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Idiom translation in the financial press a corpus based study

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Idiom Translation in the Financial Press Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus-based Study By Despoina Panou Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus-based Study, by Despoina Panou This book first published 2014 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2014 by Despoina Panou All rights for this book reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner ISBN (10): 1-4438-5690-8, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-5690-4 For Marianna, Spiros and Mary TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables xi Acknowledgements xiii Foreword xv Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Approaching idiom translation: some theoretical preliminaries 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Book outline 10 Chapter Two 11 Linguistic and Translational Aspects of Idioms 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Terminological aspects of idioms 11 2.2.1 Earlier theories of idioms 15 2.2.2 Syntactic approaches 17 2.2.3 Semantic approaches 21 2.2.4 Pragmatic approaches 23 2.2.5 Corpus-based approaches 25 2.3 Translational aspects of idioms 26 2.3.1 Some preliminary remarks on language, thought and translation 26 2.3.2 The discipline of Translation Studies 28 2.3.3 House’s model of translation quality assessment 31 2.3.4 Translating idioms: problems and considerations 36 2.3.5 Computer-aided idiom translation 38 2.3.6 Previous accounts of idiom-translation models 42 2.4 Towards a new idiom-translation model 57 viii Table of Contents Chapter Three 67 Methodology 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Corpus-based translation studies 67 3.3 Corpus design and data analysis 70 3.3.1 The present corpus 71 3.3.2 Corpus design and features 73 3.4 Methodological issues: idiom typology and search tools 77 3.4.1 Idiom typology 78 3.4.2 Search tools 82 Chapter Four 93 Idiom Translation in the Greek Financial Press 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Quantitative findings 93 4.3 The translation of inward idioms 94 4.3.1 The translation of cognitively-oriented idioms 94 4.3.2 The translation of affectively-oriented idioms 104 4.4 The translation of outward idioms 115 4.4.1 The translation of general outward idioms 115 4.4.2 The translation of business idioms 146 4.5 Conclusion 185 Chapter Five 187 Parameters Affecting Idiom Translation 5.1 Introduction 187 5.2 Parameters affecting idiom adherence 187 5.3 Parameters affecting idiom literalization 192 5.4 Parameters affecting idiom deletion 196 5.5 Parameters affecting idiomatization and mistranslation 199 5.6 Idioms in headlines: some translational perspectives 200 5.7 A new idiom-translation model 203 5.8 Conclusion 206 Idiom Translation in the Financial Press ix Chapter Six 207 Conclusions 6.1 Revisiting the research questions 207 6.2 Contribution of the study 209 6.3 Limitations of the study 212 6.4 Implications of the study 213 6.5 Future directions of the study 214 Appendix A 219 Sources of Samples References 227 Name Index 247 Subject Index 251 Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus-based Study 241 Ponterotto, D 2010 Cross-cultural variation in idiomatic expression: insights from Conceptual Metaphor Theory and implications for translation studies In Tabakowska, E., ChoiĔski, M and Wiraszka, L (eds.) 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Coling-90: Papers Presented at the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics Helsinki, Finland, 330-335 Santos, S 1996 Tense and Aspect in English and Portuguese: A Contrastive Semantical Study Unpublished Ph.D thesis Lisbon: Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade Téchnica de Lisboa Saussure, F de 1916 Cours de Linguistique Générale Paris: Payot Schenk, A 1995 The syntactic behavior of Idioms In Everaert, M., van der Linden, E.J., Schenk, A and Schreuder, R (eds.) 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Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on English and Greek School of English Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 94-109 — 1994 Variation in Translation: English vs Greek Athens: Parousia Monograph Series — 1995 Headlining in Translation: English vs Greek Press Target 7(2), 285-304 — 1999 Parameters in Translation English vs Greek Athens: Parousia Monograph Series — 2004 Linguistic Identities Through Translation Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi Sidiropoulou, M and Kontos, P 2012 Socio-political narratives in translated English-Greek news headlines Intercultural Pragmatics 9(2), 195-224 Simpson, J.A and Weiner, E.S.C (eds.) 1989 Oxford English Dictionary nd edition Oxford: Oxford University Press Simpson R and Mendis, D 2003 A corpus-based study of idioms in academic speech TESOL Quarterly 3, 419-441 Sinclair, J.McH 1991 Corpus, Concordance, Collocation Oxford: Oxford University Press — 2004 Trust the Text Language, Corpus and Discourse London and New York: Routledge Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus-based Study 243 Sinclair, J.McH., Fox, G., Bullon, S and Manning, E (eds.) 1995 Collins COBUILD English Dictionary London and Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers Sinclair, J.McH and Moon, R (eds.) 2002 Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms 2nd edition Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers Skoufaki, S 2006 Investigating Idiom Instruction Methods Unpublished Ph.D thesis Cambridge: University of Cambridge — (in press) Guessing at the meaning of unknown L2 idioms: Theoretical and Applied (Cognitive) Linguistic Perspectives In JuchemGrundmann, C and Niemeier, S (eds.) Knowing is Seeing: Metaphor and Language Pedagogy Mouton de Gruyter Smith, L.P 1925 Words and Idioms: Studies in the English Language London: Constable Snell-Hornby, M 1988 Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Sokou, K 2011 E-mail to Despoina Panou 26 September Somers, H 1999 Review article: Example-based machine translation Machine Translation 14, 113-157 Sperber, D and Wilson, D 1995 Relevance: Communication and Cognition 2nd edition Oxford: Blackwell Stetting, K 1989 Transediting – A new term for coping with the grey area between editing and translating In Caie, G., Haastrup, K., Jakobsen, A.L., Nielsen, J.E., Sevaldsen, J., Specht, H et al (eds.) Proceedings from the Fourth Nordic Conference for English Studies Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, Department of English, 371-382 Strakšienơ, M 2009 Analysis of idiom-translation strategies from English into Lithuanian Studies about Languages 14, 13-19 Strässler, J 1982 Idioms in English: A Pragmatic Analysis Tübingen: Narr Straumann, H 1935 Newspaper Headlines A Study in Linguistic Method London: George Allen and Unwin Stubbs, M 1996 Text and Corpus Analysis Oxford: Blackwell Svensen, B 1993 Practical Lexicography Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making Oxford: Oxford University Press Sweetser, E 1990 From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Sweller, J 1994 Cognitive Load Theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design Learning and Instruction 4(4), 295-312 244 References Taylor, J.R 2007 Cognitive linguistics and autonomous linguistics In Geeraerts, D and Cuyckens, H (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Oxford: Oxford University Press, 566-588 Terkourafi, M 2005 (ed.) An English-Greek Dictionary of False Friends Athens: Athens University Press Theodoropoulou, I 2006 Translating English idioms into Greek subtitles The functional variation model proposal Colloque International des Etudiants Chercheurs er Didactique des Langues et en Linguistique; Jul 4-7, 2006 ; Grenoble, France (http://cedill.free.fr/programme.php) Online, accessed June 2010 Tognini-Bonelli, E 2001 Corpus Linguistics at Work Amsterdam: John Benjamins Toury, G 1995 Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Valdeón, R.A 2007 Translating news from the inner circle: imposing regularity across languages Quaderns Revista de Traducció 6, 155167 van Dijk, T.A (ed.) 1985 Discourse and Communication Berlin:Walter de Gruyter van Dijk, T.A 1988 News as Discourse Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Vega-Moreno, R 2007 Creativity and Convention The Pragmatics of Everyday Figurative Speech Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Vrontoulaki, A 2010 E-mail to Despoina Panou 31 March Ungerer, F 2000 English Media Texts Past and Present Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Warren, B 2005 A model for idiomaticity Nordic Journal of English Studies 4, 35-54 Wehrli, E 1990 STS: An experimental sentence translation system In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics; Aug 20-25, 1990; Helsinki (http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/C/C90/C90-1017.pdf) Online, accessed December 2011 Weinreich, U 1969 Problems in the analysis of idioms In Puhvel, J (ed.) Substance and Structure of Language Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 23-81 Wilson, J 1990 Politically Speaking: The Pragmatic Analysis of Political Language Oxford: Basil Blackwell Wittgenstein, L 1953 Philosophical Investigations Oxford: Basil Blackwell Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus-based Study 245 Yong, H and Peng, J 2007 Bilingual dictionaries: ways of handling idioms In Yong, H and Peng, J (eds.) Bilingual Lexicography from a Communicative Perspective Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 175-193 Yorio C.A 1989 Idiomaticity as an indicator of second language proficiency In Hyltenstam, K and Obler, L.K (eds.) Bilingualism Across the Lifespan Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 55-72 Zhang, M 2012 Stance and mediation in transediting news headlines as paratexts Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, DOI:10.1080/0907676X.2012.691101.Online, accessed March 2013 Ziras, V 2010 Telephone conversation with Despoina Panou 16 December Zitawi, J 2003 English-Arabic dubbed children's cartoons: strategies of translating idioms Across Languages and Cultures 4(2), 237-251 INDEX OF NAMES A Abu-Ssaydeh, A.F 46, 55, 57 Adam, A 59 Ahmad, K 168 Aijmer, K 68 Alexander, R.J 12 Alnaser, M 216 Altenberg, B 68 Alvstad, C 217 Anastasiou, D 40-41 Angelone, E 218 Arnold, D 37, 39 Atkins, B.T.S 73 Awwad, M 45-46 B Baker, M 29-30, 37, 46, 52-54, 56-57, 59-60, 68-69, 104, 165, 169, 172, 199 Bani, S 102 Bar-Hillel, Y 17 Bassnett, S 1, 102, 108, 138, 148, 151, 180, 197 Bauer, L 12-13, 49 Biber, D 63, 70, 76 Biber, D.S 77 Bielsa, E 1, 102, 105, 108, 138, 148, 151, 180 Binnick, R.I 21 Bloomfield, L 11 Bloor, M 31 Bloor, T 31 Boers, F Bortfeld, H 28, 43 Brown, F.P 38 C Cacciari, C 13, 37, 49, 209 Carl, M 38, 40 Carter, R.A 12, 77, 83 Catford, J.C 29, 60 Chafe, W.L 4, 18 Chandler, D 191 Charteris-Black, J 5, 48-50, 55, 190 Chatzisavvidis, S 190 Chen, L 51, 56, 57 Chen, Y 202 Chesterman, A 42, 60-62, 64, 130, 207, 211 Chomsky, N 11, 16, 18 Christie, A 46 Cignoni, L 25 Coffey, S 25 Cotter, C 157, 194 Cowie, A.P 13 Cruse, D.A 12, 17 Cuéllar, S.B 33 Cutting, C 209 D Davies, E.E 100, 102, 106, 118, 131, 194 Dimitrakopoulou, D 71 Ditruchgij, S 51-52, 56, 57 Dobrovol'skij, D 215 Doherty, M 97 E Espinal, M.T 20 Even-Zohar, I 30 248 Index of Names F Fabbro, F 218 Fellbaum, C 25 Fernandez, J.W 192 Fernando, C 13, 16-17, 19, 22, 209 Flavell, R 13, 17, 209 Fillmore, C.J 19 Flowerdew, L 77 Francis, W.N 67 Fraser, B 18, 19 G Gambier, Y Gavioli, L 212 Geeraerts, D 48, 49 Ghazala, H 43-45, 55, 57 Gibbs, R.W 25, 49, 209 Glässer, R 12, 63 Glucksberg, S 37-38, 209 Goffin, R 28 Goosens, L 49 Gottlieb, H 43, 53-54, 56-58, 63-64, 207 Gran, L 214 Grant, L.E 49, 82 H Halliday, M.A.K 30-32, 63, 69, 106, 128, 207, 210 Hasan, R 31 Handford, M Hans, K.L 215 Harris, Z 11 Hatim, B 29-30, 47, 200, 214 Hatzidaki, A 217 Hawkes, T 190 Healey, A 16-17 Henderson, W Hermans, T 29 Hild, A 217 Hockett, C.F 14, 16, 17 Hoey, M 104 Holmes, J.S 28 House, J 11, 30-35, 62-65, 207, 210 Hunston, S 77 I Ivir, V 32 J Jackendoff, R 4, 20, 26, 27 Jakaitienơ, E 46 Jensen, A 198 Ji-Xin, Q 51, 56 Johansson, G 67 Johnson, M 187-188 K Kaniklidou, T Katsikopoulos, K.V 193 Kay, P 19 Katz, J.J 17-18, 209 Kelandrias, P 144 Kennedy, G 75 Keränen, A 215 Koehn, P 38 Koester, A 5, 24, 215 Koller, V 5, 71, 74 Ko, L 216 Kövecses, Z 49, 187, 189-190, 192-193 Kruger, A 69 L Lakoff, G 187-188 Lamb, S.M 21 Langlotz, A 24, 82, 87 Laviosa, S 67, 69, 73, 76-77 Lee, D.Y.W 76 Levinson, S 27 Levorato, M.C 13, 209 Lewis, B.P 193 Linder, D.E 193 Liu, D 4, 25, 63 Lockwood, D.G 21 Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus-based Study Loupaki, E Lu, G 202 Luzon Marco, M.J 215 Lyons, J 11-12 M Majid, A 27 Makkai, A 16, 21-22 Malkiel, Y 15, 17 Malmkjaer, K 68-69, 76 Marmaridou, S.S.A 48, 190, 199 Mason, I 30, 47, 200 Mateu, J 29 Matthews, P.H 12 Mauranen, A 69, 195 McCarthy, M.J 77, 83 McEnery, A.M 68-69 McEnery, T 78 Menacere, M 42-43 Mendis, D 25, 83, 215 Merialdo, B 39 Merwe, T van der 43 Miller, G.A 193 Modina, L.S 217 Moon, R 13-14, 24-25, 46, 63 Munday, J 29-30, 32, 34, 214 N Naciscione, A 13 Nagao, M 38-40 Nayak, N 25, 209 Nelson, M 70 Newmark, P 29, 46 Nida, E 28-29, 47 Nie, J.Y 39 Nord, C 29, 200 Noveck, I 216 Nunberg, G 13, 19-20, 49, 209 O O’Connor, M.C 19 O'Keeffe, A 83 249 Olohan, M 68, 75-78 P Panou, D 5, 29, 57, 74, 190-191, 209, 214-216 Papathanassopoulos, S 71 Parianou, A 144 Pawley, A 23 Peng, J 50 Penttilä, E 14 Philip, G 14 Pike, K.L 16-17 Ponterotto, D 215 Postal, P.M 17-18, 209 Prodromou, L 77, 82, 120 Pym, A 29 R Rao, D.D 38 Reboul, A 216 Reiss, K 30 Ricks, D 146 Roberts, M.H 15 Roos, E 43, 54-55 Rosch, E.H 48 Ryu, B.R 40 S Sadock, J 12 Salway, A 168 Santos, D 40 Santos, S 68 Saussure, F de 11 Schenk, A 209 Sharmin, S 198 Shalyapina, Z.M 217 Shreve, G.M 218 Siapera, E 71 Sidiropoulou, M 2-4, 36, 95, 107, 112116, 119, 127-128, 130-132, 143, 145, 159, 162, 170, 177, 182-183, 190, 196, 200-202 250 Simpson, J.A 25, 83, 215 Simpson, R 25, 83, 219 Sinclair, J.McH 22, 70, 73 Skoufaki, S 49, 209 Smith, L.P 15 Snell-Hornby, M 29, 104 Sokou, K 74 Somers, H 40 Sperber, D 24, 216 Stetting, K 62 Strakšienơ, M 46, 55, 57 Strässler, J 23-24 Straumann, H 200 Stubbs, M 70 Svensen, B 54, 58 Sweetser, E 193 Sweller, J 193 Syder, F.H 23 Szabo, P 215 T Taylor, J.R 20 Terkourafi, M 50 Theodoropoulou, I 47 Tiselius, E 217 Tognini-Bonelli, E 78 Toury, G 30, 46, 195 Index of Names U Ungerer, F 200 V Valdeón, R.A 200 van Dijk, T.A 200-201 Vega-Moreno, R 24 Vermeer, H.J 30 Vrontoulaki, A 72 W Warren, B 14 Wehrli, E 217 Weinreich, U 18 Wilson, A 78 Wilson, D 24 Wilson, J 58 Wittgenstein, L 48 X Xiao, R.Z 68-69 Y Yong, H 50, 56 Yorio, C.A Z Zhang, M 200 Ziras, V 75, 197 Zitawi, J 45, 55, 57 SUBJECT INDEX Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms 67, 79-80, 83-85, 87, 98, addition 2, 55 114, 215 adherence See idiom-translation collocations: habitual 15; stable 18 strategies compositeness 14 affectively-oriented idioms compositionality 14, 38, 49, 209 See idioms computer-aided idiom translation model analysis: qualitative 78, 207; 38, 218 quantitative 78, 93, 207 conceptual metaphor 49, 187-188, 190, antonymy 61 192-193 See also metaphor approach: corpus-based 8, 25-26, 49, congruence See idiom-translation 67-70, 78, 82, 90, 207; pragmatic strategies 23-24; semantic 21-22; syntactic 17, constraints: time 198, 205; space 198, 21 205 argumentative force 4, 95, 100, 130, context 1, 3, 10, 16, 26, 30-33, 36, 38170 39, 43-44, 50, 52, 59, 64, 68, 83, 98, articles: economic 115, 182, 201; 100, 104, 112-114, 125, 133, 158, medical 115, 126, 182-183, 201; 174, 176, 181, 191, 194-195, 198, political 8, 71, 115, 145 210-213, 217 corpus: bilingual 67, 73-74; design 25, 66, 70, 73, 76-77, 212; B representativeness 70, 73, 75-76, 212; parallel 67-69, 73-74, 149; back-translation 85 authenticity 73, 77; regional 76; business idioms See idioms temporal 76 bilingual dictionaries 39, 40, 216, 240 corpus-based Translation Studies 67-68 binomials 17, 22 correspondence See idiom-translation BNC 40, 53, 82, 87, 212 strategies co-text 64, 97, 124, 126, 159, 191, 196197, 206, 207, 210-211 C covert translation 34-35 calque 60 cross-cultural variation 2, 189 clarity 106, 131, 194 cross-linguistic differences 28, 192 cognitive load; cognitive load theory cultural filter 4, 34-35, 58, 61-62, 190, 99, 120, 155, 193-194, 197, 205, 208, 211 213 cognitive factors 189 See also factors cognitive model 48 cognitively-oriented idioms See idioms A 252 Subject Index D G deletion See idiom-translation strategies denier attitude 107 disinformational potential 22 general outward idioms: 8, 81-82, 90, 93-94, 115, 136, 144-146, 187, 196 208 See also outward idioms genre: genre conventions 2-3, 7, 10, 3334, 36, 52, 58, 63, 65, 69, 75-76, 83, 95, 110, 112, 128, 138, 141, 145, 174, 190, 193-194, 197, 200, 203, 206, 208, 210-216 general English: 5-6, 212 Greek financial press 5-10, 26, 70, 74, 76, 78, 82, 93, 190-192, 199, 207208, 204, 212-213, 218 See also press Greek target readership: 4, 109, 117120, 122-123, 126, 139, 151-152, 170, 175, 182, 184, 194-196, 198 E English press 215 equivalence: formal 29; directional 29; dynamic 29, 47; natural 29; textual 29 errors: 34, 39, 145, 212 erroneous: covertly 34; overtly 34 evaluation: 15, 31-32, 34-35, 65, 70, 107, 141, 190, 210 evasion: 43-44, 55, 125 expansion See idiom-translation strategies experiential factors 189 See also factors experimental translation: 216-217 explicitation: 2-3, 100, 107, 111-112, 131, 195 H headlines 9, 114-115, 145, 179, 183, 187, 190, 200-201, 203, 208; idiom headlines 185, 200-201, 203 headword: 79, 83, 84 hyponymy: 61 F factor(s): cognitive 189; experiental 189; idiom-type 196; pragmatic 195; semantic 195; syntactic 203204 financial press: 5-10, 26, 70, 74, 76, 7879, 82, 93, 190, 192, 199, 207, 212213, 218 See also Greek financial press fixed expressions: 13-14, 21, 24, 37, 146, 213 formal rigidity: 13 friends 50; close family 50; false friends 50; strangers 50 functional variation model: 47 I ideational: 31, 35, 62 ideology: 148 idiomaticity: abortive 44, 55; enforced 44, 55, 57; equivalent 44, 55, 57 idiomatic expression: 4, 6-8, 11, 13-15, 17, 19, 22-23, 25-26, 28, 36-38, 43, 45-47, 51-53, 55, 58-59, 71, 77-79, 83-87, 94, 100, 110, 122, 127, 129130, 132, 137, 141, 143-144, 162, 167, 169-172, 174, 178-179, 188189, 191-195, 200, 204, 207, 210, 212, 213 idiomatic phrases: 19, 52, 125, 167 idiomatic transgression: 15 idiomatically-combining expressions: 19 Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus-based Study idiomatization: 43, 54-55, 57, 64, 93, 182, 199, 208 idiom: acquisition 217; classification 5, 15, 60, 64, 80, 82, 209, 213; comprehension 5, 13, 24; definition 5, 10-12, 14-19, 21, 23, 48, 209; form 13, 20-21, 24, 37, 50, 52, 5759, 196, 198, 205, 208; function 5, 16, 23, 46; learning 8, 212; meaning 7, 19, 47-48, 50, 52, 206, 212; origin 12, 16, 57; processing 13, 24, 209, 216; recognition 38, 41; type 41, 185-186, 196, 208, 213-214 idiom principle: 22-23 idiom translation: 5-7, 9-11, 37-38, 40, 42-43, 45-48, 50, 52, 54-55, 57, 6365, 70, 75, 81, 87, 93, 131, 139, 144, 187, 194-196, 201, 203, 206, 207-208, 211-213, 215, 218 idiom translation model(s) 5, 9, 38, 42, 53-54, 57-58, 63, 65, 187, 203, 206, 208-209, 211, 213-214, 217 idiom-translation strategies: adherence 9, 54, 57-58, 64, 95, 99, 104, 110,115, 125, 145, 158, 185-187, 191, 203-204, 208; compensation 9, 52, 54-58, 60, 62, 169-170, 187, 203, 205, 208, 211; congruence 43, 54-58, 95, 110, 126, 129, 130, 158, 160-162; correspondence 54, 56-58, 135, 170; deletion 9, 45, 54-55, 57, 101-105, 108, 115-116, 120, 123, 146-147, 151, 153, 155, 157, 182, 183, 185, 187, 196-198, 203, 205, 208, 211; equivalence 43, 54-58, 96-98, 111112, 126, 130, 132-134, 159, 163166, 168-169; expansion 54, 56-61, 100, 139-142; literalization 4, 9, 54, 59, 64, 99, 104, 112, 115, 136, 146, 171, 185, 187, 192-195, 203-204, 208, 210-211; omission 2, 6, 47, 52, 54-58, 60, 62, 64, 102, 105, 118, 126, 147, 149,151, 196-198; paraphrase 6, 47, 50, 52, 54-62, 100, 113, 136-139, 144, 172-173, 253 176; reduction 54, 56, 58-60, 101, 143, 177, 179, 206 idiom-typology 8, 87, 207-209, 213 idiom variation 25, 37, 83-84, 87, 153, 154-156, 215 idioms: affectively-oriented idioms 8, 81, 90, 93-94, 104, 110, 112-113, 192, 196, 207-208; business idioms 8, 81-82, 90, 93-94, 115, 146, 158, 171, 179, 184-185, 187, 192, 196, 207-208, 210, 215; cognitivelyoriented idioms 8, 81, 90, 94, 99, 208; communication-related 8, 207; inward 8-9, 80-82, 86, 90, 93-94, 196, 207-208, 210; lexical 17; lexemic 22; phrase 17; pure 18, 63; sememic 22; semi-idioms 18, 79; thought-related 23, 207; outward 89, 81-82, 86, 90, 93-94, 115, 136, 144-146, 187, 192, 196, 207-208, 210, 213; idioms of decoding 21-22; idioms of encoding 21-22 illocutionary force 3, 95, 114, 136, 165 information; change 61-62, 107, 131; given 113, 129, 132; new 62, 106, 129, 132 interactional attitude 132, 144, 170, 199 institutionalization 13 intercultural variation 192, 210 interpersonal 23, 31, 35, 61-62, 128, 196 intracultural variation 192 invasion 43-44, 55 J journalists 3, 74-75, 137, 184, 197, 198, 200, 202 See also translatorsjournalists L literalization See idiom-translation strategies loan 60, 113 254 Subject Index localization 45, 55 M machine translation: rule-based 38-40; example-based 38-39 media translation metaphor 4-5, 36, 49, 58-60, 74, 97, 111, 113, 126, 164, 166, 173, 176, 187-192, 200, 204, 210, 215 methodology 8-10, 65, 67-69, 77 mistranslation 9, 144, 146, 184-185, 187, 199, 208, 217 mode 31-33, 63, 73, 84, 210-211 N names of informed opinion 119 naturalness 29, 199, 202, 205 naturalization 45, 55 neurolinguistics 218 newspaper: The Economist 6, 8, 71-72, 74, 77-78, 84-87, 95-114, 116-145, 147-184, 198, 207, 213, 216; I Kathimerini 2, 72 news translation 1-4, 6, 10, 36, 96, 105, 107-108, 127, 145, 149, 161, 177, 180, 193-194, 206, 211-212 O omission See idiom-translation strategies opaque 12-13, 48, 50, 53, 204, 210, 214 See also semantically-opaque open-choice principle 22 overt translation 34, 35 outward idioms See idioms P parameter: cognitive 7, 10, 203-206, 208-209, 211; genre-related 7, 10, 203-206, 208, 211; idiom-related 7, 10, 203, 206, 208; pragmatic 7, 10, 203-206, 208, 211; semantic 7, 10, 203-206, 208, 211; syntactic 7, 10, 203-206, 208, 211 paraphrase See idiom-translation strategies partial lexical openness 14 pragmatic constraints 14 precision 41, 131, 194 press 2-7, 10, 36, 71, 76, 78, 100, 102, 109-110, 116, 119, 127, 143, 145, 161, 190-191, 193-195, 199, 203, 206-208, 210, 212-213, 215 prototype theory 48 psycholinguistics 216-218 psychological remotedness thesis Q quality 11, 30-32, 34-35, 63, 71, 75, 7981, 91, 101, 207, 214, 216 R readability 40, 98, 102, 109, 147, 156, 184, 199, 202, 205 relevance theory 24 rheme 129, 132, 173 S salience 14 search tools: manual 8, 77, 84, 207; software 8, 71, 82, 84, 87, 207 semantically: opaque 12-13, 48, 53, 204, 210, 214; transparent 12, 48, 52, 209, 214 sentence structure 60, 96, 97, 107 simplicity 36, 113, 194 source-language 7, 29, 73 source-text 2, 6, 72, 200 standardization process 194 strategy 4, 7, 9, 42-43, 45-47, 54, 57-59, 61-62, 65, 93-98, 100-102, 104-105, 107, 110-116, 120, 126-148, 158- Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus-based Study 185, 187, 189, 191-193, 195-198, 202-208, 211, 213-214 See also idiom-translation strategies stratificational view of language 21 synonymy 61 syntax 20, 27, 60, 193, 206 T target language 5, 34, 36, 45-46, 51, 59, 68-69 target readership See Greek target readership target text 2-4, 36, 39-40, 42, 60, 6869, 72, 74, 95, 105, 122, 126-127, 147, 149, 169-170, 188, 191-192, 199 TEC 53 tenor 31-33, 63, 159, 177, 195, 204, 206, 210-211 testimonial discourse textual: textual considerations 187 thematic category 7, 9, 79-82, 84-85, 187, 216 theme 33, 79, 114, 129, 132, 173 theory: polysystem theory 30; skopos theory 30 thought 9, 26-28, 142 though-related idioms See idioms topics: high-importance 4; lowimportance transediting 61-62, 93, 113-115, 145146, 179-183, 185, 202, 208 255 transformational frozenness 19 translation: antonymic 138-139, 175177, 195; compensatory 51, 56 dynamic 45, 55, 57; English-Greek 2-5, 10, 47, 74, 81, 87, 96, 114, 116, 119, 145, 195-196, 201, 203, 206208, 215; explanational 51; free 5052, 56-57; literal translation plus explanation 50-51, 56; memory 39; semantic and communicative 29; transferred 50-51; word-for-word 38, 44-45, 55-56, 85, 130; translation quality assessment 11, 30-32, 207 translation studies 26, 28-29, 31, 41- 42, 67-69, 195, 218 translators 1-8, 29-30, 35-37, 41-42, 4446, 50, 52-54, 59-61, 63, 69, 72, 7475, 78, 87, 107, 113, 144, 185, 187, 195-199, 202-203, 206, 210-217 translators-journalists 3, 202 transparency See semanticallytransparent truth-conditions 14 W Wordsmith tools 25, 82 X XAIRA 82, 87 .. .Idiom Translation in the Financial Press Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus- based Study By Despoina Panou Idiom Translation in the Financial Press: A Corpus- based Study, ... constraints regulating idiom treatment in the Greek financial press 1.2 Approaching idiom translation: some theoretical preliminaries In contrast to metaphors which have been investigated in financial. .. background in literature or the social sciences, translators of financial texts are, in most cases, financially literate, and they probably specialize or even have a diploma in Business Administration,

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