Power and responsibility in chinese foreign policy

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin ( eds) G Australian National University E PRESS Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: anuepress@anu.edu.au This title is also available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Power and responsibility in Chinese foreign policy / edited by Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin ISBN: 9781925021417 (paperback) 9781925021424 (ebook) Subjects: International relations China Foreign relations China Politics and government 1976Other Authors/Contributors: Zhang, Yongjin Austin, Greg Dewey Number: 327.51 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher Printed by Griffin Press First published by Asia Pacific Press, 2001 This edition © 2013 ANU E Press Contents Abbreviations Contributors Acknowledgments I vi ix xi China and the responsibility of power Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin Chinese power and the idea of a responsible state 21 Rosemary Foot Power and responsibility in China's international relations 48 Gerald Chan China's power: searching for stable domestic foundations 69 Greg Austin The the CCP and the formulation of Chinese defence and foreign policy I OS Youji China's participation in international organisations 132 Ann Kent China's diplomacy in North and Northeast Asia: norms and practice I 67 Stuart Harris Power, responsibility and sovereignty: China's policy towards Taiwan's bid for a UN seat 196 Baogang He China and arms control: a learning process 219 Gary Klintworth I China's security problematique: critical reflections 250 Yongjin Zhang References 272 Index 294 v Abbreviations ABM ACME ADB APEC ARF ASEAN BWC CBM CCMPO CCP CD CFA CIS CMC CNEIC CNPC COSTIND CTBT ewe DPP EBRD EEZ GATT GDP GNP GSD IAEA IBRD ICJ IDA IGO fLO Anti-ballistic missile Arms Control in the Middle East Asian Development Bank Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Regional Forum Association of Southeast Asian Nations Biological Weapons Convention confidence-building measures Commission for the Comprehensive Management of Public Order Chinese Communist Party Conference on Disarmament Committee on Freedom of Association Commonwealth of Independent States Central Military Commission China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation Chinese National Petroleum Corporation Commission for Science,Technology and Industry for National Defence Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Chemical Weapons Convention Democratic Progressive Party European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Economic Exclusion Zone General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade gross domestic product gross national product General Staff Department International Atomic Energy Agency International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Court of Justice International Development Association Inter-governmental organisation International Labour Organisation vi IMF IN GO INTERFET IRBM KEDO KRL MAD MFN MRBM MTCR NAM NATO NGO NIEO NMD NPC NPT OAS OECD PLA PLC PRC PTBT R&D RFE RMA ROC ROK SAR sco SRBM TMD UN UNCLOS International Monetary Fund international non-governmental organisation International Force in East Timor intermediate range ballistic missile Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organisation Khan Research Laboratories mutually assured destruction most-favoured nation medium range ballistic missile Missile Technology Control Regime Non-aligned Movement North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Non-governmental organisation new international economic order National Missile Defence National People's Congress Non-proliferation Treaty Organization of American States Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development People's Liberation Army Political and Legal Commission People's Republic of China Partial Test Ban Treaty research and development Russian Far East Revolution in Military Affairs Republic of China Republic of Korea Special Administrative Region Shanghai Cooperation Organisation short range ballistic missile Theatre Missile Defence United Nations United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea vii UNCTAD UNDP UNEP UNGA UNHCR UNICEF us USSR WMD WTO United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations General Assembly United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children's Fund United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics weapons of mass destruction World Trade Organization viii Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contributors Greg Austin is Director of Research for the Brussels-based International Crisis Group He has worked in other professional and academic posts in Canberra, Hong Kong and Washington He is co-author of japan and Greater China: political economy and military power in the Asian century (with Stuart Harris, 200 I); and Red Star East: the armed forces of Russia in Asia (with Alexey Muraviev, 2000); and author of China's Ocean Frontier: international/ow, military force and national development ( 1998) Gerald Chan is Senior Lecturer at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand His latest publications include Chinese Perspectives on International Relations ( 1999), China's International Relations in the 21st Century (co-editor, 2000), and 'From the 'Olympic formula' to the Beijing Games', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (2002) Rosemary foot is Professor of International Relations and the John Swire Senior Research Fellow in the International Relations of East Asia, St Antony's College, University of Oxford Her most recent book is Rights Beyond Borders: the global community and the struggle over human rights in China (2000) Baogang He is Associate Professor at the School of Government, the University of Tasmania, currently on leave as Senior Research Fellow, East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore He is the author of The Democratic Implication of Civil Society in China ( 1997), and Nationalism, National Identity and Democratization in China (with Yingjie Guo, 2000) Stuart Harris is Professor Emeritus in the Department of International Relations in the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University Former Head of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, his research ix Index 'accommodationists' 18n3 acid rain 180, 181 Afghanistan 179, 213 aid EBRD criteria for I policy for 57, 149 receipt of 36, 180 supplyof 57,64nl9,194nl8 aircraft, military 172, 177, 193n I0 Alagappa, M 252 Albright, Madeleine 239 Algeria 221, 225 Amnesty International 32 Annan, Kofi 40 Antarctic model 21 Antarctic Treaty 221 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 143, 161n41, 173, 174, 192,243-244 Arendt, Hannah 258 arms control Clinton administration report on 15-16,236 241 cooperation in 34, 35, 36 37, 38, 57 export controls 233-236 policies for 219-236, 241-244, 261 pre-Reform period 26 Arms Control in the Middle East (ACME) 229 arms proliferation (see arms control) Art ofWar, The (Sun Tzu) 63nll Asian Development Bank (ADB) 141, 145, 146, 147 Asian economic crisis 41, 55, 64n 19 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 55,141,145,173,174,200,210 Association for Relations across Taiwan Strait 20 I Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 55, 141, 143, 151 Australia 197, 214 authoritarian regimes I06, 207 Bangkok Agreement 152 Bangladesh 161 n37 Bao Tong 47n47 Barchevsky, Charlene 165n84 Belarus 202,203, 217nll Belgium 65n30 Belgrade incident 57, 125, 126, 183 Bhutan 161 n37 biological weapons 229 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 34, 221, 226, Bogor Declaration 81 Bolsheviks 253 border protection CIS states 75, 171-172, 178 179 hostile incursions 94, 99n9 joint agreements for 120 ocean borders 181 Russian Far East 171-172, 174, 175-176, 193n9 Bosnia-Herzegovina 143, 144, 173 BoYibo 84 Brazil 31 Bretton Woods Institutions 26, 28 Bull, Hedley 4, 19n 13, 22, 23 on Cold War 4, 24, 29-30, 257 Burma 120 Bush, George W 66n35 Bush (George W.) administration 177, 183-184 Cambodia 26, 55, 197 Catholicism 94 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 179,232,235,237 294 Index Central Military Commission (CMC) 10, 84, 88, 109-110, 113-114, 118 Chechnya 178 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) 34, 221, 226-228 Chen Shuibian 125, 197 Chen Xitong I04n71 Chen Yun 86 Chernomyrdin, Victor 174 Chiang Kai-shek 254 Chi Haotian 71 China, Republic of (ROC) (see Taiwan) China Democracy Party 94 China International Law Society 148 China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation (CNEIC) 232-233, 235 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) CMC 10,84,88,109-110, 113-114, 118 Constitution 87-88, 92, I03n58 democratisation policy 95-98 factions 9-1 0, 82, 90, 97-98 Falun Gong in 76 foreign investment sanctioned by 79 PLAand 10-11,85,106-107,110, 111-112, 115, 127 political power 82-86, 87, 88, 101n41 reformation of 71, 92-93 Reform period legitimacy 76 role of 2, 254, 262 weakening of power 9, 37, 39, 97-98 White Papers 57, 64n28, 65n29, 228 Chinese National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) 190 Chinese Tapei 160n3 I Chongqing 89 Chou En-lai (see Zhou Enlai) Christopher, Warren 225 CIS states border protection 75, I 71-1 72, 178-179 energy resources 177, 190, 191 PRC and 178-180, 185 Russia and 179-180 Clinton, William 34, 38, 46n32, 224, 239 Clinton administration, arms control 15,20nl8,66n35, 185,243,244 'Club of One' 14, 136, ISO coastal economic areas 89 Collective Security Treaty 179 Commission for Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defence (COSTIND) 80 Commission for the Comprehensive Management of Public Order (CCMPO) 94 Committee against Torture 32 Committee on Freedom of Association (CFA) 143 Commonwealth of Independent States (see also CIS) 168 communism (see Chinese Communist Party; ideology) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) international recognition of 6364nl7, 136,168,224 PRC adherence to 34, 181, 222 PRC signatory to 34, 35, 54, 182, 221,222 Conference on Disarmament (CD) 132, 143, ISO, 151,221,222 confidence building measures (CBMs) 171 'congagement' 59, 66n34, 66-67n35 Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party 87-88, 92, I03n58 constrainment strategy consumption, domestic 76-79 containment strategy 2, 18n5, 253, 255 Convention Against Torture 141 corruption 93, I04n71, I04n73, I 13, 263 295 Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific 55 Cox Report 183,237-238 crime, international 189 Cuba 141 cultural relativism 40-41, 49, 51, 56, 60, 152 Cultural Revolution (see also revolution) diplomacy during 26 domestic turmoil 70, 76, 82, 85, 132 foreign policy during 254-255 PLA image during I 13 currency crises 82 on security agenda 264 sovereignty policy 120, 21 I in war 260 Diaoyu (Senkaku) Islands 181, 187, 209 dingwei, concept of 52, 53, 63nl diplomacy post-Revolutionary period 28-29, 168-193 PRC:Taiwan recognition 57, 204 Revolutionary period 24-28, 257 disarmament (see arms control) Donnelly, Jack 30 drugs trafficking 171, 179 Dulles, John Foster 44n I0 Dagestan 178 Dai Xianglong IS I, 164n75 Dalai Lama 75 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work 141-142 defence (see foreign policy; People's Liberation Army) democracy armed forces in I 06 evolution to 42, 72,95-98 increasing global acceptance 30-32, 258 interdependence and 139 sovereignty in 207, 212 Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) 196,198,213 democratisation, Chinese 95-98 Deng Xiaoping death 86 on domestic policies 28-29, 54, 70, 89,264 foreign policies 70, 123, 175 Hong Kong policy 210 NIEO ISO PLA 108-109, Ill, 125 political power of 84, 86 rule of law 85 East Asia Monetary Fund lSI East Asian economic crisis 41, 55, 64nl9 East China Sea 187, 209-21 EastTimor 55, 144, 161-162n44, 162n47, 197, 209 Economic Exclusion Zones ((EEZs) 182, 187 economic internationalisation 81-82 (see also globalisation) economic reform political effects of 70-82, 99n 12, 99-100nl3 post-Revolutionary period 261265,271n44 science and technology 79-80, 101n33 Economist 69 energy production 77-79 energy resources Asia's requirements 169-170 PRC strategy 180-181, 185, 189191, 195n34 engagement strategy 2-3,59,6667n35 environment acid rain 180, 181 296 Index global rehabilitation 29, 34, 152 PRC policies for 34, 36, 57 ethics 5-6, 140 ethno-nationalism 74, 179, 265 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development I European Union (EU) 204, 214, 215 Falun Gong emergence of 76, 94, 97 suppression of 76, 88, 94, IOI102n42, 122, 183 fisheries agreements 187 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 137, 149, 150, 164n66 foreign policies 122-128, 184-185, 197, 267n2 (see also People's Liberation Army) France 19n 13, 24, 198, 222 freedom of speech 96, I04n71 G8 (formerly G7) 4, 168, 173 gemeinschafi: 33 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 217nl4 Geneva Conference on Disarmament 221 Germany 2, 19n 13, 151, 202, 203, 204 gesellschafi: 33 Giddens,Anthony 259 glasnost 72, 95, 171 globalisation (see also international society) impact of domestic policies 197 PRC and 67n39, 135, 155-157 Third World economies and 163n58 WTO as carrier 153 Gorbachev, Mikhail 95, 170, 171, 174 governance, PRC domestic absence of ideology 82-83, 97 achievements 41, 47n47 democratisation 39, 95-98 federalism in 89-90 political structure 83-88, 92-94, 104n70 pre-1949 legacy 84-85 prognosis 9-10 public order and 71, 74-76, 94-95, 99n9 reform necessity 90-92 regionalism in 88-89 rule of law 39, 47n43, 85 grain market 72, 99n 13 Great Britain (see Britain; United Kingdom) Great Powers Bull's definition 23 entry requirements 29 PRC inclusion 14, 22, 27, 44n 15, 196 PRC irresponsibility 237 responsibilities of 4-5 Russia as 174 status of US:USSR arms negotiations 27 war prone 259 gross domestic product (GDP) 69, 70, 78, 81, 88 gross national product (GNP) 25, 80 Guatemala 61 GulfWar 59 'gunboat diplomacy' 40, 59 Guomindang (GMD) 27, I 19 Hainan Island 57, 89 Haiti 61, 143, 144 Han ethnic group 74-75, 142 Helms, Jesse 232,237,243 Helsinki Accords 39 Henkin, L 149 Hertz, F.O 212 hijackers 210-21 I Ho Chi Minh 24 Hong Kong 57, 89, 120, 196, 200, 20 I, 210 297 Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy housing privatisation 142, 160161n35 humanitarian aid by PLA I 13 humanitarian intervention 144 human rights cultural relativism 40-41, 152 EastTimor 144, 161-162n44, 162n47 economic challenges to 33 international recognition 29, 30, 40,208,209 NGO's participation 32 obligations 20n 18 PRC compliance 39, 152-153, 265 PRC recognition of 37, 38-39, 57, 58, 178 sovereignty and 40, 138, 144, 152153,208-209 Human Rights Committee 32 Hungary 31 identity construction 16, 17, 266-267 ideology (see also Chinese Communist Party) absence of 82-83, 87, 92-94, 97 'Chinese' 52 Confucian influences 63n I0, 63n I I contemporary PRC 69, 115, 136, 256-257 enforcing bodies 84, I00-1 In42 federalism 89-90 Italian fascism 92 Japanese war guilt 181 Jiang on conflict with Taiwan 124 Marxism 136, 139, 140, 260 military forces driven by I06 pluralism 93 post-1980 PRC 92-94 PRC:Western S-6, 184 solidarism 22, 43n3 within PLA 115, 117 India border dispute I 19, 120, 130n26 CTBT 63nl7 defence procurement I 77 foreign relations IS I, 177, 23 I GATT membership 217nl4 IMFand 147, 161n37 missiles 231 nuclear capability 54, 64n 18, 177, 224 Indo-China, Geneva Conference on 44nl5 Indonesia 31, 73, 82, 144, 209 Inhuman Weapons Convention 221 Institute of Political Science 96, I04n72 intellectual property rights 35, 79, 80, 154 INTERFET 144 inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) 56, 133, 158n4 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 143, 221, 224, 225, 232 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (see World Bank) International Convention on Nuclear Safety 223 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 57, 142, 161n36 International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights 31, 39, 47n42, 58, 65n30 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 39, 47n42, 58,65n30 International Development Association (IDA) 146 International Frequency Registration Board 212 internationalisation of economy 8182 (see also globalisation) 298 Index International Labour Organisation (ILO) 132, 141-142, 143 international law 137, 148-150, 164n66 International Law Commission 57 International Monetary Fund (IMF) Asian economic crisis 64n 19 PRC and 56, 132, 142, 161n37 reform proposals by 145, 147 role of 164n75 South Asia group 161 n3 international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) 133, 158n4 International Olympic Committee (IOC) 56 international organisations (see a/so individual organisations) approach to 134 136, 139-140 global reform via 148-153 internal development via 145-148 international status via 142-143 participation in 14 15, 132-134, 155-157 principles conflicting with 137-140 sovereignty enhanced 140-142 strategic independence maintained 143-145 tactics in 136 137, 160n22 International Red Cross 56, 57 international society (see o/so globalisation) Bull's definition 22 evolving perceptions 29-30 Great Powers in 23 increasing informality of 33-34 membership criteria 30-31, 38 perception of PRC radicalism 28 PRC alienation 6, 24, 25-26 PRC integration 8, 34 38, 42 PRC opposition to 26-27 responsible states and 23-24 validating sovereignty 32 International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia War Criminals 57 investment 81-82, 208 Iran chemical weapons 227 military procurement 228, 230, 236,237,238 PRC support withdrawal 34, 221, 225 Iran-Iraq War 228 Iraq 143,144,173,191,221,228,236 Irkutsk 190-191 irredentist policies 2, 13-14, 38, 75, 121, 141, 187-188 Islamic fundamentalism 179, 231 (see a/so Muslims) Israel 221, 229 Italy 65n30, 92, 20 I japan aid to PRC 180 inASEAN 152 East Asia Monetary Fund 151 Economic Exclusion Zone 182 energy strategy 78, 190, 191 international relationships 169 Korea and 186-187, 224 political factions 63n6 PRC and 12, 50, 180-183, 224 UN and 137, 151 US alliance 125, 182-183, 184, 186, 242 Jiang Zemin arms control policy 55, 224, 243 CMC chairman 83, I09, I 14 economic reform 54, 264, 271 n44 foreign policy 82, 123, 125, 126, 150, 173, 174 on global society I 78 IGOs/INGOs 134 PLA control by I 12 poverty alleviation 69-70 299 Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Kosovo 40, 123, 161-162n44, 174, 175, 183,209 Kuomintang (see Guomindang) Kuwait 55 Kyrgyzstan 75, 171, 178-180, 188 on PRC:UK links 134, 159n I I on Russia 175 security policy 95,214 Taiwan peace initiative 124 on technology requirements 80 'the three represents' 93 US visit 39 Western sympathies 122 on WTO criteria 154 Kazakstan 171 , I 78-180, 188, 190, 195n34 Kim Dae-jung 186, 189 Kim II Sung 24 Kissinger, Henry 261 Koizumi, Junichiro 181 Korea, North chemical weapons 226 CTBT 63nl7 military procurement 224-225, 238 missile technology 186, 225, 228, 232 nuclear capability 184, 186, 224 PRC and 12, 24, 28, 34, 44n 15, 169, 185-187 UN seat 202, 203, 204 US and 185 Korea, South acid rain 181 BangkokAgreement 152 economic crises 73 energy strategy 190, 191 Japan and 186-187 PRC and 44n 15, 55, 169, 185-187, 189 UN seat 202, 203, 204 US alliance 184 Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organisation (KEDO) 186 Korean War 25,44nl0, 113, 114, 119, 120,253 Landmine Protocol 226 law international 57 rule of 39, 47n43, 85 law enforcement 71, 74, 84, 98, 99nl2, 104n73 Law of the Sea 149, 168, 187 laws of war 149 Lee Tenghui 125, 183 legal system 85, 88, 140, 147 liberalisation policies 72-73, 77, 79, 81, 99-100nl3, 154 Liberia 55, 213 Libya 143, 144, 221, 224 Liechtenstein 20 I Lin Biao 26 Li Peng 39,74,87,96,99nl2, ISO Liu Huaqing 233 Long Live the Victory of People's War (Lin) 26 LuoGan 88,94-95 Macao 57, 196, 20 I Mao Zedong administrative regions under 89 Bao on 47n47 death 28, 132 on international obligations 24 personality of 255, 269n 14 PLA under I08 responsibility doctrine 61 revolution and 253, 254-255, 259, 260-261 Marxism 136, 139, 140,260 media 32, 34, 59-60, 93 Mencius 212 300 Index Middle East 78, I 00n26, 190 military forces (see also People's Liberation Army) authoritarian states I06, I07 democracies I06 domestic status I0-1 I multilateral security proposal 189 missiles 228-230, 231-232, 237-238, 243,244 Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) 219, 229-230, 23 I, 238 modernisation, concept of 135 Mongolia 120, 187-188 moral principles 50, 52, 137-140 Moscow Agreement 172, 177 Most Favoured Nation (MFN) 154, 223 Muslims 74, 94, 179, 270n24 (see also Islamic fundamentalism) Mussolini, Benito 92 norms, behavioural 167-168, 192, 263,265 Norodom Sihanouk 26 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Belgrade incident 125, 126 Kosovo 40, 209 Partnership for Peace 188 PRC threatened by 173 Russia in 173 North Korea (see Korea, North) North Vietnam (see Vietnam) Norway 242 NPT Exporters Committee (Zangger Committee) 233, 239, 240 nuclear capability 54-55, 64n 18, 182, 221,222 nuclear disarmament 124, 150-151 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty 223-225 Nagorno-Karabagh, Republic of 217n23 Nanjing Incident 63n6 Nansha (Spratly) Islands 60, 187, 21 National Defence University I 18, 130n23 National Human Rights Commissions 31 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act (1994) 233 Nuclear Suppliers Group 233, 240 Nuclear Weapons States (Permanent 5) 6,28, 136, 143, lSI Nationallntel/igence Estimate on Military Threats to the US (CIA) 232 national missile defence system (NMD) 119, 143, 173, 177, 243, 244 naval craft 172 new international economic order (NIEO) ISO Nixon, Richard 255 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) ISO, lSI non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 32, 56, 152 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 34, 168, 221, 261 Obuchi, Keizo 180 oil (see petroleum) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 146-147 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 189 organised crime I 04n73 Organization of American States (OAS) 31 Outer Space Treaty 221 Pacific Economic Cooperation Council 55 Pakistan CTBT 63nl7 301 Power and Responsibility in Chinese foreign Policy military procurement 23 I, 236237,238 nuclear capability 54, 64n 18, 224 nuclear procurement 224, 232233,235 PRC and 34, 120, 177, 231-233 Palestine 55, 200 Papua New Guinea 217nl2 Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) 44n 14, 261 Partnership for Peace 188 Peng Zhen 86 People's Armed Police 88, 95, 99n9, 99nl2 People's Daily 79, 163n62 People's Liberation Army (PLA) border classes 170, 231, 255, 256, 258, 261, 270n24 CCP and 10-11,85, 106-107, 127 civil control of I I 1-1 12 CMC 109-110 contemporary role 121, 123-128 defence procurement 99n9, 121, 122,124,125-126, 172,220 Deng's control of I08-1 09 educational standard I 17, I 18, 130n23 humanitarian aid by I 13 Korean War 113,114,120 Mao's control of I08 national security response 124125, 127-128 post-Deng autonomy I I0 power of 112-114 professionalisation of I07-1 08, 114-118, 126-127 public image I 13 rebellion suppression 270n24 RMA adoption I 15-1 17 role of 71, 76, 95, 105 Taiwan dispute 124, 125, 255 war involvement 119-120 warmongering in 206 WMD procurements 192 perestroika, Chinese 72 Permanent (Nuclear Weapons States) 6, 28, 136, 143, 151 petroleum Asia's requirements 169-170 CNPC 190-191 Japan's energy strategy 180 Kazak oil bid 195n34 PRC imports 77-78, 79, 173 Pitcairn Island 211-212 pluralism 22, 43n3, 93 police (see People's Armed Police) Political and Legal Commission (PLC) 84, I0 1-1 02n42 politics internal fragility 82-92, 97 post-Revolutionary period 28-29 Revolutionary period 24-28 postage stamps 21 1-212 poverty alleviation 80-81 Powell, Colin 66-67n35, 183 power (see also power, PRC internal) 'Chinese' perception of 52-53 comprehensive national 264-265 economic 262, 264 ethics of 5-6 external perceptions of PRC 2-3, 251,257 increase of PRC 153, 155, 184, 196 international norms 167-168, 191-192, 193nl international redistribution of 150-151 overview in PRC relations 170 PRC:Taiwan asymmetry of 203 responsibility and 13, 157, 196-197 security enhanced by 256-257 302 Index power, PRC internal (see also power) basis of 82-88, I0 In41 changing focus 85-86 federalism 89-90 hard 8, 53 ofPLA 107, 112-114 prognosis 90-92 regionalisation of 88-89 soft 8, 53 without ideology 92-94 Primakov,Yevgeny 173, 174, 177 Putin,VIadimir 173-174, 176, 177 Qian Qichen 157n2, 201,225 Qiao Shi 86 Qinghai 142 realpolitik arms control and I defined 13 in PRC 2, 220, 222, 223, 228, 242 reform, economic (see economic reform) reform, sociological significance I refugees I 68, 186 regimes, defined 45n21 religion (see also Falun Gong) Catholicism 94 illegal groups 94 Islamic fundamentalism 179, 231 Muslims 74, 94, 179, 270n24 religious extremists 171, 174, 189 Renmin Ribao 40, 44n IS responsibility assessment of 33, 51-53 behavioural norms 167-168, 191192, 193nl,263,266-267 Chan's perspective 'Chinese' perception 49-51, 5253,61 concept of 48 defined 49 for economic aid 149 of Great Powers 4-5 international perceptions 13, 22, 29-32,43n4 power engendering 13, 196-197 PRC examples of IS, 34-35, 5458,243 PRC lack of 4, 237, 250,266 PRC perceptions 60-61, 156-157 relativism of 62, I 19 socialisation increasing 58-60 of states 4-5 revolution (see also Cultural Revolution) anti-colonial 257 Chinese 253-258, 271 n39 defined 252, 253 economic reform as 261-262 effects of 253, 268n8 PRC support for 24-25, 27-28 sociological significance 17 theories of 258-259 Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) 115-116 'rogue states' 4, 6, 237, 250 Rong Yiren 70 rule of law 39, 47n43, 85 rural sector 73-74, 80-81 Russia (see also Soviet Union) arms sales I 72 CIS influenced by 179 economic chaos 175, 184 energy sector 185, 189, 190, 191 India alliance 177 Kosova policy 174 multilateral security proposal 189 NATO links 188 nuclear tests 222 PRCand 50, 120, 169, 170-178, 185, 194nl8, 194n22 Shanghai Five I 71 US and 170, 174, 242 303 Power ami Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Russian Far East (RFE) 174, 175-176, 191 Rwanda 143, 144, 161-162n44 San Marino 20 I Saudi Arabia 221, 228, 238 Seabed Treaty 221 Sea of japan 189 security, national concepts of 264 economic reform and 262 PRC concerns 250-265, 268n6, 271n45,271n47 Third World states 252 Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands 181, 187, 209 Serbia 173 Shanghai Agreement 171-172, 177, 213 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 179, 188 Shanghai Five countries in 171, 179 relationship defined 193n7 sovereignty assertions 12, 178 summits 174, 188 UN norms supported by 192 Uzbekistan in 179 Sha Zukang 161 n41, 226 Shell Oil Company 169 Shenyang incident 24 Shevardnadze, Eduard 31, 45n23 Siberia 178, 190-191 Sihanouk (see Norodom Sihanouk) Singapore 197 Sinocentrism 60, 62, 93 social security reform 72-73, 99100nl3 solidarism 22, 43n3 Somalia 26 South China Sea 120, 124, 209, 210 South Korea (see Korea, South) South Pacific and latin America Nuclear-Free Zone Treaties 221 South Vietnam (see Vietnam) sovereignty changing focus 29-30 defined 40,207 external validation of 32 Great Unity ideal 199 Hong Kong 57 human rights and 40, 144, 208-209 IGOs/INGOs and 134, 140-142 legitimate, defined 30 Macao 57 Mencian concept 212 modern concept 21 I modern states 213-215 Mongolia 187-188 nationalist concept 212-213 PRC concessions 208, 209 PRC interpretation 137-138, 139, ISS, 156,207-211,215 PRC:West opposing interpretations 40 41 Sihanouk's accusations 26 Taiwan 120, 200-202 Third World strengthening of 149 UNand 23-24,138,198,201-207 Soviet Union (see also Russia) border conflict I 19 domestic reform I in Mongolia 187 Partial Test Ban Treaty 44n 14 PLA perception of 121 PRC alienation from 26-27, 44n 14, 254,256,261 PRC alliance 24, lSI RedArmy 107 UN seat 202, 203, 217n I I US arms control 27 Xinjiang 172, 179 Special Administrative Region (SAR) of Hong Kong 89 304 Index Special Committee for Peacekeeping Operations 26 Special Economic Zones 54, 89 Spratly (Nansha) Islands 60, 187, 210 spy plane incident 57, 183 Sri Lanka 161 n37 Stalin, Joseph 24 statehood, obligations of state-owned enterprises 72, 73 State Science and Technology Commission 80 status, international 142-143 strategic arms reduction 228 strategic independence 143-145 Strategic Path ofYunnan, The (Wang) I 18 strike-hard campaigns 9, 39 subsistence rights 152 Sun Tzu 63nll Switzerland 20 I Syria 221, 229 Taiwan (see also Taiwan UN seat) autonomy of 199, 205-206 buying diplomatic recognition 217nl2 Chen's policy 197 defence procurement 203 Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) 196, 198,213 humanitarian aid for 141 ICESC signatory 65n30 Japan-PRC relationship 182, 183 Jiang's peace initiative 124 military procurement 235 PRCand 25,56, 120,125,128,141, 254 reunification policy I I, 38 separatism by 75, 89, 121 US support for 183, 196 Western intervention 144 WHO exclusion 141 WTO accession 160n31 Taiwan Straits 181, 197 Taiwan UN seat (see also Taiwan) bid for 13, 141 compromise requirements 213 cost-benefit analysis 203-207 loss of 132 PRC policy 196-203, 207, 21 I, 215-216 Tajikistan 75, 171, 178-180, 188 Takeshita, Noburu 69 Talbott, Strobe 20n 18 Taliban 179 Tang Jiaxuan 144, 158n6, 236 Tang Shubei 20 I Tanzania 57 taxation 88, 89 technology 79-80, I0 In33, 116 terrorism 74, 171, 178, 179, 189, 210-211 textbook incident, Japan 181, 187 Thailand 64nl9, 73,82 Theatre Missile Defence (TMD) 143, 173,182,183,186,243,244 'the three represents' 93 Third World countries 148-149, 150-151,156-157,252,263 Tiananmen Square incident 47n47, 70,79, 104n72, 170,223 Tian Jiyun 96, 99n I0, 136 Tibet revolt 119 Han migration 74-75, 142 PRC sovereignty 140 rebellions I 19, 270n24 separatism 75, 89, 121, 205 Western intervention 144 Tonga 212 trade agricultural 154, 165n83 Asian regional cooperation 188-189 Bangkok Agreement 152 grain market 72, 99n 13 305 Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy internationalisation of 29, 81, 82 liberalisation of 72, 154 PRC restructuring 35 PRC:US agreements 165n83, 165n84 with Russia 172-173 Treaty of Good Neighbourly Friendship and Cooperation 176 Tumen River 189 Turkmenistan 190, 191 Tuvalu 212 Uighur ethno-nationalism 74, 179 Ukraine 202,203, 217nll unification Germany 202, 204 PRC-Taiwan 199, 201-202, 204-205, 207, 21 I Vietnam 202 Yemen, 202, 204 United Kingdom 134, 159n I I, 198, 242 (see also Britain) United Nations (UN) bestowing status 157n2 budget contributions 137 China's membership 14 China's seat 27, 132 dual representation in 202-203 human rights 32, 37, 46n38 importance of 23, 158n6 observer status 200 peacekeeping operations 29, 35, 55,61, 161-162n44,209 Permanent (Nuclear Weapons States) 5, 6, 14, 28 PRC accusations of US control 26 PRC and 26, 28, 55, 56, 141, 143, 255-256 PRC exclusion 254 PRC obligations 61 PRC:US status 137 seat criteria 214 Taiwan and 13, 141, 198-203 Third World representation 151 United Nations Charter 23-24, 28, 37,40,51, 138, 158n6 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 145, 146 United Nations Commission on Human Rights 32, 37, 145, 162n47 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 145, 147 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 168 United Nations Convention on the Prohibition of Certain Indiscriminate Conventional Weapons 226 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 142, 145, 146, 189 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) 144 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 168 United Nations Human Rights Commission 152, 153 United Nations International Law Commission 57 United Nations Law of the Sea 149, 168, 187 United Nations Security Council (see United Nations) United States (US) arms control policy 224 Australia alliance 214 Belgrade incident 57 Clinton report on PRC 239-241 Cold War policy on PRC 253-254 Consul-General's arrest 24 CTBT non-ratification 63n 17, 136, 182 defence system I 19, 143, 244 global status 34, 45 46n31, 58 GulfWar 59 306 Index ICESC ratification 65n30 India and 177 intelligence gathering 57, 183, 219, 227,231 Japan alliance 125, 169, 182-183, 184, 186 Korean War 25,44nl0, 113,114, 119, 120 military exports 242 North Korea and 186 nuclear tests 222 objections to nuclear sales 233, 235 perception of PRC 34 PLA perception of 121 PRC arms control 15-16, 219, 220-221' 225 PRC in MTCR 230 PRC:Russia relationship 169 PRC trade agreements 165n83 Russia and 170, 174 Sino-alliance 170 Sino-policies 59, 66n34, 66-67n35, 253,255 Sino-relations 12, 28, 50, 175, 183185 South Korea alliance 184 185 sovereignty violations by 40 Soviet arms control 27 spy plane incident 57, 183 Taiwan and 196, 198, 203, 254 threat to PRC 173, 261 UN and 137, 198, 217nl0 violation allegations against PRC 236-238 Yugoslavia 59 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 39 USSR (see Russia; Soviet Union) Uzbekistan 179 Vietnam 28, 119, 120,202, 217n10 Vietnam War 24 25, I 19, 255 Wan Li 84 war 17, I 16, 258-261 (see also individual conflicts) Ward,Angus 24 Washington Post, The 219, 230 weapons of mass destruction (WMD) capabilities of 60 PRC disarmament 192, 219, 220, 229,238 PRC exporting 237, 238 US policies on PRC 239-241 welfare reform 72-73, 99-1 OOn 13 White Papers of CCP 57, 64n28, 65n29,228 Wight, Martin 22, 256, 259 Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control 227, 236 World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)) ADB and 147 aid criteria I endorsement of PRC 142 governance,defined 31 PRC in 36, 56, 132 PRC loans from 136 PRC status 142, 145-146 World Health Organisation (WHO) 141 World Trade Organization (WTO) accession advisability 147, 163n58, 163n62 accession by PRC 56 accession criteria 61 accession impacts 74, 139, 145, 153-155 entry concessions 35-36, 208 Hong Kong in 200 membership bid 34, 180 PRC-Taiwan joint membership 141 Taiwan accession 160n31 World War II 181, 182 307 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Xinjiang (see also CIS states) gas pipeline 191 Han Chinese migration 74-75, 142 Muslim presence 179, 231 PRC concerns 168, 178 PRC sovereignty 140 Russia and 172 separatism by 9, 89, 121, 205 in Sino-Russian relations 12, 172 strategic relevance 179 Western intervention 144 Xisha Island I 19 response to opposition 94 'rule by virtue' 93-94 US visit 34, 46n32 welfare system ISS Western sympathies 122 Yang Baibing I08, I09 Yang Shangkun 84, I09 Yasukini Shrine 181 Yellow Sea 187 Yeltsin, Boris 173, 174, 177 Yemen 203, 204 Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of 202 Yemen Arab Republic 202 Yin He (ship) incident 121,227 Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 59, 61, 88, 143, 144, 209 Zambia 57 Zangger Committee 233, 239, 240 Zhang Aiping 84 Zhang Wannian 172 Zhan Zhen I 18 Zhao Ziyang 47n47, 85 Zhou Enlai 24, 25, 26, 261 Zhu De 260 Zhu Rongji awareness of foreign influence 139 domestic policy reform 72-74,99100nl3 economic liberalisation 91, 96 foreign policy 126 Japan visit 180, 181 308 www.Ebook777.com ...Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin ( eds) G Australian National... vi ix xi China and the responsibility of power Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin Chinese power and the idea of a responsible state 21 Rosemary Foot Power and responsibility in China's international... our interests in looking at how the international behaviour of the People's Republic of China has been increasingly shaped by China's understanding of its growing power and responsibility in international