n g nước cho n g h iên cứu kh o a học công nghệ; th n h lập tru n g tâ m điều phôi h o t động cung cấp diễn đ n tra o đổi giữ a trư ng đại học d o an h nghiệp; tă n g cường n ă n g lực n g h iê n cứu trư n g đại học đảm bảo quyền bảo hộ tr í tu ệ tạ i V iệt N am th ự c thi ĩạ p chi Khoa hoc ĐHQGHN Kinh tế - Luật T.XXII/ sỏ7 2007 ... Education Innovation in the World, Vietnam N ational U niversity, Hanoi Mayumi Kaneko, Azure K im ura and Ryoichi Y am agishi, 2002, Higher Education Deuelopment in Asia - Inter -University Collaboration... Collaboration and Ưniversity -Industry Cooperatioĩĩy JB IC , Jap an Truong Gia Binh, 2005, Report of Experìences in Training and Science Research Activities Management, Association oỊTraining •... Creation Through Academia -Industry Cooperation, Current State o f Academic -Industry CQoperation in the Malaysian Economy, Fifth APEC SM E B usiness Network Promotion Forum , 19lh November 2002, Jap