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Study and propose solutions to boost the export of Vietnam’s goods to the markets of some Eastern European countries by 2025 with a vision to 2030.
1 INTRODUCTION 1. The necessity of researching the topic The Europe in general and the Eastern Europe in particular in 2016 experienced many unstable events that directly affected the economic recovery of the whole area. The continuous terrorism occurred in France, Germany, Belgium; the biggest migration crisis since the World War II had made EU security the safest in the world disordered. Brexit, referendum in Italy, Syrian war, Russian – Ukraine tensions also negatively impact on economic growth, free trade in Europe For Eastern European countries, the export turnover of Vietnam to the countries increased from 698.6 million USD in 2007 to 1488.7 million USD in 2011 and up to 5743.2 million USD in 2016. In particular, the export turnover to Slovakia increased from 82.1 million USD in 2007 to 297.6 million USD in 2011 and up to 3197.5 million USD in 2016; the export turnover to Poland increased from 375.4 million USD in 2007 to 779.7 million USD in 2011 and up to 1650 million USD in 2016. The Czech Republic increased from 198.2 million USD in 2007 to 375.4 million USD in 2011 and up to 771.5 million USD in 2016. And Hungarian market reached 51.9 million USD in 2007 and down to 36 million USD in 2011 and up to 124.3 million USD in 2016. The import turnover of Vietnam from the Eastern European countries increased from 168.5 million USD in 2007 to 310.9 million USD in 2011 and up to 445.7 million USD in 2016. In particular, the import turnover from Poland increased from 68.3 million USD in 2007 to 130.3 million USD in 2011 and up to 236 million USD in 2016; the import turnover from The Czech Republic decreased from 65.9 million USD in 2007 to 44.9 million USD in 2011 and increased to 93.3 million USD in 2016. Slovakia increased from 2.9 million USD in 2007 to 13.9 million USD in 2011 and up to 40.5 million USD in 2016. And Hungarian market reached 31.5 million USD in 2007 to 45.6 million USD in 2011 and up to 76.1 million USD in 2016. The above figures show that Vietnam is exporting surplus to the Visegrad. The countries have great demand for importing products which is the export strength of Vietnam such as: textile and garment, footwear, wooden furniture and agricultural products such as coffee and pepper…However, the import turnover of Vietnam from the countries is too little, which does not take advantage of the countries’ flourished industry 2 Vietnam has made great efforts to increase its export turnover. However, the export of Vietnam is still fragmented, low quality, lower price than the competitive goods of the same type, so export growth is not sustainable. There are many reasons, including reasons caused by export improvement policies and solutions for each region and market not really effective. Specifically: (1) Market development policies and commodity items have not really contributed to boosting the export of goods to the markets of Eastern European countries. (2) Tax policy has not really contributed to promote the export of goods to enterprises in general and export to the market of Eastern European countries in particular (3) Trade promotion policies, although more favorable than the tax, credit, exchange rate policies, in supporting enterprises promote the export of goods of enterprises, but still limited processing. (4) Export insurance services and the capacity of insurance companies in Vietnam are still limited. Existing export insurance activities are still dominated mainly by foreign importers designated by importers and participating in export insurance (5) The policy of developing infrastructure for export and human resource development has not really promoted effectively the export of goods. (6) In addition, trade facilitation policies are still relatively inadequate, causing considerable difficulties for businesses and a significant impact on export promotion in general and exports to The market in some Eastern European countries in particular, such as: tax declaration time is still too long; Customs clearance still many points "entangled", In order to have a theoretical and practical basis in implementing effectively the export improvement measures of Vietnam in the coming time in general and export to the market area of The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland in the Group Visegrad in particular, the author selected the thesis “Solutions to promote the export of Vietnamese goods to the selected of Eastern European countries” 2. Objectives and research tasks of the thesis Objectives: study and propose solutions to boost the export of Vietnam’s goods to the markets of some Eastern European countries by 2025 with a vision to 2030 Specific tasks: (1) Clarify some theoretical issues on promoting the export of goods to a country; (2) Study the experience of some countries on solutions to promote the export goods to Visegrad Group markets and draw lessons for Vietnam in boosting to export Vietnam’s goods to the countries; (3) Assess the situation of measures to promote the export of Vietnam’s goods to a country to some Eastern 3 European countries in the period of 2011 – 2016; draw the advantages and main achievements; disadvantages and reasons; (4) Proposing opinions, orientation and some key solutions to enhance the export of Vietnam’s products to some Eastern European countries by 2025 with a vision to 2030. 3. Research objects and scope of the thesis 3.1 Research objects of the thesis: export and promote the export of Vietnam’s goods 3.2. Research scope of the thesis: (1) regarding space: study export and enhance the export of Vietnam’s goods to some Eastern European countries, namely: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland (2) Regarding time: the current status of exports and the promotion the export of Vietnam’s goods to selected Eastern European countries in the period of 2011 – 2016, propose measures to boost Vietnam’s export to the countries to 2025 with a vision to 2030 (3) Regarding content: the thesis will study in depth the solutions to promote the export commodity groups to some specific countries: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland of Visegrad Group. Promoting the export of goods must be implemented in accordance with the policies, tools and measures of the Government as well as specific measures of enterprises However, within the scope, the research only approached and analyzed the policies promoting the export of goods of the Government 4. Research methodology To deal with the tasks, the thesis uses the following main methods: case studies; methods of analysis, statistics, comparison, synthesis; cross methodology; method of direct investigation and collection; method of obtaining experts’ opinions and methods of survey, investigation of enterprises. 5. The new points of the thesis Firstly, through the study of theoretical basis, the thesis systemized and contributed to further clarify the policies and specific measures to boost the export to the Eastern European countries. Secondly, objectively assessing the prospect of boosting the export Vietnam’s goods to the Eastern European countries in the past time; Pointing out the advantages, main achievement, especially disadvantages, causes to base, the basis for solutions to promote the export of Vietnam’s commodities to the four Eastern European Countries selected in the coming time. 4 Thirdly, on the basis of the research, the thesis proposed the solutions, recommendations in order to enhance the export of Vietnam to Eastern European Countries by 2025 with a vision to 2030 6. The structure of the thesis Besides the heading, the conclusion, the overview of the research works, list of references, the thesis is structured into 3 chapters as follow: Chapter 1: Theoretical issues on promoting exports of goods and lessons from some countries. Chapter 2: Assessing the situation of boosting the export of Vietnam’s goods to Eastern European Countries in the period of 2011 – 2016 Chapter 3: Opinions, orientation and solutions to promote the export of Vietnam’s goods to some Eastern European countries by 2025 with a vision to 2030. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORKS CONCERNING THE RESEARCH CONTENT OF THE THESIS Although, through the synthesis of all the abovementioned research papers and materials (from evaluating the achievements that these studies have solved, the limitations remain unresolved). There have been many studies both domestically and abroad that directly or indirectly addressed the promotion of exports in general and the promotion of Vietnamese exports to Eastern European markets in particular. However, up to now, according to the author, there is no research study approaching the specific tools and policies of both government and enterprises to promote exports to the market of East European countries. At the same time, analyzing and assessing the domestic and international contexts, both domestic and international requirements, will have an impact on the promotion of Vietnam's export of goods to the markets of Eastern Europe On that basis, it is recommended to select the viewpoints and orientations for promoting the export of Vietnamese goods to the markets of Eastern European countries in the new context; as well as recommendations on solutions to promote the export of goods of Vietnam to the market in Eastern Europe in the coming time 5 6 CHAPTER 1 SOME THEORICAL ISSUES ON THE PROMOTION OF EXPORT GOODS AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES ON THE PROMOTION OF THE EXPORT OF COMMODITY GOODS 1.1. DEFINITION, NATURE AND ROLE OF ACCESS TO EXPORT GOODS 1.1.1. The definition of exporting and promoting the export of goods Export promotion is a way to improve the consumption of goods, including tools and measures of the Government and enterprises to create opportunities and possibilities to increase the value and quantity of goods for exporting to foreign markets 1.1.2. The role of promotion the export of goods for national socioeconomic development Promoting exports contributes to increase export turnover, thereby contributing to the increase of foreign currency revenue, creating capital for import, serving the industrialization of the country Export promotion means increasing the ability to expand goods and markets and increase the value of export goods, thus contributing positively to economic restructuring and export structure, promote production development Promoting export plays the role of stimulating the renewal of equipment and production technologies to create a source of goods for diversification of commodities and export markets The export of goods in general and the ability to promote exports in order to increase the volume and value of export goods will positively contribute to the increase in employment and improvement of social life The promotion of exports contributes to strengthening and promoting the country's external economic relations Export promotion is important for strengthening and promoting production and business activities and enhancing export capability for enterprises 1.2 CONTENTS AND FACTORS INFLUENCING ON PROMOTION OF EXPORT GOODS 1.2.1. Content over promotion of export goods 1.2.1.1. Content over promotion of export goods 7 (1) The Government’s strategies and policies for export promotion * National Strategy: National Trade Development Strategy; National importexport strategy; Foreign relations and international economic integration; Export promotion policy of the Government (Policy on commodities, export credit support policy, tax policy, exchange rate policy, market policy and trade promotion, export insurance Policies to attract investment for export, Policy on development of infrastructure for export to support export activities, Policy on human resource development for export promotion (2) Enterprises’ Measures for promotion of export (Information, research and market forecasting activities; Trade promotion activities, export marketing of enterprises; To diversify export products, build brand names and product quality on the basis of research and application of modern and advanced technologies of enterprises; To invest in renovating and raising the level of equipment and technologies of enterprises; Promote networking and business cooperation, strengthen capacity to participate in production networks and supply chains between the two sides, in regional and global scope ) In general, promoting the export of goods must be combined and used based on both policies and instruments of the Government as well as specific measures of enterprises. However, within the scope of the research, the research only accessed and analyzed national policices on promoting the export of goods. Therefore, the main contents of promoting the export of goods to the Eastern European markets will be determined as follows: Chart 1.1. Policies on export promotion 8 Source: Studies by the author 1.2.1.2. Policies and tools in the national export promotion strategy It can be said that the national strategy to promote exports includes the following overall measures: (1) Integrate and coordinate export promotion programs to support and facilitate access and delivery Develop market for businesses (2) Strengthening international economic integration and cooperation to create opportunities and share economic benefits and promote global growth. (3) Strengthen the support and active contribution of overseas agencies and organizations for the purpose of boosting exports and national economic growth (4) Enhancing the role of trade associations in the national business community. (5) Enhance international presence, focus on promoting export markets. (6) Strengthening coherence between support policies to promote trade and export development (7) Facilitate access to business support resources (8) Speeding up international economic integration, attracting investment and financial and credit support to boost exports to SMEs. (9) Develop and strengthen export promotion in the direction of business strategy and strategic orientation of market development 1.2.2. Factors influencing the export of goods 1.2.2.1.Factors of exporting countries: (1) Awareness of leaders, policy makers and exporters; (2) National Economic Development Strategy; (3) Natural conditions, comparative advantage and competitive advantage; (4) Economic and market conditions; (5) Institutions and policies on trade development; (6) Situation of the world commodity market 1.2.2.2. Factors of import countries and international market: (1) Trade liberalization and international economic integration; (2) Political relations, world economy, global issues; (3) The policies of import countries; (4) Trade policy requirements of regional and international economic organizations 1.3 INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN PROMOTING EXPORT OF GOODS AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM 1.3.1. South Korea’s experience on solutions for promotion of export 9 South Korea has shown rapid economic growth since the 1960s The government has offered various incentives to boost exports, wishing to exportled economic growth South Korea's export promotion measures include: tax incentives, financial incentives, the establishment of free trade areas and support organizations The government has provided a huge subsidy to promote exportrelated industries. South Korea's export subsidies during the promotion of exports from the mid1960s to the early 1980s, vary depending on the method of calculation In line with the policy of promoting exports, South Korea has implemented import protection policies Safeguards aimed at import substitution may tend to counteract exports in the sense that production resources are allocated between non trade, exports and imports Import barriers such as tariffs or any other nontariff barriers tend to increase import prices, thus directing production resources from exports to imports 1.3.2. China's experience of promoting export of goods to the Polish market 1.3.2.1. Overview of trade relations between China and Poland Economic and trade relations between China and Poland have been growing rapidly, in the context of a changing world economy that has shifted the flow of trade and investment Among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Poland is China's largest trading partner, both in terms of volume of trade as well as imports of goods and services China continues to improve the transparency of its trade and investment policies and practices, develop policies to promote exports to Poland based on current efforts to review, amend and add specific tools and measures, more clearly The government has implemented policies to assist exporters, such as tax refund policy, monetary policy, interest rate subsidy, etc In general, both China and Poland are implementing good policies to promote trade relations between the two sides. Moreover, the transparency of trade policies between the two countries not only benefits the development of direct economic relations between the two countries, but also facilitates trade facilitation in the context of the trend. Multilateralisation is taking place throughout the world 1.3.3. Lessons for Vietnam 1.3.3.1. Lessons 10 First, in the context of Vietnam’s trade balance is relatively equal or it must say that we usually face with trade deficit (although the balance of trade has improved towards starting to gain trade surplus). Examination and use of exchange rate tool should be careful because the use of the exchange rate tool can bring both positive and negative effects on the overall economy. Experience has shown that due to the impact of the exchange rate policy on trade balance and economy, the Korean government does not use it as a major tool to boost exports. Instead, the Korean government supports the development and operation of export promotion and support organizations Second, bring into play the potential and comparative advantage in promoting the export of goods with the outside. To intensify cooperation in deep processing and diversification of export products in order to promote the export of goods to the outside. Prioritize economic diplomacy, enhance mutual visits by the two leaders, and strengthen trade and investment promotion at the government level In addition, China will strengthen the implementation of export tax rebates or reduction of export taxes on goods and services 1.3.3.2. Lessons First, consider carefully in using the exchange rate tool. Experience has shown that due to the impact of the exchange rate policy on the country's trade and economic balance, the Korean government does not use the tool as a major tool to boost exports. Instead, the government supports the development and operation of export promotion support organizations Secondly, it is important to note the use of credit policies because credit policies aimed at boosting exports through tight controls on commercial banks may lead to ineffective use of resources and in some cases distort the activities of the banking industry as well as the business CHAPTER 2 SITUTATION OF PROMOTION OF VIETNAMESE EXPORTS TO EASTERN EUROPEAN MARKETS 2.1. GENERAL IN THE MARKET OF SOME EASTERN EUROPE 13 electricity 3, 9% (2012); The main import markets are: 25.5%, Russia 8.6%, Austria 6.8%, China 6.7%, Slovenia 5.8%, Poland 4.9% Italy 4.4%, Czech Republic 4.2% (2013) 2.2 SITUTATION OF PROMOTION OF VIETNAMESE EXPORTS TO EASTERN EUROPEAN MARKETS 2.2.1. Overview of promotion of Vietnamese exports to some Eastern European countries In terms of export: Vietnam's export turnover to some Eastern European countries increased from USD 698.6 million in 2007 to USD 1488.7 million in 2011 and increased to USD 5743.2 million in 2016. Exports to the Sloan market increased from $ 82.1 million in 2007 to $ 297.6 million in 2011 and increased to $ 3,197.5 million in 2016; Polish market increased from $ 375.4 million in 2007 to $ 779.7 million in 2011 and increased to $ 1,650.0 million in 2016; The Czech Republic increased from $ 198.2 million in 2007 to $ 375.4 million in 2011 and increased to $ 771.5 million in 2016 and the Hungarian market increased from $ 51.9 million. in 2007, down to $ 36.0 million in 2011 and up to $ 124.3 million in 2016 In terms of import: Vietnam's imports from Eastern European countries also increased from US $ 168.5 million in 2007 to US $ 310.9 million in 2011 and US $ 445.7 million in 2016. Imports from Poland increased from $ 68.3 million in 2007 to $ 130.3 million in 2011 and increased to $ 236.0 million in 2016; The Czech market from $ 65.9 million in 2007 dropped to $ 44.9 million in 2011 and increased to $ 93.3 million in 2016; The Republic of Slovakia increased from USD 2.9 million in 2007 to USD 13.9 million in 2011 and increased to USD 40.5 million in 2016 and the Hungarian market increased from 31 $ 5 million in 2007, up to $ 45.6 million in 2011 and $ 76.1 million in 2016 2.2.2. Current situation of some solutions for promoting export of Vietnamese goods some Eastern European markets 2.2.2.1 Regional integration and participation in the Free Trade Agreement Vietnam EU (EVFTA) In order to participate in the general development trend of the era, welcome new development opportunities, from the VIIth Congress (1991), the Party has proposed 14 consistent policies on international economic integration towards Multilateralisation, diversification, emphasis on strategic partners and countries sharing borders Essentially, FTAs have contributed positively to the process of promoting exports, improving import efficiency, shifting economic structure and enhancing the competitiveness of domestic goods and services 2.2.2.2. Developing a strategy for trade development and export and import of goods (1). Exportimport strategy for the period 2011 2020 Decision No. 2471 / QDTTg dated December 28, 2011 of the Prime Minister promulgating the strategy on import and export of goods in the 20112020 period with orientation to 2030 Implementing the Action Plan, the Ministry of Industry and Trade has developed, submitted to the Prime Minister for approval and is implementing the scheme: + The scheme on development of regional markets in the period 20152020 with a vision to 2030 (the Prime Minister for approval in Decision No. 1467 / QD TTg of August 24, 2015) + The scheme on promoting Vietnam enterprises to directly participate in foreign distribution networks up to 2020 (the Prime Minister for approval in Decision No. 1513 / QDTTg of September 3, 2015) + The scheme on development of exportrelated clusters of mechanical, textile and garment, leather and footwear industries (Minister of Industry and Trade approved in Decision No. 4842 / QDBCT of December 9, 2016) (2). A system of legal documents on import and export of goods In recent years, the legal system related to import and export has changed and improved with the promulgation and effective of a series of legal documents such as Customs Law 2014, Amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Tax Laws of 2014, the Law amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Special Consumption Tax Law of 2014, the Law on Export Tax and Import Tax of 2016, the Amending Law Some articles of the Law on Value Added Tax, the Law on Special Consumption Tax and the Law on Tax Administration in 2016, the Law on Investment in 2014, the Law on Foreign Trade Decree No. 77/2016 / ND 7/2016 of the Government amending and supplementing a number of provisions on conditions for business investment in the field of international trading of goods, chemicals and 15 explosive materials gas, fertilizer, gas trading, food business within the scope of state management of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce Regarding administrative procedures and specialized inspection work, the Ministry of Industry and Trade issued Circular No 05/2016 / TTBCT dated 06/6/2016 regulating the provision of online public services by the Ministry of Industry and Trade. Merchants; Circular No. 23/2016 / TTBCT dated October 12, 2004 repealing Circular No. 37/2015 / TTBCT dated 30/10/2015 of the Minister of Industry and Trade stipulating limits and inspection the content of formaldehyde and aromatic amines converted from azo dyes in textile products; Decision No. 3648 / QDBCT dated 08/9/2016 announcing the list of imported products subject to inspection of quality assurance, technical regulations and food safety before customs clearance The Ministry of Industry and Trade replaces Decision No. 11039 / QD BCT; Circular No. 27/2016 / TTBCT dated 05/12/2016 amending, supplementing and abolishing a number of legal documents on conditions of business investment in some areas under management State management of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, For border trade activities, in order to overcome a number of shortcomings and difficulties in Circular No. 52/2015 / TTBCT, the Ministry of Industry and Trade issued Circular No. 34/2016 / TTBCT. Details of crossborder trading activities of traders under the Prime Minister's Decision No. 52/2015 / QDTTg of October 20, 2015 on the management of border trading activities with countries having Border crossing, effective from 15/02/2017, replacing Circular 52/2015 / TTBCT Regarding standards and quality of goods and products, in order to contribute to enhancing the quality control of imported goods, to build a system of standards and standards, contributing to the protection of domestic consumers. , The Ministry of Industry and Trade has issued Circular No 33/2016 / TTBCT dated 23/12/2016 amending and supplementing a number of articles of Circular No. 36/2015 / TTBCT dated October 28, 2015 promulgates the National technical specifications for tissues and toilet paper; Circular No 36/2016 / TTBCT dated 28/12/2016 regulates the labeling of energy for energyconsuming equipment and devices under the management of the Ministry of Industry and Trade 16 Apart from the specialized legal management system, the management mechanism with specific fields and commodities, the customs legislation system has changed a lot with the promulgation and effective 2.2.2.3. Some programs of export promotion: (1) To remove difficulties and problems for export; (2) National trade promotion program; (3). National branding program; (4). Reliable export business program 2.2.2.5. Financial policies and Credit policies for export promotion: (1). Exchange Rate Policy, (2). Export Credit Policy 2.2.2.6. Policies on trade facilitation for enterprises: (1) Development of logistics services, (2) National onestop shop, (3). Administrative reform 2.3 GENERAL ASSESSMENT ON SITUATION OF IMPLEMENTING SOLUTIONS FOR PROMOTION OF VIETNAMESE EXPORTS TO SOME EASTERN EUROPEAN MARKETS 2.3.1. Achievements 2.3.1.1. Regarding policies on export promotion Regarding trade promotion policy: Trade promotion activities have been implemented more and more synchronously and efficiently The National Branding Program: The propaganda for the program and enterprises with brand name products has been increasingly strengthened The prestigious Exporter Program: Since its inception, the prestigious Exporter Program of the Ministry of Industry and Trade has received positive responses from the export business community across the country as well. The agencies concerned, contributing effectively to the work of introducing, propagating and promoting the image of Vietnam's national export enterprises 2.3.1.2 Regarding financial and credit support policies as measures contributing to export promotion Basically, the regulations on investment credit policies of the Government have overcome the limitations and shortcomings in the policy as well as difficulties and obstacles in the implementation of policies in the previous period. Specifically: 17 Firstly, the Government has issued many policies on finance and credit to support the export of goods in general and export to some Eastern European countries in particular Secondly, the interest rate mechanism is based on the principle that lending interest rates are not lower than the average interest rate of the capital plus the operating fee of the bank Thirdly, the list of statefunded projects has been adjusted to focus on the field of socioeconomic infrastructure and industrialization and modernization Fourthly, the exchange rate policy has been directed by the Government to adjust the state of the market, facilitate export promotion, curb inflation, stabilize macro economy 2.3.1.3. Regarding trade facilitation for export promotion Ministries and sectors have actively implemented administrative procedure reform, reviewing, simplifying administrative procedures, publicizing procedures on the websites of the units, implementing well the reception and Onedoor, onestop shop Some Ministries/Agencies have implemented administrative procedures in accordance with ISO procedures, creating favorable conditions for enterprises in production and importexport activities The reform of administrative procedures of the Ministries and branches has created favorable conditions for export enterprises, saving costs and shortening procedures, thereby enhancing export competitiveness for enterprises 2.3.2. Shortcoming 2.3.2.1. Limitations in policies to push exports to Eastern European countries: (1) For market and commodity development policies: Market and commodity development policies have not really contributed to boosting the export of goods to the markets of Eastern European countries. (2) With regard to tax policy: tax policy has not really contributed to promote the export of goods to enterprises in general and export to the market of Eastern European countries in particular. (3) Export credit policy and exchange rate policy: Tax policy has not really contributed to promote the export of goods to enterprises in general and export to the market of Eastern European countries in particular (4) Trade Promotion Policy: Trade promotion activities nationwide are still underdeveloped and there is a lack of a common trade promotion strategy at the national level to link trade promotion activities to a more 18 comprehensive one for meeting demands of bussiesses. (5) Export insurance policy: the development of export insurance services and the capacity of insurance companies in Vietnam are still limited. (6) Policy on infrastructure development for export and human resource development: In fact, these policies have not yet effectively promoted export of goods. 2.3.2.2. Restrictions on trade facilitation: First, the time to declare taxes is still too great. Secondly, the customs sector has seen a lot of reforms, however customs procedures still have many "problems". In addition, the synchronization of ministries and agencies in supporting businesses to deploy customs clearance is also inadequate The infrastructure of telecommunication, infrastructure investment in many places does not meet the requirements, thus limiting the implementation of administrative reform on customs 2.3.3. Reasons for shortcomings 2.3.3.1. Subjective reasons (by the Government): First of all, the form of capital mobilization in depth for enterprises has not been effective. The Government’s solutions and guidance of the State Bank of Vietnam on supporting development of enterprises have not comprehensively implemented. Second, the policy encourages foreign currency loans to improve the competitiveness of enterprises. Third, although the exchange rate policy has not played a positive role in properly protecting domestic enterprises, it has not strongly supported the export of products that Vietnam has a comparative advantage. Fourth, export credit insurance activities of banks and credit institutions in Vietnam are still limited, the proportion of export credit insurance is very low. Fifth, the national trade promotion programs are monotonous, with no major changes in organization and practices; There are no new forms of trade promotion. Sixth, the Government has many positive directions, but the process of amending legal documents is still slow (less than 30% in 2016) while new issues arise. Seventh, the policies promoting exports to the markets of some Eastern European countries have not really focused. Eighth, the leading role of sociopolitical and socioprofessional organizations, professional associations have not been effective, slow to innovate according to practical requirements; It has not done well to promote the export of enterprises. Ninth, the role of trade representatives and the Vietnamese community in Eastern European countries in facilitating the export of goods to these markets is limited 19 2.4.2.2. Reasons by enterprises: First of all, most businesses are not actively developing longterm business strategy to Eastern European countries Secondly, the potential for investment in research and identification of potential export items to develop a strategy to promote exports to these markets remains weak. Thirdly, trade promotion activities have been paid due attention by businesses, but due to limited resources, they have not been actively involved in the implementation of this activity Fourthly, due to the diversified market of Eastern European countries, Vietnamese exporters and importers have not actively negotiated and overcome difficulties in payment. Fifth, the application of new business methods, new forms of trade promotion of Vietnamese enterprises in expanding and developing export markets for goods to Eastern European countries is still limited Sixthly, distribution directly to the distribution network in the market of Eastern Europe is very limited Seventh, logistics and logistics are still a major obstacle to increasing trade links between Vietnam and Eastern Europe. Eighthly, Vietnam's exports are increasingly focused on large markets Ninthly, export products of Vietnamese enterprises face stiff competition in price, design, packaging, quality Tenthly, the imbalance between domestic and FDI in the issue of export Eleventhly, the issue of linking with enterprises of Eastern European countries in production, export, access to markets, taking advantage of incentives and overcome the current challenges is limited. 2.3.3.3. Objective reason (by import countries): Firstly, the exploitation of export potential in each of the Eastern European countries (The Czech Republic, Republic of Slovakia, Hungary and Poland) of Vietnamese enterprises is still limited. Secondly, the standards of the EU in general and Eastern European countries in particular are very high In addition, Eastern European countries are adopting more and more technical barriers to trade in order to limit export market of these countries. Third, cultural differences, political issues of EU member states in general and Eastern European countries in particular (Turkish crisis, Brexit problem, etc.) also affected export development of Vietnam. Fourthly, some EU measures in general and East European countries in particular set higher standards than WTO agreements. In addition to SPS regulations, enterprises should meet the specific requirements of retailers and wholesalers. 20 CHAPTER 3 VIEWPOINTS, DIRECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF SOME SOLUTIONS FOR PROMOTION OF VIETNAMESE EXPORTS TO SOME EASTERN EUROPEN MARKETS 3.1 NEW CONTEXT AFFECTING VIETNAM'S POSSIBILITY TO PROMOTE VIETNAMESE EXPORTS TO SOME EASTERN EUROPEAN MARKETS 3.1.1. International context 3.1.1.1. The world’s economic prospects: Overall, the world economy is continuing its cyclical rally since mid2016 and has continued to grow in 2017 and maintain its momentum in the first quarter of 2018. Global and regionalization have strongly promoted trade liberalization by reducing tariff and nontariff barriers, facilitating the flow of goods, services, information, In terms of capital, labor, etc., it opens up large market access, increasing labor productivity and reducing production costs, thereby increasing the competitiveness of goods and services. 3.1.1.2. Prospects of trade and price of the world: The World Bank forecasts that world trade in goods and services will grow by 4.9% in 2017 and continue to improve to 5.1% in 2018 and 4.7% in the year of 2017. At the same time, the value of world exports, both commodities and services in dollars, will increase from $ 22,654 billion in 2017 to $ 25,273 billion by 2018 and $ 26,701 billion by 2019, of which merchandise exports from $ 17.422 billion in 2017 to $ 19.474 billion in 2018 and $ 20.515 billion in 2019 3.1.1.3 International economic integration and Vietnam’s participation in FTAs: The Comprehensive Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between Vietnam and the EU (PCA) has officially come into force on 1 October 2016 as a legal basis for the cooperation agreements between Vietnam and the EU. 3.1.2. Internal context 3.1.2.1. Forecast of socioeconomic development: 21 The World Bank (WB) has forecasted a reduction in Vietnam's economic growth prospects over the medium term, which is seen as positive but still subject to adverse impacts and risks Inside the country, the pace of structural reforms aimed at improving the productivity of the private and public sectors is sluggish, significantly affecting mediumterm growth prospects for Vietnam. In addition, extending the process of dealing with bad debt in the banking sector and delaying fiscal consolidation will pose additional risks to macroeconomic stability and longterm growth potential of Vietnam 3.1.2.2 Opportunities and challenges when Vietnam joins and implements commitments in the FTA, especially the Free Trade Agreement between Vietnam and the EU (EVFTA) 3.2 VIEWPOINTS AND ORIENTATIONS TO PROMOTION OF VIETNAMESE EXPORTS TO SOME EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BY 2025 WITH A VISION TO 2030 3.2.1. Viewpoints Firstly, promoting exports of goods to the markets of some Eastern European countries is one of the best measures to expand trade relations with other countries in the EU and the world Secondly, promoting the export of goods to the markets of some Eastern European countries must be based on features and characteristics of each market so as to be able to establish export market segments suitable to Vietnam's conditions. Thirdly, taking the initiative and prioritize the development of strategies to promote the export of goods of Vietnam to the market of some Eastern European countries in the future to build and improve the competitiveness of goods and enterprises in Vietnam. This is the basic and longterm path to boosting the export of Vietnamese goods to these markets Fourthly, promoting the export of goods to Eastern European countries must be based on creating favorable conditions and maximizing the dynamism of enterprises, including exporters 3.2.2. Directions 22 Firstly, applying in a coordinated and effective manner the State's tools and policies; At the same time, to harmonize the policies of the State with the measures to promote enterprises to ensure the promotion of the export of goods from Vietnam to markets in some Eastern European countries effectively Secondly, combining trade promotion and effective investment promotion in Eastern European countries, appropriate strategies and effective investment in Eastern European countries, strengthening joint ventures, cooperation and business cooperation. Other appropriate investment to promote exports to Eastern Europe in the coming time commensurate with the potential and advantages of Vietnam Thirdly, active and longterm strategy to penetrate the production network, distribution in the market of Eastern European countries, rapid development distribution system of products with competitive advantages, connected to the system of distribution The distribution of overseas Vietnamese in Eastern European countries, building the trademark of Vietnam, Fourthly, with its position in the European Community, the region with the highest economic development and dynamic in the world, orienting to promote the export of goods to Eastern European countries with the goal of creating Conditions for Vietnamese goods have the opportunity to access and expand export markets to other European markets Fifthly, strengthening the diplomatic work and making good use of the opportunities arising from the implementation of the commitments in the FTAs that Vietnam has been negotiating and signing such as the VietnamEU Bilateral Trade Agreement The EU and the European Union (EVFTA), the free trade agreement between Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union to promote the export of Vietnamese goods to markets in some Eastern European countries 3.3. SOME SOLUTIONS FOR PROMOTION OF VIETNAMESE EXPORTS TO SOME EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BY 2025 WITH VISION TO 2030 3.3.1. Solutions from the Government 3.3.1.1. Financial and credit supports for enterprises: Capital solution to improve the competitiveness of enterprises in the context of international economic integration; Firstly, mobilizing capital from the internal forces of enterprises through the promotion of technical innovations, improving the quality, 23 efficiency of work, increase labor productivity to reduce costs, increase the competitiveness of products. This is considered a form of capital mobilization in depth for businesses; Secondly, capital market development through research and development of solutions to encourage and accelerate the equitization of SOEs, issuance of nonvoting shares to increase the ability to raise capital for enterprises. Thirdly, encourage credit institutions to diversify their credit products to enterprises through retail banking development, apply technology in lending management to optimize costs and standardize lending, improving the quality of products and services provided to enterprises, developing payment cards, extending the funding of secured real estate, intellectual property, factoring, Fourthly, comprehensive implementation of government solutions and guidance of the State Bank of Vietnam on supporting development of enterprises 3.3.1.2. Payment support for enterprises 3.3.1.3. The exchange rate policy must be continuously improved and adjusted to the domestic and international environment Firstly, regularly analyzing the global, regional and national economic situation in order to work out a suitable exchange rate policy for each stage; Secondly, to improve the management of foreign exchange in Vietnam; Thirdly, perfecting the foreign exchange market of Vietnam to facilitate the effective implementation of foreign exchange policy; Fourthly, completing the interbank foreign currency market, the necessary conditions through which the state can grasp the supply and demand relationship of foreign currencies and at the same time carry out the government’s intervention measures if neccessary; Fifthly, finalizing the mechanism for adjusting the Vietnamese Youth Federation. In order to ensure that the exchange rate correctly reflects the demand and supply of foreign currencies in the market, it gradually eliminates the regulation of the SBV's excessive band of exchange rates for commercial banks' transactions and international trade; Sixthly, implementing multi currency policy. We should choose strong currencies for payment and stockpiling, including some of the currencies of the countries in which we have trade and trade relations, and which have the strongest external relations as the basis for exchange rate adjustment of VND; Sevenventhly, raising the position of the Vietnamese currency 3.3.1.4. Strengthening export credit insurance (Export Credit Insurance) 24 (1) The Export Credit Insurance (ECI) needs to be developed in a manner consistent with economic development strategies, international business practices and the WTO principles, ensuring fair competition and be subject to the laws of insurance and commercial. (2) ECI is highly specialized, requires large investment in capital, information technology, risk assessment, debt recovery, transparent and fair settlement; risk diversification through reinsurance and / or coinsurance. (3) It is necessary to have a legal framework to regulate and create favorable conditions for ECI enterprises to develop and to issue specific policies for granting credit to banks for exporting enterprises which have ECI contracts 3.3.1.5. Strengthening trade promotion activities: (1) Supporting Vietnamese enterprises to improve their competitiveness such as developing programs to develop export goods with advantages for exporting to markets in some Eastern European countries. (2) Strengthening market research and trade promotion activities (3) Strengthening the exchange of information and coordination in fully implementing commitments under the VietnamEU Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) and other cooperation contents for development and cooperation purposes. The ability to promote export of Vietnamese goods to some Eastern European markets by making good use of opportunities from this Agreement 3.3.1.6. Improvement of Business Environment: (1) Continuously making efforts in administrative cooperation between Vietnam and Eastern European countries. (2) Upgrading the national IT infrastructure for effective implementation of the Prime Minister's Decision No. 33/2016/QDTTg dated 19 August 2016 on the Regulation on the provision and use of electronic customs declaration information. (3) Improving measures to protect investors, as well as to improve the accession and withdrawal mechanisms of economic operators on the basis of research and implementation of agreements on barriers. This is because Vietnam's exports to this market are facing difficulties in transactions and payment guarantee Strengthening the capacity of Vietnamese enterprises and products to participate in the global production and distribution network, build and develop transnational companies in Vietnam, and build brands for Vietnamese products for consolidating export markets 3.3.1.7. Strengthening international relations and economic integration: 25 (1) Strengthening the organization or establishment of intergovernmental committees for bilateral trade and economic cooperation; (2) There should be mechanisms to promote exchanges among enterprises, actively promote delegations at the leadership level; (3) Strengthening the Government’s support to the Vietnamese Association in Eastern Europe, especially the Vietnamese Community in Eastern European Countries, (4) Supporting the establishment of cooperation mechanisms between organizations science and technology and farms in the implementation of clean production processes to effectively exploit the cooperation agreements between some ministries and economic groups of the two countries in the fields of oil and gas, training staff (5) Improving the performance of Vietnamese trade representative offices in Eastern European countries 3.3.2. Solutions for enterprises: (1) Actively building longterm business strategy to Eastern European countries; (2) Researching and identifying potential export items to develop a strategy to promote exports to Eastern European countries; (3) Enterprises should actively promote trade promotion and marketing activities; (4) Proactively negotiating and overcoming difficulties in payment; (5) Promoting the flexible application of modern and appropriate business practices to develop trade with Eastern European countries; (6) Strengthening investment and innovation to improve the competitiveness of products and enterprises and (7) Actively and actively participating in direct distribution of foreign distribution networks to boost exports, increase the turnover, diversified types of Vietnamese goods in foreign distribution systems 3.3.3. Other solutions 3.3.3.1. Promote the export of Vietnamese goods to markets in some Eastern European countries (The Czech Republic, Republic of Slovakia and Hungary and Republic of Poland) 3.3.3.2. Solutions for Associations: Strengthening supply of information and creating links among enterprises in the same industry; Researching and organizing trade promotion programs to support enterprises in commodity markets in Eastern Europe; Associations in the country should coordinate with functional agencies to propagate and promote Vietnamese goods in Eastern Europen markets 26 CONCLUSION With the structure of three chapters, the thesis has focused on (i) the impact of the export promotion policy on Vietnam’s export in general and export to Eastern European Countries in particular; (ii) Selecting a number of policies and proposing comprehensive solutions aimed at promoting the export of Vietnam’s goods to some Eastern European Countries, as follow: Firstly, systematize the theoretical basis for the policies promoting the exports to some Eastern European Countries, generalizing the role of export promotion to the country’s socioeconomic development Secondly, study the experience of implementation export promotion policies of Korea and China at different stages and draw valued lessons for Vietnam Thirdly, the thesis analyses and evaluates successes, limitations and causes; as well as the factors influencing the exports, including micro elements (competitiveness capacity of enterprises and products; operation capacity); macro factors (law; economic factors; technology; politics, culture, society; international economic integration) affecting the quality and quantity of exported goods Fourthly, the thesis focuses on assessing the current situation of some financial policies about promoting Vietnam’s export to some Eastern European countries, including: planning; financial, credit and investment incentives policy (encouraging domestic investment, foreign investment); tax policy (importexport tax, monetary policy (mainly exchange rate and export credit) and trade promotion policy as well as trade facilitation to promote the export Vietnam’s goods to some Eastern European countries Fifthly, the thesis defined the viewpoints and orientation for completing the export promotion policy to some Eastern European countries by 2025 with a vision to 2030. Then, the thesis proposed a system of solutions to boost the Vietnam export to some Eastern European countries in the coming time. 27 ... and commodity items have not really contributed to boosting the export of goods to the markets of Eastern European countries. (2) Tax policy has not really contributed to promote the export of goods to enterprises in general and export to the market of ... the market area of The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland in the Group Visegrad in particular, the author selected the thesis Solutions to promote the export of Vietnamese goods to the selected of Eastern European countries 2. Objectives and research tasks of the thesis... viewpoints and orientations for promoting the export of Vietnamese goods to the markets of Eastern European countries in the new context; as well as recommendations on solutions to promote the export of goods of