The Market in Chinese Social Policy Edited by Linda Wong and Norman Flynn The Market in Chinese Social Policy Also by Linda Wong MARGINALIZATION AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN CHINA SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL POLICY IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA (co-editor with Stewart MacPherson) Also by Norman Flynn MIRACLE TO MELTDOWN: Business, Government and Society PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT (third edition) PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT IN EUROPE (co-editor with Franz Strehl) The Market in Chinese Social Policy Edited by Linda Wong and Norman Flynn Selection and editorial matter © Linda Wong and Norman Flynn 2001 Chapter © Norman Flynn, Ian Holliday and Linda Wong 2001 Chapter © Linda Wong 2001 Chapter © Bob Deacon, Ian Holliday and Linda Wong 2001 Chapters 2, 4, 5, © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001 Reprint of the original edition 2001 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N Y 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd) ISBN 978-1-349-42327-9 ISBN 978-1-4039-1993-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403919939 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The market in Chinese social policy / edited by Linda Wong and Norman Flynn p cm Includes bibliographical references and index China—Social policy China—Economic policy—1976– China—Economic conditions—1976– I Wong, Linda, 1949– II Flynn, Norman HN733.5 M363 2001 361.6’1’0951—dc21 00–054205 10 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 Contents List of Tables and Figures vi Acknowledgements vii Notes on the Contributors viii List of Abbreviations xi Introduction Norman Flynn, Ian Holliday and Linda Wong Labour Policy Reform Grace O.M Lee 12 Welfare Policy Reform Linda Wong 38 Health Policy Reform Anthony B.L Cheung 63 Education Policy Reform Ka-ho Mok 88 Housing Policy Reform K.Y Lau and James Lee 112 Conclusion Bob Deacon, Ian Holliday and Linda Wong 138 Appendix: China Profile 149 References 151 Index 161 v List of Tables and Figures Tables 2.1 Number of employees working in units of various ownership, 1996 2.2 Types and employment of township and village enterprises, 1996 2.3 New urban employees (grouped by employment), 1991–96 2.4 Registered urban unemployed and unemployment rate, 1978–97 4.1 Health insurance systems in China 4.2 Numbers of health personnel in various forms of employment, 1950s–1970s 4.3 Progress in the Zhenjiang and Jiujiang pilot experiments, 1995–96 4.4 The percentage of population in each segment of the total insured population in Zhenjiang and Jiujiang ( January–December 1995) 5.1 Enrolment changes in higher educational institutions in China, 1988–94 5.2 China: average miscellaneous fees and unit costs (yuan per student per year), 1993 22 23 24 27 65 67 78 79 95 96 Figures 4.1 Phases of healthcare reform, 1970s–1990s 4.2 Wage contribution flows to individual and social accounts in the Jiujiang and Zhenjiang models 5.1 The education market place: recent educational restructuring in mainland China vi 64 70 90 Acknowledgements The book grew out of the constant dialogue and debates among teachers in one university department who share interests in the role of marketization and privatization in social life Our interests in developments in China have grown over the course of teaching and research at the City University of Hong Kong, hence the idea of a book that provides the forum for each to test out ideas on market inroads into various social policies in China in the era of economic reform drew instant support To guide us in our common pursuit, two workshops were held We also invited Bob Deacon to share insights drawn from social policy reforms in Eastern Europe and elsewhere In the final stage of revising the manuscript, three colleagues – Adrian Sinfield, Zsuzsa Ferge and Ian Holliday – offered many useful comments Ian also took part in co-writing the introduction and conclusion The hard work of all contributors is much appreciated Funds for research and the two workshops came from the Contemporary China Research Centre of City University Without this grant, the current enterprise would have been impossible Last but not least, we would like to thank Huen Wai-po and Lisa Wong for helping to prepare the country profile and the typescript LINDA WONG vii Notes on the Contributors Anthony B.L Cheung is Head and Associate Professor, Department of Public and Social Administration at the City University of Hong Kong An ex-civil servant and a specialist in public administration, he has published books and articles on privatization, civil service and public sector reforms, and government and politics in Hong Kong and China His recent books are Public Sector Reform in Hong Kong (co-edited with Jane Lee, 1995) and The Civil Service in Hong Kong: Continuity and Change (co-authored with Shafiqul Huque and Grace O.M Lee, 1998) Bob Deacon is Professor of Social Policy at the University of Sheffield and Director of the Globalism and Social Policy Programme (GASPP) which is based partly at Sheffield and partly at STAKES (National Research Centre for Welfare and Health), Helsinki, Finland He is the author of several books on East European and post-Communist social policy The most recent is Global Social Policy He is founding editor of a new journal, Global Social Policy, which is an inter-disciplinary journal of public policy and social development He has also acted as consultant to several international organizations including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report, International Labour Organization (ILO), European Union (EU), Council of Europe and United Nations Research Institute in Social Development (UNRISD) Norman Flynn currently runs the Public Services Management Programme at the London School of Economics Previously he has been Professor of Public Sector Management at the City University of Hong Kong and lecturer at Birmingham University and London Business School He has written about public policy and management issues in the UK and Europe and about business, government and society in East and South-east Asia His books include Miracle to Meltdown: Business, Government and Society (1999), Public Sector Management (3rd edn 1997), and Public Sector Management in Europe (ed with Franz Strehl, 1996) Ian Holliday is Professor of Policy Studies, Department of Public and Social Administration, City University of Hong Kong Previously he taught at the University of Manchester and at New York University His viii Notes on the Contributors ix research interests include comparative social policy, with a focus on healthcare, and comparative institutional analysis, with a focus on core executives His books include The British Cabinet System (with Martin Burch, 1996) and The NHS Transformed (2nd edn 1995) He co-edits the journal Party Politics K.Y Lau is Associate Professor, Department of Public and Social Administration, City University of Hong Kong His research and publications focus on housing policy and administration in Hong Kong and urban housing system reform in China He is a member of the Hong Kong Housing Authority and served as a member of the Hong Kong Government Housing Bureau Long Term Housing Strategy Review Steering Group between 1996 and 1998 Grace O.M Lee is Assistant Professor, Department of Public and Social Administration, City University of Hong Kong She was an officer with the Labour Department of the Hong Kong Government before joining the academic profession Her research interests include labour studies and public sector management She has published extensively on labour issues in Hong Kong and China, and public management in the Hong Kong civil service She is the co-author (with Anthony B.L Cheung and Shafiqul Huque) of The Civil Service in Hong Kong: Continuity and Change (1998) James Lee is Associate Professor, Department of Public and Social Administration, City University of Hong Kong He specializes in housing studies and housing policy, with an emphasis on home ownership, housing management and comparative housing policy His current research projects include housing affordability in Hong Kong and comparative housing studies of Hong Kong and Shanghai His books include The New Social Policy (co-edited with Kam-wah Chan, Lai-ching Leung and Sammy Chiu, 1999) and Housing, Home Ownership and Social Change in Hong Kong (2000) Ka-ho Mok is Convenor of the Comparative Education Policy Research Unit in the Department of Public and Social Administration at the City University of Hong Kong He is also Associate Professor in the same department His major research interests include comparative education policy, social and political development issues in contemporary China, and intellectuals and politics He is the author of Intellectuals and the State in Post-Mao China (1998) and Social and Political Development in Post-Reform China (2000) He has also published articles in Comparative Education Review, 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Iron and Steel Corporation 15 army demobilization 35 Asian Development Bank 75, 145 Association for the Handicapped 19 Association of Young Chinese Volunteers 53 Australasia 145 Ball, S.J 89, 90 bankruptcy 21, 81 ‘barefoot doctors’ 66, 75 Beijing 18, 20, 29, 36 health policy reform 71, 72, 73, 77, 82, 84, 144 housing reform 112 Ministry of Civil Affairs 60 Talent Exchange Centre 18, 24 welfare policy reform 40 ‘blue chop’ 36 Bo, X.F 74 Bray, M 91, 95, 96 Britain 1, 8–9, 70, 89, 146 National Health Service 56 Broaded, C 36–7 Buchbinder, H 89, 109 Byrd, W 15 ‘cadres’ 36, 46 Cai, G.X 79 Cai, R.H 65, 66, 68, 78–9 Cao, Zhongde 36–7 catastrophic insurance 82 Central Military Commission 80 Central Organization Department 36 Cerny, P 10 Chai, C.H 91 Chan, D 97, 100, 101, 106, 109 Chang, Zhor Ji 23 Changzhou 115 Chapman, M 122 Chen, G 113 Chen, M.Z 66 Chen, Quanfu 98–9 Cheng, K.M 92, 93–4, 95, 97, 105–6, 110 Cheng, T 14 Chengdu 18, 71, 72 Cheung, A.B.L 63–87, 140 Child, J 16 childcare 14 Chile 60 China Academy of Social Science 132 China Charity Federation 55 China Disabled Persons’ Federation 53 China Social Workers’ Association 53 China Youth Development Foundation 53 Chinese Communist Party 2, 3, 13, 26, 34, 57, 86 Central Committee 92, 93; Third Plenum 3–4, 15–16, 42 education policy reform 91, 94, 104, 106, 109–10 Fifteenth National People’s Congress 46 Fourteenth Party Congress 42, 94, 96 housing reform policy 112, 124 ‘Project 211’ 101–2 Chiu, R 113 choice 89 Choko, M.H 113 Christiansen, F 25, 26, 101 Chu, D.K.Y 113 citizenship status (hukou) 14, 25 clinics 139 161 162 Index collectively-owned enterprises 3, 5, 21, 22, 23, 25, 114 collectivization 67, 76 colleges 139 comfortable living housing projects (gongcheng) 122 commercial operators and volunteers commercialization 74, 77 commodification 57, 76, 129, 146 communalization 76 communes abolition Communism, collapse of Communist Youth League 53 community groups community services 40, 49 community-run programmes 50 community-run schools (minban) 7, 93, 97, 98–9 comparative social policy analysis 141–5 competition 89, 109 Confucianism 142, 143, 144 Constitution 17, 21 consumer choice 109 consumerism 91 consumption 91 Contractual Responsibility System 21, 51 cooperative healthcare 65, 66, 68, 83 counselling 19, 20 Cultural Revolution 3, 7, 37, 52, 112, 141 health policy reform 66, 67, 68 Dai, Guangqian 25 Dalian 71 ‘danwei’ (work-unit) 14, 34, 35, 38, 44, 45, 142, 143 health policy reform 64–5, 76, 85 Daqing 121 Davis, D 5, 6, 15, 106 Deacon, B 11, 56, 138–48 decentralization 104, 106, 108 ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Reform of the Educational Structure’ 93 ‘Decision on Deepening the Urban Housing Reform’ 118–19 ‘Decision to Reform the Educational System’ 92 Deng, Xiaoping 3, 50, 60, 112–13 Department of Teaching, People’s University of China (Renda) 103 development loans 51 Director Responsibility and Contract Responsibility Systems 16 dismissal 15, 20–1, 30, 40 diversification 104, 108, 109 diversity 89, 110 domestic charities Dong, J.Z 74 Dong, Richen 126, 128 Doyal, L 3, 142 East Asia 142, 144–5 welfare model 147 East China Normal University 99 Eastern and Central Europe 1, 56, 60, 122, 142, 148 ‘eating from the same pot’ 38 Economic Structure Reform Commission 144 education policy reform 4–5, 7, 81, 88–111, 139, 140–1 consequences 106–8; development disparity 106; equality 107; ownership 107–8 economic growth and educational development 91 institutional origins of marketization 91–3 and labour policy reform 14, 37 marketization 93–105; competition among educational institutions 101–3; consumer choice 103–4; private education 96–101; revenue generation 104–5; user charges 93–6 rationales, assumptions and features 88–91 and welfare policy reform 39, 41 Eighth Five Year Plan 118, 126 Enterprise Law (1988) 16 Esping-Andersen, G 10, 11, 147 Index Europe see Eastern; Western European Union 11, 147 excess demand 15 farm produce market prices fee-charging 91 Feng, Lanrui 12, 15, 17–18 Feng, T.Q 42 finance 109 First Five Year Plan (1953–7) 67 Flynn, N 1–11 for-profit nursing homes foreign enterprises 30 former Soviet Union 1, 142, 143 Francis, C.-B 31 Fu, Chonglan 126 full employment 15 funding 89 gender issues 28 Germany 19 globalization 11 Gong, S 134 Goodman, D.S.G Goodman, R 142 Gough, I 3, 142 government sectors 74 government workers 46 government-funded health care 65 Grace, G 88 grain purchase monopoly abolition grain rationing system 14 Great Leap Forward Gu, Guozhi 97 Guangdong 40 Bigui Yuan School 100 Chaoshan College 98 education policy reform 95, 102, 108 Educational Reserves model 96 housing reform policy 120, 121, 127 Hualian Private College 97 Nanhua Industrial and Business College 97 Nanling College 98 Private Yinghao School 106 Zhonghua Yinhao School 100 163 Guangxi 121 Guangzhou 18, 30 Central Education Science Institute 97 College of Arts and Law 102 College of Finance 102 education policy reform 102, 106 health policy reform 71, 74, 77–9, 80–1 Housing Provident Fund 129–31 Housing Provident Fund Management Centre 120, 130 Housing Provident Fund Ordinance 131 housing reform policy 112, 113, 114, 120, 122, 125–6, 132–3, 134 Industrial and Business College 102 Information Centre on Housing and Real Estate 127 Institute for Education 102 Jiaotong College 102 Medical College 102 Normal University 102 Pei Zheng Business College 97 Residential Housing Construction Office 130 Teacher College 102 Trade Union 97 University 102 ‘University City’ 102–3 Vocational College 102 welfare policy reform 40, 50 Zhongshan University 94 Hading Chemical Industry Institute 103–4 Hainan Province 71, 72 Ham, C 63–4, 70 Hamer, A 135 Han, Jianwei 14, 17 Harbin 17 Hayhoe, R 92, 94, 102 Heady, C 75–6 health hospitals 80 health insurance 20, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46 health policy reform 4–5, 7–9, 14, 63–87, 139–40, 143–4 164 Index health policy reform – continued costs 140 impact and limitations 77–83; community insurance coverage only for major illnesses 82–3; conflicting institutional interests and motives 81–2; failure to address provider problems 80; hospital grievances 80–1; improvements 77; lack of momentum in rural health reforms 83; transferability of reform experience 77–9 pre-reform system 65–8; features 65–6; funding problems 67–8; policy goals and achievements 66–7 programme 69–77; economic reform-inducing redefinition of collective welfare 76–7; economic transformation impact 74–5; previous healthcare system collapse 75–6; village health finance reforms 73; Zhenjiang and Jiujiang 69–70 and welfare policy reform 39, 41, 43–5, 61 Heilongjiang 33 Henan 73, 115, 121 Henderson, G hidden unemployment 28 Hills, J 56 Holliday, I 1–11, 138–48 home ownership 121 Hong Kong 2, 54, 61 Community Chest 55 Mark Six betting 52 Hood, C 10 hospitalization insurance 71, 73 hospitals 74, 139 household registration (hukou) 14, 35, 36 household responsibility system Housing Bonds 131 housing funds 117 Housing Provident Fund 113, 117, 119, 121, 134 housing reform 7–8, 14, 41, 81, 112–37, 139, 141, 143 de-collectivization and commodification 133–5 development 114–22; first housing reform experiment (1979–81) 115; housing monetarization (1998) 119–22; National Housing Reform Plan (1988) 117–18; second housing reform experiment (1982–5) 115–16; State Council housing reform decision (1994) 118–19; third housing reform experiment (1986–8) 116–17; Urban Housing Reform Resolution (1991) 118 Housing Provident Fund 128–33; Guangzhou and Shanghai 129–31; sustainable housing finance 131–3 impact 122–8; affordability problem 126–7; inequality and segregation 122–5; land shortage for public housing 127–8; social costs 125–6 Housing Reform Office 116 housing savings bank 117 housing savings system 117 housing segregation 124–5 housing subsidy 116, 117, 120 Howe, C 15 Hu, Tehwei 91 Hu, Xiaoyi 44 Hua Du City 97, 98 Hubei 73, 115 Huen, Wai-po 25, 36 Hulse, M 142 Hunan 121 Hungary 60 Hussain, A illness 44 income distribution 61 income protection scheme 48 independent agencies individual workers’ association 17–18 Index Inkeles, A 36–7 integrated health insurance 71 international agencies International Labour Organization 41 International Monetary Fund 2, 143 Ip, King-ming Olivia 22 ‘iron rice-bowl’ 3, 15, 16, 19, 20, 33, 141 Japan Jiangsu 73, 115 Jiangxi 73 Jiaoda 99 Jilin 18 Jing, Lin 91 Jiujiang 7, 69–70 health policy reform 76, 77–9, 82, 84 welfare policy reform 40 job placement 37 job referrals 20 Johnson, N 56 Jones, C 142 Julius, D 105 jurisdiction and household registration system 26 Kaple, D 15 Kernen, A 28 Kornai, J 15 Korzec, M 21 Kwok, R.Y.W 113 Kwon, H.J 142 Kwong, J 100, 104–5 ‘labour’ 36 Labour Administration Division 19 labour contracts 40 labour insurance healthcare 65 labour market 139 labour policy reform 12–37 impact 21–9; flexible employment system 22–4; labour mobility 24–6; unemployment 26–9; work options, broadening of 21–2 pattern of change 29–34; blockages in society 32–4; 165 blockages within the state 31–2; inherent problems 29–31 pre-reform system 13–15 process of change 16–21; diversification of labour allocation channels 17–20; labour contract system 20–1; role of the state, redefinition of 17 reform programme 15–16 labour service companies 18 Labour and Social Security Bureau 19 Lau, Kwok Yu 112–37, 141 Le Grand, J 10, 56, 85, 145 Lee, G.O.M 12–37, 139, 140 Lee, J 112–37, 141 Lee, P.N.S 74, 80–1 Lee, W.O 106 Leung, S.M 21, 24 Li, Peilin 42 Li, Peng 104 Li, Teiying 120, 121, 122–3 Li, Zibiao 106 Liannan 106 Liaoning 28 Lieberthal, K Liu, A 75 Liu, Xiaoling 124 Liu, Z.F 86 Lupton, M 113 McCormick, B.L 142 management style 41–2 Mao era 3, 38, 41, 91, 104, 109, 138 Mao Tse tung 3, 26, 91, 148 market housing 9, 125 marketeers marketization 57, 146, 148 education policy reform 89–91, 107, 108, 109, 110 housing reform 112 maternity 43 insurance 43, 44 Meisner, M mergers 101–2 military hospitals 80 166 Index Ministry of Civil Affairs 142, 144 housing reform policy 123 welfare policy reform 40, 46, 48–51, 53–5, 60 Ministry of Education 91 Ministry of Finance 69, 82 Ministry of Health 66, 67, 69, 73, 80, 81, 144 Ministry of Labour 21, 27, 36, 42, 46, 69, 72, 82, 144 Ministry of Labour and Social Security 28, 32, 46, 144 Ministry of Personnel 35, 36, 46, 144 Ministry of Public Health 46, 144 Ministry of Railway and the Civil Aviation Administration 80 Mishra, R 56 Mok, K.-H 88–111, 140–1 monetarization 128–9, 133, 146 Morishima, Motohiro 14, 17 Murie, A 113–15, 122, 134 Murray, R 142 Musgrove, P 85 mutual aid 42 Naifu, Cui 55 Nangang district (Harbin) 17 Nanhua Industrial and Business College 98 Nanjing 25, 26, 121 Nanking 30 Nanning 115 Naschold, F 147 National Talent Fair 18–19 National Working Conference of Widening Pilot Spots for Employee Health Insurance System Reform 69 nationalization 67 neighbourhood agencies nepotism 15 new public management 10–11 Newson, J 89, 109 Ngok, Kinglun 42 Ningbo 71 Ningxia 73 Niu, Xianmin 98 non state-owned enterprises 24 non-governmental organizations 6–7, 8, 11, 61 North America 145 see also United States nutrition 39 occupational hospitals 80 occupational inheritance 15 occupational injury 43, 140 insurance 44 one-child policy 39 open unemployment 27 organization 89 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 63–4, 146–7 ‘Outline of Education Reform and Development in China’ 93 overstaffing 14–15 Oxfam 11 Oyen, E 56 Pearson, V Pei Zheng Business College 98 Peking University (Beida) 105 Peng, R.C 66, 67, 68, 75 pensions 81, 139–40, 143, 144 labour policy reform 14, 20, 21, 32 welfare policy reform 39, 40, 43, 44, 45–6, 60, 61 Pepper, S 94, 105, 106 personal savings 42 Pierson, P 10 plurality 110 ‘Points Regarding How to Expedite Reforms and Vigorously Develop Ordinary Higher Education’ 96 Poole, T 33–4 preferential treatment 42 private home-ownership 114 private medicine private schools privatization 57–9, 64, 76–7, 85, 109, 145–6 ‘Programme for Reform and the Development of China’s Education’ 92, 96–7 Index ‘Provisional Regulations for the Establishment of People-Run Schools of Higher Education’ 96 ‘Provisional Regulations on the Establishment of Schools by Societal Forces’ 92 public sector housing 114, 115, 117 Qian, Professor 99–100 Qingdao 71, 72 Qinghua University 105 Qixia Zhen 25 quality assurance 109 ration coupons 14 re-training 19, 20 Reagan, R recruitment 21, 40 ‘Reform Programme in the Job Assignment System of University/College Graduates’ 17 Regulations on Placement Service 19 religious groups Ren, Yanshen 105 rent 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122 ‘Report on National Social and Economic Development for 1993’ 26–7 retirement 43 see also pensions risk-pooling scheme 82, 83, 84, 86 Robinson, R 10, 56, 85, 145 Rosen, S 101 Rural Health Insurance Experiment 73 rural industry development rural sector 67, 68 rural welfare 39 Save the Children Fund 11 savings accounts 82 Scandinavia 61 segmentation of labour 35, 36 Selden, M 14 self-employment 17 self-financing 91 Shandong province 2, 116, 120, 122 167 Shanghai 18, 21, 24, 25 Baoshan Talent Fair 19 Civil Affairs Department 60 District Labour Bureau 19 education policy reform 94, 97, 104, 108 employment agencies 20 Fudan University 99 Guang Qi College 98–9 health policy reform 71, 73, 76, 77 Housing Authority 118 Housing Provident Fund 129–31, 132 housing reform policy 112–14, 118, 121, 128–9, 131, 133–4 Hua Xia College 99–100 Jiaotong University 99 Labour Bureau 19, 20 University 101 welfare policy reform 40, 47, 50, 55 Shanxi 121–2 Shashi 115 Shenkar, O 14 Shenyang 18, 28 Shenzhen 32, 40 Health Insurance Bureau 71 health policy reform 71, 76, 84 Housing Bureau 123, 126, 127–8 housing reform policy 112, 113, 121, 125, 131, 133, 134 Shekou Industrial Area 124 Social Insurance Bureau 71 Special Economic Zone 22–3, 124 ‘shingle-hanging’ 104 Shunde 120 Sichuan 2, 33, 73, 115 Rural Health Insurance Experiment 77 Singapore 2, 147 Central Provident Fund 60, 128, 131 Housing Provident Fund 114 Medisave 70, 82 Siping 115 Social Coordinating Fund 69 social insurance 45, 47, 59, 61 168 Index Social Insurance Funds Supervision Department 32 social relief 42 social security 21, 35 social welfare 42 socialization 146 societalization 73, 77, 86, 146 Solinger, D South China Construction College 102 South Korea Special Economic Zones 21, 40 special funds 52 special health insurance 72 Spring Labour Fair 18 stability 35 State Commission for Reform of the Economic System 46, 60 State Council 69, 82, 91, 93 housing reform 113 Housing Reform Steering Group 116 ‘State Council Circular on Building a Subsistence Protection System in All Cities’ 47 ‘State Council Circular on the Problem of Peasants’ Settlement in Market Towns’ 25 State Council directive 71 State Council Housing Reform Office 126 State Council Housing Reform Steering Group 118–19 State Economic System Reform Commission 69, 82, 144 State Education Commission 94, 96, 97, 102 State Statistical Bureau 26, 27, 28 state-owned enterprises 3, 5, 40, 112, 139, 141 health policy reform 66, 74, 79, 81, 84, 85 labour policy reform 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 32, 35 Stubbs, P 142 subsidies 120 subsistence allowance 20 subsistence protection line 47 Sun, G 74 Sun, Ying 53 Szalai, J 56 Taiwan ‘talents’ 36 Taylor, J.R Teaching Material Working Committee 103 Temporary Regulations on the Implementation of Labour Contracts in State-owned Enterprises Temporary Regulations on the Recruitment of Workers in Stateowned Enterprises Temporary Regulations on Unemployment Insurance for Workers in State-owned Enterprises Temporary Regulations on the Use of Labour Contracts in State-run Enterprises 29 tertiary education ‘Textbook Revolution’ 103 Thatcher, M three-in-one combination 17–18, 129 Tianjin 18, 121 Tidrick, G 15 township and village enterprises 4, 22, 23, 25, 139 township (zhen) and village (xiang) councils trade unions 19, 42, 53 unemployment 43, 140 benefit 45, 81 insurance 40, 44 protection 44 Unger, J 142 United Nations 11, 54 Children’s Fund 54 Development programme 54 Population fund 54 United States 1, 142, 146 United Way 55 urban welfare 39 voluntary organizations von Glinow, M 14 Index wages 23 ‘waiting for employment’ (daiye) 26 Wakabayashi, M 94, 95 Walder, A 14, 28 Wang, Ya Ping 113–15, 134 Warner, M 18, 32 Wat, K.Y 104 Wei, Feng 103–4, 105 Wei, Yitong 92 Weihai 71 welfare housing 123–4 welfare lotteries 52 welfare policy reform 4–5, 7, 38–62 agenda 42–55; philanthropy 55; social insurance re-invention 42–6; social relief expansion in urban areas 47–8; state funding reduction 50–3; state provision reduction 50; state regulation reduction 53–4; urban community services 54–5 ‘old’ welfare system transformation 39–42 socialization/privatization 55–61 West, A 95–6 Western Europe 56, 61, 142, 143, 145 Western theories of social policy change 145–8 Westwood, R.I 21, 24 White, C 142 White, G 13, 15, 16, 29, 32, 38, 60–1, 89, 96, 104, 142, 144–5, 147 Women’s Federation 19, 53 Wong, C.P.W 75–6 Wong, L 1–11, 25, 28, 36, 38–62, 91, 109, 138–48 Woo, W.T 75–6 workers 46 World Bank 2, 11, 41, 54, 60, 135, 141, 143, 147–8 health policy reform 63, 66, 76, 82, 83 Rural Health Insurance Experiment 73 South-west Poverty Reduction Project 61 169 World Health Organization 41, 54, 73 World Trade Organization 59, 144 Wu, Nianxiang 98 Wu, Yechun 94–5 Wu, Ziyan 102–3 Wuhan 18, 40 Xiamen 71 Xian 18, 19, 115 Xiang, Binjin 97 Xie 107 Yan, H 70, 79 Yan, Mingfu 55 Yantai plan 116, 117 Yao, Ruobing 91 Yin, O 89, 96, 104 Young Men’s and Women’s Christian Associations 53 Yuan, Zhenguo 94, 95 Yue, Songdong 60 Yuen, P.P 70, 79 Zhang, Deijiang 49 Zhang, Guixia 125, 126 Zhang, Guocai 92 Zhang, Minqiang 94 Zhang, Xing Quan 134, 135 Zhang, Zhaofeng 97 Zhang, Zhiyi 91 Zhao, Lukuan 17–18 Zhao, Ziyang 104 Zheng, G.C 68, 70, 71 Zheng, H.R 13 Zhengzhou 115 Zhenjiang 7, 40, 69–70, 121 health policy reform 73, 76, 77–9, 82, 84 Zhongshan University: Department of History 103 Zhou, C.M 66, 68, 75 Zhou, Nanzhao 105, 110 Zhu, Qingfang 47 Zhu, Rongji 47, 87, 119, 120, 131–2 Zhu, Yiming 92 Zhuhai 71 .. .The Market in Chinese Social Policy Also by Linda Wong MARGINALIZATION AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN CHINA SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL POLICY IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA (co-editor with Stewart... Cataloging -in- Publication Data The market in Chinese social policy / edited by Linda Wong and Norman Flynn p cm Includes bibliographical references and index China Social policy China—Economic policy 1976–... market in Chinese social policy The theme that is common to change in all Chinese social policy sectors is an embracing of the market One of the central aims of this volume is to explore the extent