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TRAOofilfKllN HON mdi PHAN Tir THC'KV NHRN THI/C VC • • "/w/t MUC vH ndi • DHI NH^ MUC • • TRAN THI VINH" N hfi Mac kdo dfii 150 nflm (15271677), dd cd 65 nflm t i n tpi vdi tfl cflch Ifi mOt vfldng trilu (1527-1592), so vdi cac trilu dai \jf (1009-1225), Trfin (1225-1400) vfl Ld Sd (1428-1627), trilu M^c t i n tai ngfin hdn, nhitng hdn nfla t h i ky chfnh thflc ddng dd d Thfing Long, trieu M^c da d l lpi dfi'u fi'n kha dfim ndt ljch sii Trung dpi Vidt Nam Nhting trflde kia, cfic svt gia phong kiln cung nhfl mdt sd nhfi nghidn cflu ljch sii d thfip ky 70 cua t h i ky XX trd v l trflde da vilt, da nhin nhfln vfi danh gia v l nhfl Mpc ciing nhfl vfldng trilu Mac chfla that dfiy du vfi chfla thfit cdng bfing so vdi nhflng trieu dpi khflc, thflm chi thfi'p nha Mpc, khdng coi nhfl Mac lfl VUdng trilu chfnh thflc Trong thdi gian qua, nha Mac ndi chung vfl vfldng trieu Mac ndi ridng da dfin dfin dfldc gidi nghien cflu nhin nhfin vfl dflnh gifi lai theo tinh thfin mdi, khach quan hdn, khoa hpc hdn, dd vide nhdn thflc v l nha Mac da cd nhflng tien trien tot dep vfl nhfi Mac dfin dfin dflpc trd v l dflng vdi vi tri cua minh Nhcm thiJfc v l "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai nhd Mac** trvtdc t h S p k y 80 c u a t h ^ k y XX •PGS.TS Vidn S^ hpc Qua trinh nhfln thflc v l nhfl Mpc diln mdt thdi gian dai, lflc dfiu khdng mfiy kha quan nhflng djnh kiln cd s i n dupc ghi nhiing bd sii cu Dudi ngdi but cua cac sfl gia phong kiln thi nhfi Mac bi coi lfl "nhudn trieu" nen nha Mac da bi xep phfin phu chfldng va cac vua nha Mac bi coi lfl nhflng ke "nghjch thfin" hofic nhflng ke "thoan doat" nen nha Mac nhin chung hi coi lfl cd tdi vfi bj lich sfl Idn fin Chinh tfl nhflng thidn kiln nhfl v^y nen nha Mac khd Idng cd dfldc nhflng nhfln xdt t i t dep tfl cflc sfl gia xfla Bat dfiu tfl nhflng thfip ky 40-50 ciia the ky XX, da cd mdt so tac gia (1) d l c§ip den thdi dai nha Mac nghien ciiu ve lich sb dfln tdc vfl xufit hien nhflng quan diem hofin tofin trai ngfldc nhin nhfln ve trieu dai Cu the cd hai khuynh hfldng: benh vUc vfi tin dn nha Mac Khuynh hfldng bdnh vpc, than oan cho nhfl Mac, cu the thfin oan cho M^-c Dang Dung, ding thdi d l cao tfnh tfch cflc nhfi't djnh cua vfldng trilu Mac bdi canh xa hdi Vidt Nam b the ky XVI, dai dien Ifi cfic tac gia Le Vfln Hod vfi Pham Vfin Sdn Rghian cflu Lleh sit, stf 5.2012 hai tac phfim "Hd" Qui Ly - M^e Dung" \k "Vi$t sd tdn biin" Ddng Khuynh hfldng Idn fln nhfl Mpc vfi phd phan cfl nhfln Mac Dflng Dung, dpi bilu Ifi Trfin Trpng Kim (2) vfi Phan Xufln Hofl (3) Cfic tfic gia nfiy nhin nhfin nhfl Mpc hofln tofln dpa theo quan dilm ciia cflc sii thfin thdi Ld-Trjnh vfi thdi Nguyin cutfn "Dai viit sd ky todn thi/", "Dai Vi^t thdng sd" vfi "Vi^/ sii" thdng gidm cdOng mi^e" Nhflng, bdn cpnh nhflng ddng chii Iflu Idn fin nhfi Mpc nhflng bd sii cfl chfnh cfic sfl thfin thdi phong kiln bidn soan trdn dfiy, ngfldi dpc vfin tim thfi'y nhflng ddng vilt dflng Iflu f thfla nhfln vl didn mao ciia mdt thdi k^ thjnh trj vl m^t trilu dai dfi tflng bj coi lfl "nguy trilu" nhfl trilu Mac mfi nhfic tdi xfi hdi Vidt Nam thdi Mac khdng lfl khdng bd qua chi tilt nfiy Dd lfl sfl ki^n dfldc ghi vfio nidn hi^u Dai Chinh (thdi Mac Dflng Doanh): "ngddi budn bdn vd ngddi di dddng diu di tay khdng, ban dim khdng eo trpm cddp, trdu bb thd chdn khdng phdi dem vi, chi mdi thdng diem sodt mpt lan, hoac cd sinh de cdng khdng thi bidt Id vdt cua nhd minh Trong khodng vdi ndm, dddng sd khdng nhat cua rOi, cdng ngodi khdng ddng, thddng ddOc mila to, coi tam yin" (4) Hoflc aflch "Dai Viet thdng sd" ciia Le Qu^ Ddn, sii thfin thdi Ld-Trinh vfi bd "Vi^t sd thdng gidm cdOng muc" ciia Quoc sii quan trilu Nguyin ciing da ghi lai m^t thi^c te v l Mac Dfing Dung trflde Idn ngdi Ifi "Idng ngddi diu hddng viDdngDun^' Chfnh tfl thpc t l nfiy cflng vdi nhflng thfinh tflu khdng thfi phii nh^n mfi nhfi Mac da di lai sfl nghidp gifio ^V^ khoa cfl Vidt Nam thdi phong k i l n lfl t l chflc thfinh cdng 22 khoa thi Tiln si chpn ngfldi tai vdi nhilu gfldng mflt sang gifi nhfl Nguyin Binh Khidm, Giflp Hai dd cd ca gfldng m$t ciia phu nfl, da khiln cho h$u t h i phai suy ngfim dpc v l m^t thdi "ngpy Mac" vfl hflu t h i khdng t h i khdng xem xdt lpi vfi nhin nhfin lpi cfli gpi Ifi "ngpy trilu" mfl nhflng sfl gia phong kiln xfla da gfln ghdp cho nhfl Mac Dd lfl 1^ tfl thflp ky 80 cua t h i ky trflde, cflng vdi cdng cu^c dli mdi dfi^t nfldc, n l n sii hpc Vi^t Nam cujig cd nhfling doi mdi v l tfl vide nhin nhfln lai, dflnh gifl lpi ljch sii, dd Iflu f nhilu tdi nhflng trilu dpi vfl nhflng nhfln vdt ljch sfl mfi trflde chfla dflpc nhin nhfin vfi dfinh gifi m | t cfich thoa dflng Trong bii canh chung dd, nhfi Mac vfi ngfldi khai sfing vfldng trilu Mac lfl Mac Dflng Dung lfin Iflpt dflpc nhfin thflc theo tinh thfin mdi, cdi md hdn vfl khflch quan hdn N h a n thufc v l '*Nha Mac v& thdi dai nha Mac" tit nkm 1985 d e n n a m 2000 Moc md dfiu cho sfl doi mdi nhfln thflc vl nhfl Mac Ifi tfl cuoi thang 12 nflm 1985 bfing eudc "Hdi thdo khoa hoc nhdn ky niem 400 ndm ngdy mdt cua danh nhdn vdn hod Nguyin Binh Khiim" t l chflc tai Hai Phdng - que hfldng cua nhfl Mac Tai dien dfln nfiy, cfic nhfi khoa hpc da danh gia, khfing djnh v l cdng lao cua Trpng Trinh NguySn Binh Khidm vfl ghi nhfln nhiSng ddng gdp ciia Nguyin Binh Khidm vdi thdi dai dng dang sdng vfl trilu dai mfi dng gfin bd lfl thdi dai nhd Mac vk triiu dai nhd Mac Tfl vi$c dflnh gifi v l nhflng ddng gdp ciia NguySn Binh Khidm vdi thdi dai dng dang sing vfl trilu dai dng gfin bd, H^i thao cung ghi nh4n nhdng ddng gdp tich cde cua thdi d^i nhd Mae vd vdang triiu Mae lich sH ddn tpc giai docin thdky XVI (5) Nhfl v$y, bfit dfiu tfl cude Hpi thao khoa hpc nflm 1985, gidi khoa hpc da cd cai nhin cdi md han, khdch quan hOn xem xet vdn di nhd Mac Ho da gpt bd dfldc nhflng Htm mpi pnan nr me Ry , fin tfldng khdng tdt dli vdi nhfi Mac bj chi phoi bdi quan dilm cua nhflng ngfldi nghidn cflu Idp trflde vfi dfi td cdng bdng han ddnh gid vi nhd Mac Vfl bfit dfiu tfl cude Hdi thao khoa hpc nfly, vai trb cua nhd Mac ddn ddn ddOc khai ddy dung vi tri dich thdc cua nd Tfl dfly, mdi quan tfim v l nhfi Mac mang tfnh rdng rai hdn, tofin didn hdn va sau sfic hdn phat hidn vfl tilp c§n vdi chfln 1^ ljch sii Lflc nfly "Nhfl Mac vfl thdi dai nhfl Mac" dflpc ddnh ddu nhd mpt sU chuydn tiep quan trgng ddi sd'ng chinh tri, kinh te, vdn hod ud xd hpi cua ddt nude ta d thdky XVI Trong hai nflm tilp theo (1991-1992) vfin d l "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai nhd Mac" vfin dfit chfldng trinh nghidn cflu cua Ban Nam 1989, tac gia Nguyin Duy Hinh Ljch sfl Co Trung dai - Vi$n Sfl hoc Kit cung da phat bieu trdn Tap chf Nghiin cdu qua cua chfldng trinh nghidn cflu vl "Nhfl lich sd rfing: "Chung ta dd khdng coi nhd Mac vfi thdi dpi nhfl Mac" dfi dfl^c Nhfi xufit Mac tidm ngdi nhd Li, nhdng ddnh gid cho ban Khoa hpc xfi hdi cho fi'n hfinh cuin sflch dung vi nhd Mae tht chda du" (6) "Vuang triiu Mac (1527-1592)" (9) Vdi cuIn Vi vfiy, tilp theo hfldng nghidn cflu tfch sfich nfiy, ngofii nhflng ddng gdp vl kinh tl^, cpc vl nhfi Mac, vfio nflm 1991 tai Thfinh van hofi - xa hdi ciia nhfl Mac vfla dflpc phi Hi Chf Minh, Vidn Khoa hpc Xfi hdi vfi thfla nhfln thi vfldng trieu Mac cung da Sd Vftn hofl Thdng tm Thfinh Ho Chf dflpc ihiia nhdn Id mpt vdOng tridu chinh Minh da to chflc mot cupc "Hdi thdo khoa thdc ton tai 65 ndm (1527-1592) lich hpc ky niem 500 ndm sinh Danh nhdn Vdn sd Trung dai Viet Nam Vfl sfl kidn Mac hod Nguyin Binh Khiim" Ket qua cupc Hdi Dang Dung phe bd trilu Ld - mdt trilu dai thao dflpc in thfinh ky ylu (7), dd cd md Mac Dang Dung tflng gfli gfim ba phfin mot loat bfli vilt ciia cac nhfi nghien cflu tfl quang ddi d l lap trieu dai mdi cua cung dfl nhin nhdn nhd Mac theo hddng tich ddng hp Mac khdng phai lfl mdt dieu nghjch cUc gidng nhd tinh than cua eudc Hpi thdo ly nhfl nhilu sfl thfin thdi phong kiln gfin cho Mac Dflng Dung Den dfiy, cuIn sfich khoa hoc cudi ndm 1985 tai Hdi Phbng Cling thdi dilm nfly, Ban Ljch sfl Co khdng dinh them vi Mac Ddng Dung (ding Trung dai thudc Vidn Sfl hpc cung triln f kiln vdi nhflng quan dilm cua gidi sii hpc khai chfldng trinh nghien cflu ridng v l nhfi tpi hai qjidc Hdi thao khoa hoc nflm 1985 vfl Mac Kit qua nghidn cflu bfldc dfiu dfldc 1991) la nhin nhdn Mac Bdng Dung khdng cfing b l trdn mdt s i chuyen san ciia Tap chf phdi nhd mdt ke "nghieh thdn", dd ddn lue Nghien cdu Lich sd vfio nfim 1991 (8), bao Mac Ddng Dung vd vdOng triiu Mae phdi gIm nhflng lufin vfln vl: Thd chd chinh tri, ddOe trd vi dung vi tri cda minh Nlu coi Bang giao, Lang xd, Kinh tdnSng nghiip vd Mac Dfing Dung lfl ke "thofin dopt", lfl rupng ddt, Vdn hod gido difc dd mdt "nghjch thfin" vfi coi nhfi Mac lfl "ngpy so ddng gdp v l kinh tl^ cung nhfl mdt s i trilu" tflc Ifi da phu nhfin nhflng ddng gdp thflnh tflu v l vfln hoa nghd thu^t thdi Mac chung cua nhfl Mac trdn cflc linh vpc kinh tM, vfin hofi, giao due vfi nghd thufit mfl nhfi bfldc dfiu da dflpc d l c|ip tdi Mac da Iflm dfldc cho dfl't nfldc vflo t h i ky Nhfl vfly, chi vdng nfim, vi$c XVI (10) nghien cflu, tim hiiu, k i t lufln vfl dflnh gifi Tilp theo chfldng trinh nghien cflu ciia vl "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai nhd M^e" da dpt dfldc nhiJng thfinh tflu mdi qufl trinh Vidn S i hpc, Hdi Khoa hpc Ljch sul Vidt Rghlto elifu Ljch aJr atf 5.2012 Nam phli hpp v6i Vi^n Sii hpc vfi H^i d i n g Ljch sii Thflnh phtf Hai Phdng dfi t i l n hflnh thdm mdt cu$c hdi thao khoa hpc nfla v l nhfi Mpc tai huy^n Kiln Thuy (Hfii Phdng) vflo thflng nflm 1994 K i t qufi ciia cude H^i thao dflpc cdng bl^ cu^n sfich "Nhd Mg.c vd ddng ho A/pc Ifch sd" xua't ban vfio thfing nflm 1996 (eau cuIn Vuang triiu M^c 1527-1592 ciia Vi$n Sii hpc niia nfim) Nhflng vflTn d l d^t vfi giai quydt ciia c u | c H^i thao khoa hpc v l nhfi Mpc lfin nfly vfin lfl sp tilp tuc ciia ddng mpch dfl vfi dang thu hut si^ quan tflm ciia gidi nghidn cflu v l nhfl Mpc lflc dd D$c bidt cude Hdi thao nfly dfl t^p hpp dflpc khfl ddng dao vfl khfl rdng rfii cflc nhfl khoa hpc d i n tfl nhilu cd quan vfl cflc trfldng dpi hpc (11) nhflng lai cd chung m^t tieng ndi vi^c dfinh gifi vfi nhin nhfln v l "Nhd Mac vd vdOng triiu Mac" Cude Hdi thao da thu dfldc k i t qua lfl di tdi nhdn thdc mdt cdch ddy du han vd ddnh gid mdt cdch xdc ddng hOn v l m|t giai doan ljch sut t i l n trinh phfit t r i l n cua dan t^c Vi$t Nam nfla cuoi t h i ky XVI vdi nhflng k i t lufin h i t sflc khflch quan (12) la: - Ndn xofl bd thfinh kiln vfl djnh k i l n v l nhfl Mac Nen doi xii vdi nhfl Mae mpt cflch cdng bfing nhfl cflc trilu dpi khac Da din lflc chflng ta phai thay doi v l each dfinh gifi cflc chfnh sach d^i n^i vfl dm ngopi ciia nhfl Mac Khdng ndn dflnh gia n^ng n l v l nhfl Mae nhfl trflde dfiy nhfin thflc ciia mdt stf ngfldi nghidn eflu cdn hpn chC - Nhfi Mpe lfl vfldng trilu ddi vfi t i n tai sau nhfi Ld Vi^c nhfl Ld spp d l , nhfi Mae Idn thay lfl m^t hi$n tflpng cd f nghia t i l n bd, dfldc nhilu ngfldi ting h0 Khdng nen coi sfl vide nfly lfl cfldp ngdi Sau ddi vfl ton tai, nhfi Mpc da cd ddng gdp nh^t djnh v l mflt vfln hoa, v l mfit tfl tfldng vfl mdt phfin nflo dd v l kinh t l Hay tra lai cho nhfi Mpc nhflng ddng gdp khflch quan fiy V l chfnh sflch dli ngoai, d gdc d | nflo dd cd hpn chi Nhflng khdng ndn dflnh gifl nha Mpc lfl phfin qu6c Dii dd cfing ehi lfl flp tfnh tofln sfich Iflpe flng phd mfi thdi Phfii d$t nhfl Mpc hofin canh ljch flii lflc bfi'y gid Nhfi Mpc phfii dSi phd vdi nhilu thtf li^e phong kiln, ddi hdi phai cd sfich Iflpc mIm mdng d l trfinh chiln tranh vfl d l bao vd chii quyln cua dtft nfldc Ngofii cflc cude Hdi thfio, cac chUdng trinh nghidn cflu m | t th|ip ky (19861994) dfi giflp cho nhfln thflc v l nhfi Mpc tiln gfin tdi chfin 1^ khfich quan cua ljch siSt thl vide nghidn cflu v l nhfl Mac cdn dflpc sp hd trp thdm bdi hfing lopt nhiing chflng tfch v l v4t ehfi't ciia thdi dai mfi trflde ft ngfldi quan tfim tdi Dd lfl nhiing kiln true dflc sfic v l ngdi dinh Tfly Dfing d nhfi^t Vi$t Nam dfldc xfiy d\fng dfldi thdi Mac (13), rli hd t h i n g thflnh quflch ciia nhfl Mpc hay cdn hi$n hflu tpi n h i l u dja phfldng cflng nhfl nhflng gIm sfl hoa lam tuydt dpp san xu^t vflo thdi Mpc da vfl