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The thesis aims to complete the scientific basis of agricultural restructuring in the relationship of sustainable agricultural development for localities; point out the inadequacies, the causes of those shortcomings and propose orientations for development of agricultural restructuring towards sustainable development.
1 INTRODUCTION Reason to choose the topic Agriculture is an economic sector that plays a very important role in the There are many causes for unsustainable agricultural development in the southern coastal provinces of the Red River Delta, including: The spontaneous development from a traditional agriculture, the sea advantages have not been exploited appropriately, big investors have not been attracted to implement the strategies and the economies of countries, especially developing countries Only a strong and efficient agricultural sector can ensure food security as the population is growing, create jobs for rural workers, play an important role in foreign trade for foreign exchange and create solid planning of agricultural development associated with the sea in the provinces has not yet had a breakthrough to renew agricultural development in terms of products, production processes and application of high and environment-friendly technology or facilities for industries (WB, 2008) After 30 years of renovation, Vietnam's agricultural sector has gained many achievements: maintaining a stable growth rate, increasing labor productivity, increasing agricultural export turnover, agricultural transformation in a positive direction, contributing climate change response, etc However, a general and decisive cause that must be mentioned is that the policies to restructure agriculture towards sustainable development has not been deployed and implemented drastically From the perspective of sustainable development, the structure of the agricultural sector has many to increase income for farmers However, Vietnam's agricultural sector is generally not sustainable, manifested in some ways including the production is still fragmented, production efficiency is still low, environmental pollution is high, not adapting to climate shortcomings: (i) The proportion of products with advantages has increased slowly; The sea advantage industries still account for a small proportion in the GDP structure of agricultural sectors of the provinces (24.73%); (iii) agricultural production change, agricultural transformation is still slow In order to overcome the limitations in agricultural development over the past time and achieve the sustainable development goals to 2030, Party and the State have set a number of requirements to restructure the agricultural sector in the direction of raising high proportion following VietGap and high-tech agriculture is still low Cultivating models towards high-tech agriculture and clean agriculture are only pilot models with a production area of only 7.86% (iv) Production has not directed to respond to climate change and eco-environmental protection (Provincial DARDs, 2017) value-added and sustainable development (Decision 889/QD-Ttg on approving the scheme of restructuring the agricultural sector in the direction of improving added value and sustainable development dated June 10, 2013) Accordingly, the objectives of agricultural In the coming time, the strive for the goal of developing the agricultural sector in the southern Red River Delta provinces towards sustainable development will face many challenges and difficulties due to the process of industrialization and transformation are: (i) Improving efficiency (ii) Improving income to improve farmer's life (iii) Effective using natural resources and environmental protection The southern coastal provinces of the Red River Delta, including Thai Binh, Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh, are typical agricultural provinces of the Red River Delta, linked to the urbanization, especially the forecast of serious impacts of climate change on these provinces such as: meter rise of sea level will flood 50.9% of the area of Thai Binh, Nam Dinh (58%) and Ninh Binh (23.85%); the temperature in the period 2016-2046 is expected to increase by about 0.7-1.6 degrees, making the drought situation become sea potential, with favorable climate, ground and soil conditions, ranked second only after the Mekong Delta However, agricultural development of these provinces is still unsustainable: (i) The average growth rate of production value in the period of 2010-2017 is 3.05%/year but not stable; (ii) production scale is still small: the number of farms accounts more serious (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2016) Therefore, it is essential to research, evaluate and find solutions for agricultural transformation in these provinces in the direction of sustainable development… In terms of theory, the study of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development includes two aspects: (i) whether the process of agricultural transformation is directed to a sustainable structure of agricultural industry or not? (ii) whether the structure of the agricultural sector has a spreading effect to contribute to the sustainability of other pillars or not? In recent years, research on the agricultural transformation towards sustainable development has been studied quite a lot domestically and worldwide However, these studies mainly focus on the first aspect: Is the speed of local agricultural transformation fast or not? Is the transformation trend reasonable and effective or not? How does the agricultural transformation ensure sustainable requirements? These studies have yet to raise questions on the second aspect: how does the agricultural transformation impact on the goal of sustainable for only 15.55% of the farms in the Red River Delta; average farmland area of 4.7 ha/farm is lower than that of the whole nation; (iii) labor productivity growth is slow, average labor productivity of provinces in 2017 was only 28.40 million VND, lower than labor productivity of the Red River Delta (30.04 million VND); (iv) The proportion of households with the largest income from agriculture accounts for only 31.65% while the number of households participating in agricultural production is 43.42%, thus the rate of agricultural income is lower than that of the whole country (49%) (General Statistics Office, 2017) (v) The amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is still abused in the production process 3 development of the agricultural sector? how does it contribute to the agricultural growth speed? How does it affect the social aspects of rural areas, and how does it contribute to the sustainable development of the local whole agricultural sector? Moreover, studies of agricultural transformation in the southern coastal provinces of the Red River Delta alone are still lacking when setting it in new contexts such as the impact of industrial revolution 4.0, especially climate change forecasts with the greatest impact on Vietnam's coastal provinces including the southern Red River Delta provinces From the above reasons, the thesis selected the research topic “Agricultural Transformation in Southern Red River Delta’s Coastal Provinces towards Sustainable Development” The thesis will approach the issue of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development in the new perspective, which is set in the context of climate change and industrial revolution 4.0, in which setting the agricultural transformation in coastal provinces in the South Red River Delta is both a connotation but also a condition for the sustainable development of the agricultural sector The content of the thesis will systematize the theoretical issues of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development and develop the research framework of the thesis; making comprehensive and accurate assessment of the results achieved in the agricultural transformation in the coastal provinces of the South Red River Delta in the past time On that basis, the system of views, orientations and solutions to promote the agricultural transformation towards sustainable development will be introduced Research objectives Overall objective: the thesis aims to contribute to improving the scientific basis (theory and practice) on agricultural transformation in relation to the development of agricultural resources for localities (provincial level) With the typical study of the southern Red River Delta provinces, the thesis aims to point out the inadequacies and causes of these shortcomings and propose solutions to orient the agricultural transformation in coastal provinces of the South Red River Delta in the direction of sustainable development From the above general objective, the specific objectives of the thesis are as follows: - In terms of reasoning: Firstly, systematizing the theory of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development, then perfecting the approach, connotation of the content of transforming the local agricultural structure (provincial level) in the relationship with sustainable development Secondly, deriving from the requirements of agricultural transformation in the direction of sustainable development, the thesis presents the trends and criteria for evaluating the agricultural transformation towards sustainable development Thirdly, the system of factors affecting the agricultural transformation towards sustainable development - In terms of practice: Firstly, assess the current status of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development of southern coastal provinces of the Red River Delta in the past time On that basis, pointing out the successes and limitations in the process of agricultural transformation in the above provinces in view of sustainable development Secondly, testing the factors affecting the agricultural transformation in the coastal provinces of the South Red River Delta towards sustainable development, thereby detecting the direct causes of inadequacies in the process of transforming agriculture in these provinces in recent years Thirdly, proposing views and orientations for agricultural transformation towards the sustainable development of coastal provinces in the South Red River Delta on the basis of resolving the inadequacies in agricultural transformation of provinces Fourthly, proposing solutions to restructure agriculture towards sustainable development of coastal provinces in the South Red River Delta from handling the causes of inadequacies of this process over time, in combination with the forecast of new factors affecting agricultural transformation in the coastal provinces of the South Red River Delta Subject and scope of the study 3.1 Research subjects The subject of the thesis research is agricultural transformation towards sustainable development in the southern coastal provinces of the Red River Delta 3.2 Research scope a Content scope Firstly, the agricultural sector can be understood in broad and narrow meanings In the thesis, the agricultural sector will be conceived in a broad sense and classified according to Decision No 10/2007/QD-TTg dated January 23, 2007, specifically, the agricultural sector will have secondary branches: Agriculture, fisheries and forestry Secondly, the thesis does not set the study of agricultural transformation independently but studying it in relation to development of sustainable agriculture Therefore, the connotation of agricultural transformation is based on the principle of sustainable agriculture development and the objective of transformation is to orient to sustainable agriculture development Thirdly, research on agricultural transformation on both angles: (i) Results of the transformation (ii) Impacts of agricultural transformation on sustainable agriculture development b Scope of space and timeline - Scope of space: the thesis studies the agricultural transformation in the coastal provinces of the South Red River Delta, including the provinces of Thai Binh, Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh The reasons for this study are as follows: (i) Firstly, the Red River Delta has coastal provinces of Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Hai Phong and Quang Ninh, all provinces researched by the thesis are located in the South of the Red River Delta, so they share the same characteristics of nature, climate and agricultural development, which is the The thesis also uses the exploratory factor analysis model (EFA) to identify the factors affecting the agricultural transformation towards sustainable development of the coastal southern Red River Delta provinces At the same time, the thesis uses the method of analyzing the proportional restructure of the industry (SSA - Shift Share Analysis) to basis for proposing solutions that can be applied generally to these localities (ii) In the master plan for socio-economic development of the Red River Delta region by 2020, the sub-region of the Southern Red River Delta is prioritized for regional agricultural analyze the impact of agricultural transformation on the productivity growth of the sector 4.2 The research process To achieve the research objectives, the research will be conducted as follows: (i) development such as: “Developing high quality rice area; raising cattle, poultry and aquatic products on a large scale; focusing on developing supporting industries for processing agricultural products and preserving agricultural products after harvesting” However, in the process of studying, the thesis doesn’t make research and analysis of Identify research gaps through an overview of the research (ii) Improve the research framework for agricultural transformation in accordance with sustainable development (iii) Collect information of the agricultural transformation within sustainable strategies in coastal provinces in the South Red River Delta Information mentioned on the Thesis was collected the southern Red River Delta coastal area, but it analyzes each province in the Southern Red River Delta coastal area and sets the research context in the relationship in provinces in the region and provinces with other provinces in the country from both primary and secondary data sources (iv) Analyze the current status of the agricultural transformation based on sustainable development of coastal provinces in the South of Red River Delta Based on that, the successes and limitations of the agricultural c Time scope The thesis studies the situation of agricultural transformation in the coastal provinces of the South Red River Delta in the period of 2010-2017, orientation and solutions to 2030 The thesis selects the milestone until 2030 basing on the vision of the Agricultural transformation based on sustainable development are recognized (v) Propose ideas, orientations and solutions in promoting agricultural transformation in accordance with sustainable development in coastal provinces in the South of Red River Delta 4.3 Data collection methods Development Master Plan issued under Decision No 124/QD-TTg dated February 2, 2012 and the National Action Plan to implement the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development issued under Decision No 622/QD-TTg dated 10/05/2017 The thesis was written based on both secondary and primary data sources The data collection was conducted as follows: - Secondary data: Research Methodology 4.1 Methodological Approach The thesis approaches from theory to practice, combining qualitative and quantitative research to solve problems, specifically: The research was conducted using the methodology of theoretical analysis, data collection based on inheritance method, and the synthesis of the literature review, including the following documents: These documents are fully cited in the reference list + The thesis summarizes the domestic and foreign documents to develop a theoretical framework for agricultural transformation towards sustainable development Based on that, analyzing the current status of agricultural transformation in the southern coastal provinces of the Red River Delta in recent years to draw comments on the success, limitations and - Primary data: The primary data were collected from the following sources: (i) Interviewing experts (ii) Interviewing managers (iii) Interviewing farmers 4.2 Methods of data analysis The methods of data analysis used are: Methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical causes of limitations to propose solutions to promote the agricultural transformation towards sustainable development in the coming time + Qualitative approach is used in (i) Identifying criteria to reflect the local methods, descriptive methods, data comparison methods and quantitative methods New contributions to the current state of knowledge Contributions of the dissertation to knowledge agricultural transformation towards sustainable development (ii) Analyzing the views of experts as well as managers in the agricultural sector on criteria and factors affecting the agricultural transformation towards sustainable development + Quantitative approach focuses on the following contents: Analyzing agricultural To begin with, this dissertation has applied a more comprehensive approach to the nature of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development It is fully reflected in following ways: (i) on the one hand, agricultural transformation towards sustainable development is one of the key points of sustainable agriculture development; (ii) on the transformation of coastal southern Red River Delta provinces based on proposed criteria other hand, agricultural transformation towards sustainable development has, in turn, positive impacts on other pillars of sustainable agriculture development such as effective agricultural growth, better coping with social issues in rural areas, environmental pollution prevention and better adaptation to climate change Secondly, in line with the above approach, this dissertation has given some agricultural transformation towards sustainable development Of which, creation of breakthroughs in agricultural transformation towards sustainable development is through: re-organizing the model of agricultural production towards modernization with the core of cooperatives However, that requires that the viewpoint and modelling of cooperatives need conditions for agricultural transformation towards sustainable development including: agricultural transformation needs to ensure a sustainable structure of agriculture; (ii) sustainability of agricultural structure must have positive impacts on sustainable to be transformed in line with willingness, equal benefit sharing and operation in the style of enterprises Thesis structure: development of the whole agricultural sector Thus, four possible ways to ensure agricultural transformation towards sustainable development are comprised of higher proportion of advantageous sub-sectors; higher level of the contribution of green product sub-sectors; higher contribution of high-tech agricultural sector; and better climate-change- In addition to the introduction, the list of tables and references, the thesis has the following structure: Chapter 1: Research overview Chapter 2: Theoretical and practical basis for the local agricultural transformation adapting sub-sectors Further, this dissertation has set up groups of criteria that enable the assessment of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development: (i) first, the criteria for towards the sustainable development direction Chapter 3: Current situation of the local agricultural transformation in the Southern Coastal Provinces of the Red River Delta towards the sustainable development direction assessing sustainability of agricultural transformation that emphasize conditions addressed above The criteria for impact assessment of agricultural transformation on other aspects of sustainable agricultural development This dissertation suggests the use of SAI (sustainable agricultural index) for assessment of agricultural transformation on other aspects of Chapter 4: Orientation and solutions to promote the agricultural transformation in the Southern Coastal Provinces of the Red River Delta towards the sustainable development direction CHAPTER sustainable agricultural development Contributions of the dissertation to practice First of all, the dissertation has shed light on a number of weaknesses of agricultural OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH 1.1 Worldwide Research With the aim of clarifying research direction, the thesis reviews typical outbound transformation based on the principles of sustainable agricultural development A new contribution is that the dissertation successfully addressed agricultural transformation in three selected provinces only helps boost labor productivity by ‘static’ impact, from the low-productivity sectors to the high-productivity one, not the shift from the sectors with low documents in accordance with each of the following issues: Firstly: the internal content of sustainable development of agriculture and the criteria for reflecting the sustainable development of agriculture Secondly, agricultural transformation towards sustainable development includes the following contents: internal content, criteria reflecting and factors increase in low productivity to the ones with high enlargement of labor productivity Moreover, previous literature confirmed that weak linkage in agricultural production is a root cause for slow transformation and off-track direction in agricultural transformation towards sustainable development Further, these researchers attributed this failure to the affecting agricultural transformation towards the sustainable development direction 1.2 Domestic Research In recent years, research on local agricultural transformation in the direction of sustainable development has been implemented quite a lot in Vietnam Therefore, the thesis State responsibility This dissertation, however, reveals that the weak linkage is because agricultural producers are not fully active in putting agricultural production into value chain and market information So, improvement of this linkage, first and foremost, belongs to the summarizes these documents according to the contents: internal content, criteria reflecting and factors affecting agricultural transformation towards sustainable development direction 1.3 Assessment of research overview and research gap responsibility of producers and traders Whilst, the State only plays the roles as a catalyst and copes with the market failures in organizing the linkages Finally, the last contribution of the dissertation is through proposing groups of policy implications and directions of agricultural transformation towards sustainable Based on the overview of research, the thesis draws some comments as follows: Researcher’s main research directions in the overview: (1) Clarify theoretical basis of sustainable agriculture and assessment criteria of sustainable agriculture in different levels from nation, local to farmhouses of countries with different levels of development (2) development Also, a number of important solutions have been proposed to boost Based on theory of sustainable agricultural development, the research has mentioned the 10 role of agricultural transformation in the direction of sustainable development (3) Specify trend of agricultural structuring in each stage of economic development in accordance with objective factors: market development of input factors, science and technology; food security, globalization, production of goods and climate change Firstly, improve the research framework of the agricultural transformation tin the direction of the sustainable development in accordance with current circumstances including: The content and implication, requirements, trends, criteria and factors influencing Secondly, analyze and evaluate comprehensively the current situation of the agricultural transformation of coastal provinces on the south of Red River Delta in the direction of the sustainable development on the following contents: Trend of transformation and its trend From that, the results and limitations of the process of the agricultural transformation in the coastal provinces on the south of Red River Delta have been drawn Based on the analysis of the causes of limitations, solutions are proposed to promote the agricultural transformation in these provinces towards sustainable development direction CHAPTER THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS ON AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT However, the previous literature has still existed some following problems: Firstly, the concept of sustainable agriculture is a variable concept, so the factors contributing to sustainable development today can be changed in the future Nowadays, agricultural production is facing new challenges such as: price of food will be expected to be increased in the future, global warming The influences of climate change will compel farmers to adapt to by changing structure of plants and animals Therefore, indexes reflexing agricultural transformation must be sensitive to each local condition Secondly, the research methods of agricultural transformation in the direction of the sustainable development is only stopped with qualitative analysis, describing the change of indicators reflecting trends and speed of transformation, there have been no researches mentioning the quality of agricultural transformation (position and role of each sector) Besides, there has been no assessment of the effects of agricultural transformation on sustainable agriculture development (sustainable agriculture index (SAI- sustainable agriculture index) In addition, with transformation only has comparative analysis of time series without spatial comparison (between localities) This is the basis for proposing agricultural transformation trend for later time to improve the sustainable agriculture index Thirdly, there have been many studies for agricultural transformation in the direction of sustainable development but there are some drawbacks such as: (i) The studies only delved into the trend of transformation enhancing value added or emphasize transforming style that is able to cope with climate change for tending to sustainable development (ii) The studies mentioned to agricultural transformation in geographic frontier of the locality having not met the requirement of openness when transformation was related to regional development Fourthly, coastal plains have been excluded from studies on the agricultural transformation in the direction of sustainable development The different characteristics of coastal plains compared to other types of plains result in the different features of the agricultural transformation in these areas in respect of the regional comparative advantage and the impact of climate change on agricultural production This is a factor that plays a very important role in the implementation of agricultural transformation in the coming time Fifthly, the factors which have affected agricultural transformation within sustainable development has only been described, there has been no verification of the impact of these factors on agricultural transformation From the above research gaps, the thesis will solve the following problems: 2.1 Agriculture and sustainable agricultural development 2.1.1 Agriculture Agriculture is the basic material sector on production of society The traditional agriculture has the following main characteristics: (i) Agriculture has the longest history (ii) The sector uses the most natural resources in the industrial sector (iii) Agricultural production is impacted by natural conditions (iv) The traditional agriculture has labor productivity with the same period and the same level of investment compared to other sectors (v) Seasonal unemployment often occurs in agriculture 2.1.2 Sustainable agricultural development The perspective of the thesis on sustainable agricultural development: maintaining and enhancing economic efficiency in agricultural production, simultaneously improving farmers’ income to contribute to poverty reduction, reducing income inequality and responding well to the climate change From the above perspective, the content and implication of sustainable agricultural development is seen in aspects: (i) Ensure sustainability in the internal agriculture (ii) Have a good spillover effect in society and the environment 2.2 Agricultural structure and agricultural transformation 2.2.1 Agricultural structure The agricultural structure represents the relationship between sub-sectors in the agricultural sector, indicating the organic relationship of the inter-sub-sectors in terms of both quantity and quality For convenience in collecting the research data in accordance with the current situation of Vietnam, the thesis will approach the agricultural sub-sectors according to 11 12 Vietnam standard industrial classification and analyzing the structure based on secondlevel sectors: Agriculture, aquaculture and forestry 2.2.2 Agricultural transformation Agricultural transformation is the process of changing agricultural structure from one form to another, which is more improved, in accordance with the development level Agricultural transformation is a dynamic process, which is a change in the structure of the agricultural sector and is indicated: (i) Change in quantity: the proportion of sectors in the production value, value-added or proportion in labor, capital and land of the sub-sectors in the agricultural sector; (ii) Location and nature of agricultural sub-sectors (iii) Changes in the internal structure of each sub-sector in the agricultural sector Agricultural transformation can be taken place on country, region or locality This thesis will study in-depth agricultural transformation at the local perspective and the object is the local agricultural structure 2.3 Research framework of the local agricultural transformation in the direction of sustainable development 2.3.1 Concept Based on the concept of sustainable agriculture given in section 2.1.2 and the concept of agricultural transformation in section 2.2.2, the local agricultural transformation in the direction of the sustainable development understood as: the change in agricultural structure from one form to another, which is more improved not only shown in the change in the number of sub-sectors, the proportion of each sub-sector but also in the nature, location and relationship between sub-sectors towards the sustainable development agriculture direction From the above perspective, the content and implication of the local agricultural transformation towards the sustainable development direction is seen in aspects: (i) The content of the transformation is: (ii) The objective of the transformation 2.3.2 Requirement of Agricultural Transformation With content and implication of agricultural transformation above, requirements proposed to local authorities in agricultural transformation in the direction of sustainable development is suitable for upward tendency and the state of agricultural structure always fits to the level of economic development, specifically as follows: (i) Agricultural transformation must tend to an agriculture with high economic efficiency (ii) Agricultural transformation must tend to an environmentally friendly agriculture (iii) Agricultural transformation must cope with the effects of climate change (iv) Agricultural transformation must contribute to farmer incomes, contribute to implement other social objectives 2.3.3 Logical Agricultural Transformation Trend To guarantee the requirements of agricultural transformation of local authorities in the direction of sustainable development, logical trends of agricultural transformation now are: (i) Increase the proportion of products with local advantages (ii) Increase the proportion of products of green production (iii) Increase the proportion of products of CNC application (iv) Increase the proportion of products which can cope with the effects of climate change 2.3.4 Criteria for Transformation Assessment Based on the objective proposed in the thesis, which is agricultural transformation in the direction of sustainable development agriculture, criteria for assessing include 02 groups: (i) Group of criteria for reflexing the result of agricultural transformation process (ii) Group of criteria for assessing the influence of agricultural transformation process on sustainable development agriculture The details of content are reflexed through the following table: Table 2.2 Criteria which reflex the local agricultural transformation in the direction of sustainable direction No Criteria Trends toward sustainable Reflexing the result of agricultural transformation process 1.1 Transformation trends Proportion of strong competitive agricultural product Increase Proportion of Green production/ Application of high-tech agricultural Increase products Proportion of agricultural products to cope with the climate change Increase 1.2 Speed of transformation Cosø Decrease Assessing the influence of agricultural transformation process Labour productivity Increase Agricultural Income of Farmers Increase Income gap between agricultural income and fee for agriculture Decrease Proportion of land area for agriculture is degraded Decrease Area of afforestation Increase Sustainable Agriculture Index - SAI Increase>0,25 Source: Proposal of PhD candidate 2.3.5 Determinants of Local Agricultural Transformation towards Sustainable development 2.3.5.1 Factors of Local Agricultural Sector The factors of local agricultural sector may include (i) Natural condition; (ii) Agricultural labor (quantity and quality); (iii) Infrastructure (soft and hard); (iv) Productive linkages 2.3.5.2 Factors of Agriculture Transforming Policies These factors are composed of (i) Agricultural development planning; (ii) Land policy; (iii) Credit policy; (iv) Others (Infrastructure, vocational training) 13 14 2.3.5.3 Other factors In addition to above factors, there are some others that may have impact on agricultural transformation towards sustainable development such as climate change, market and technology 2.4 Successful Lessons of Local Agricultural Transformation towards Sustainable Agricultural Development The great success in transforming agriculture towards sustainable development from Israel, South Korea and Thailand is considered a series of good examples for Vietnam at 3.2 Current Situation of Agricultural Transformation of the Southern Coastal Provinces of the Red River Delta towards Sustainable Agricultural Development 3.2.1 the Outcome of Agricultural Transformation 3.2.1.1 Internal Agricultural Sector Transforming Propensity local scale These successful lessons include: (i) Clarifying the role of sustainable development; (ii) Ensuring a good condition for agricultural transformation, in particular R&D in agriculture; (iv) Transforming and creating the production model towards sustainable agriculture that emphasizes product-chain-based linkages CHAPTER CURRENT SITUATION OF AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTHERN COASTAL AREAS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Overview of Southern Red River Delta’s Coastal Provinces 3.1.1 Ịntroduction of Southern Red River Delta The southern coastal area of the Red River Delta includes provinces: Thai Binh, Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh According to data in the year of 2017, this area has a total natural area of 4,641.7 km2, accounting for 21.83% of the total area of the Red River Delta The population size is 4,606.7 thousand people, equal to 21.59% the Red River Delta’s population, of which the rural population accounts for 57.8% 3.1.2 Agricultural Sector in the Southern Coastal Provinces of the Red River Delta 3.1.2.1 Potential for Agricultural Development The coastal provinces of the Red River Delta are characterized with a lot of potentials for agricultural development such as: Geographic location; land and climate, water resources; labor resources and infrastructure Regarding the trend of transformation, the outcome of the agricultural sector has revealed that the structure of the agricultural sector tends to gradually reduce the proportion of pure agriculture but increase the proportion of fisheries By 2017, the proportion of natural farming still accounts for the highest proportion (74.92%), followed by fisheries (24.73%) and forestry (0.35%) The ratio of the agricultural sector of these provinces is lower than that of the Red River Delta as the whole (79.12%), suggesting the faster intraagricultural transformation of these provinces Calculation of Cos∅ coefficient shows that the rate of agricultural transformation is very slow at 10.69% in the period of 2010-2017, in which Nam Dinh is the best one (12.43%), followed by Thai Binh (10.74%) and Ninh Binh (6.71%) 3.2.1.2 Agricultural Sector Transforming Propensity based on Comparative Advantage The southern coastal provinces of the Red River Delta have advantageous sectors including The amount of seed food, vegetables and crops, pig, livestock, poultry farming and aquaculture In the period of 2010-2016, structural transformation of agriculture is in line with the trend of sustainable development due to the increase in the proportion of advantageous products, especially after implementing the sectoral However, the transforming rate is still very slow For instance, Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh and Thai Binh have experienced moderate rates of 4.32%, 0.73% and 0.05%, respectively 3.2.1.3 Transformation towards Green and High-tech Agriculture Proportion of area for green agricultural production and high-tech agriculture has increase, despite the fact that it is still very small (accounting for 7.86% of total agricultural land area in 2017) In terms of structure of green and high-tech agricultural production, seed food crops accounted for the largest proportion (39.73%) followed by aquaculture (28.25%) and vegetables (27.65%) Among these provinces, Thai Binh has the largest area of green 3.1.2.2 Current Situation of Agricultural Development The agricultural sector in the coastal provinces of the South Red River Delta has witnessed continuous increase of gross output with an annual average of 3.05%, higher than the average growth rate of the whole region (2.93%) and the whole country (2.84%) and high-tech agricultural production (16.03%), followed by Nam Dinh (5.08%) and Ninh Binh (2.56%) As of 2017, the output of green and high-tech agricultural production is minimal (0.75%), in which Thai Binh is still a province with a highest rate (1.03%), followed by The role of the agricultural sector in the localities are presented as (i) The agricultural sector is still considered a driving force for the local economic growth (ii) job creation and income generation for farmers Nam Dinh (0.68%) and Ninh Binh (0.51%) 3.2.1.4 the Agricultural Transformation towards Climate Change Adaption To ensure the transformation towards climate change adaptation, local authorities have instructed farmers to adopt appropriate production measures to increase production 15 16 efficiency and minimize environmental impacts such as: (i) Research and mass production of adaptive varieties of crops with climate change (ii) Transformation of crop structure and crop structure on double-crop rice fields into monocrop rice combined with low-lying aquaculture, single-crop rice combined with two crops of highland vegetables or completely times of non-agricultural income; however, there is a gradual decrease in the period 20122016 As of 2016, income from agriculture only accounts for 68% in comparison with nonagricultural income Going into details, considering each province, Nam Dinh has an increasing agricultural income gap compared to non-agriculture while Ninh Binh has a shifting rice-productive land that is not efficient into the combination of fisheries and vegetable crops (iii) Research and successful application of solutions to respond and protect aquatic resources when sea level rises declining income gap 3.2.2.3 Impact on Environmental Protection a The rate of agricultural land degradation 3.2.2 Impact of Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Coastal Provinces of the Red River Delta towards Sustainable Development 3.2.2.1 Impact on Efficiency in Agricultural Production a Agricultural Labor Productivity By 2015, the degraded land area of the three provinces reached 247,280 ha, accounting for 75.37% of the total agricultural land area and accounting for 21.14% of the total degraded land area of the Red River Delta In provinces, Thai Binh has the largest degraded area land, followed by Ninh Binh and Nam Dinh The average labor productivity of agriculture in provinces in the period of 20102017 tends to increase from 15.61 million VND per capita in 2010 to 28.4 million VND per capita in 2017 In other words, labor productivity increased by an annual average of 8.9% b Newly planted forest area Thai Binh is the province with the highest average annual plantation area in the period of 2010-2017 (237 ha/year), followed by Ninh Binh (190 ha/year) and Nam Dinh Of which, Thai Binh has the highest labor productivity (43.4 million VND/person/year), 1.53 times higher than the average labor productivity of provinces and 2.39 times higher than that of Nam Dinh (the province with the lowest labor productivity) The dissertation applies SSA method to assess the impact of agricultural (147 ha/year) 3.2.2.4 Sustainable Agricultural Index (SAI) Building on the criteria framework of sustainable agriculture and Sustainable Agriculture Indicators (SAI) in section 2.3.4 of chapter and actual data of provinces in transformation on the change of labor productivity of each sub-sector in recent years among southern coastal provinces of the Red River Delta The result reveals that: Firstly, natural farming has the greatest impact on increasing the overall labor productivity of the entire the period of 2010-2016, the thesis concludes that: Firstly, in the period of 2011-2017, the SAI tends to increase, but the these growth rates are different among selected provinces, in which Thai Binh has the highest average growth rate (9.9%), followed by Ninh Binh agricultural sector Secondly, the "static" impact in the period of 2011-2017 shows that in all localities, there has been a shift in labor from the sector with low labor productivity to fishery that has a higher level of labor productivity Third, the ‘dynamic’ impact is given a minus value for the fisheries and natural farming Thus, there are no labor shifts from the (9.48%) and Nam Dinh (5.5%) The SAI in the provinces receives low values Second, agricultural transformation has growing contribution to the SAI 3.3 Factors Affecting Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River Delta Coastal Provinces towards Sustainable Development low-labor-productivity sector to the one which experienced a large increase in labor productivity Fourthly, the rate of contribution to labor productivity growth of agricultural transformation tends to increase in Thai Binh and Nam Dinh while decreasing in Ninh Binh b Impact on VA/GO 3.3.1 Application of EFA model in analyzing factors affecting agricultural transformation in the southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development By using the EFA (exploratory factor analysis) model, the dissertation analyzes data In the period of 2010-2017, only the rate of VA/GO of Nam Dinh increased from 48.25% in 2010 (the lowest level among provinces) to 75.11% in 2017 (the highest among provinces) In Thai Binh and Ninh Binh provinces, this rate decreased by 60.66% to from the 225 farmer households survey in selected provinces and comes to conclude about the determinants of agricultural transformation that: Group – Natural conditions include: The fertility of the land, the decline of agricultural land area, the sea level rises, and the 57.64% and 56.28% to 44.12%, respectively 3.2.2.2 the Impact on Income Gap in Agriculture and Non-agriculture In fact, in the period of 2010-2016, the gap of income in agriculture and nonagriculture of the provinces has an unclear trend: The income gap of agriculture compared storm surges; Group – Productive linkages: cooperatives or enterprises support the market searching, input supplies and support production process Group – Infrastructure includes: Convenient transportation, adequate water supply and drainage system, electricity system that fully meets requirements, and convenient communication; Group – Supporting to non-agricultural e is showing tends to rise when agricultural income in 2012 was 1.09 policies include: organizing training courses on sustainable agricultural production, 17 18 supporting the purchase of machinery and equipment for agricultural production; Group – Labor capabilities include: own knowledge of sustainable agricultural production, understanding of guidelines and policies of the State, aware of production subjects; Group – Science and technology include: Applications for selecting high quality species, improved Supporting policies of provinces to attract funding to improve agricultural transformation towards sustainable development such as policies to support vocational training, policies to fund procurement of machinery and equipment in agricultural production, preferential policies to attract investment Thereby, the scale of land applications in harvesting; Group – Market includes: Changing demand for agricultural products, near consumer markets; Group – Credit policy includes: Preferential loans for agricultural production increase, diversified forms of loans accumulation in agricultural production is getting greater, creating better conditions for agricultural production due to the application of green and high-tech agriculture In 2017, in provinces accumulated 22,029 ha, accounting for 7.82% of total agricultural land to focus 3.3.2 Current situation of factors affecting agricultural transformation in the southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development Based on the factor analysis (sub-section 3.2.1), the dissertation analyzes the current situation of these factors in the coastal provinces of the Southern Red River Delta, on agricultural production towards commodity, in particular high-tech agriculture Of Which, Thai Binh has the largest land accumulation rate of 14,929.28 (15.93%), followed by Nam Dinh (5.08%) and Ninh Binh (2.56%) 3.3.2.5 Labor qualification specifically: 3.3.2.1 Natural condition The declining agricultural land area has created more pressure for provinces to Although the qualification of agricultural labor improved, it is still low In 2016, agricultural labors who have not experienced training or but have not been conferred professional certificates still account for a high proportion in which Thai Binh (89.498%), change their production structure and production methods towards the increase in efficiency in order to increase output Climate change has greatly influenced agricultural transformation towards sustainable development: (i) Impacts on crop yields and productivity decrease (ii) Slowing down the implementation of funding projects on large-scale Nam Dinh (94.47%), Ninh Binh (95%) The number of people who have been trained and conferred certificates is only equal to less than 5% of the total agricultural labor force 3.3.2.6 Science and technology In the 2011-2017 period, the selected provinces focused on researching and applying agricultural production 3.3.2.2 Productive linkage The production model of the selected provinces still mainly builds on households science and technology into agricultural production However, the result has only been at pilot models, far from being widely applied In addition, the high rate of mechanization is only in soil preparation and seed separation (100% in all provinces), irrigation and drainage Participation in cooperatives is limited and the role of cooperatives is only presented by providing input services of the production process, while product consumption, preservation and support services are under-developed The linkage in the agricultural value chain is still loose, only started in the field of reaches 90% - 95% while other stages are still low 3.3.2.7 Market Despite the large market demand and convenient distance to the major market, the market accessibility to agricultural products in the coastal provinces of the Red River Delta cultivation In addition, the link between farmers and scientists is weak, mainly the agricultural extension workers who are in charge of guiding production Agricultural production linkage among localities in the Red River Delta is mainly due to the fact that the companies in the province are committed to production linkage and underwriting, the is weak, mainly sold by traders 3.3.2.8 Credit policy Provinces have preferential credit to attract large-scale enterprises that ensure VietGap standards and chain manufacturing However, three selected provinces only have a participation of companies outside the locality to link production and product underwriting is weak 3.3.2.3 The infrastructure small number of large projects that focus on the safe and high-tech agriculture 3.4 Evaluate the Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Coastal Provinces of the Red River Delta towards Sustainable Development The improvement of the rural infrastructure system has better accelerated agricultural transformation However, the infrastructure system (storage space) is still weak, leading to a high rate of post-harvest losses, affecting the processing of products and not improving the value chain in production 3.4.1 Achievements of Agricultural Transformation Firstly, agricultural transformation has basically met the requirements of sustainable development: (i) Increasing the proportion of high value-added crops and livestock based on advantages of the local authorities (ii) Formation of high-tech and green agricultural 3.3.2.4 Supporting policies production areas resulting in an augment of proportion of green and high-tech agricultural 19 20 output (iii) Agricultural transformation is able to cope with climate change Secondly, the rate of agricultural transformation in the period after implementing transformation is improved than the previous period Third, agricultural transformation has boosted the growth of the agricultural output Fourthly, the spillover effect of agricultural transformation 4.1.2 Domestic context 4.2 Opportunities and challenges affecting Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development 4.2.1 Opportunity 4.3 Viewpoints, Orientations and Objectives of Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development 4.3.1 Viewpoint The thesis proposes general points in the process of agricultural transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development as follows: First, agricultural transformation needs to meet the demand of the general economic restructuring Secondly, agricultural transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development must be improved in order to contribute to the implementation of socio-economic development objectives of the provinces, region and the whole country Thirdly, focusing on changing the form of production organization, considering this is the key to successfully implement agricultural transformation towards sustainable development Fourth, making the most of the achievements of science and technology in agricultural production is the driving force for accelerating the agricultural transformation towards sustainable development Fifth, businesses and farmers play a key role, the State plays a supporting role to promote the agricultural transformation towards sustainable development 4.3.2 Direction On the basis of the viewpoints on agricultural transformation in section 4.3.1, the thesis proposes the Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development is presented as follows: Firstly, increasing the proportion of local advantageous products towards improving the quality and linking production with processing and market demand Second, expand production area and improve the value of green and high-tech agricultural production Thirdly, strengthen the ability of the agricultural production in adapting to climate change Fourth, strengthen the spillover effects of the socio-economic and environmental transition in three selected provinces 4.4 Solution to Promote Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards Sustainable Development 4.4.1 Completing the Vision of Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development In order to overcome the situation of small-scale production, the provinces need to the following activities in the planning: First, review the local agricultural planning to attract investment in green and high-tech agriculture of the region by 2030, avoiding the on sustainable agricultural development is enhanced: (i) The contribution of agricultural transformation to labor productivity improvement is greater (ii) this transformation has contributed to increasing farmer’s income (iii) Sustainable agricultural index due to the impact of agricultural transformation is increasing with a high average growth rate 3.4.2 The limitations of the agricultural transformation There are some limitations such as: (i) low agricultural transformation towards sustainable development (ii) The agricultural transformation has not had a positive impact on the change of VA/ GO (iii), The agricultural transformation has not created a rapid increase in labor productivity (iv) such transformation has failed to reduce the income gap between agriculture and non-agriculture (v) Integration of agricultural transformation and ecological environment protection is weak 3.4.3 Causes of Agricultural Transformation Limitations On the basis of analyzing the situation of determinants of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development in section 3.3.2, this thesis has figured out the causes of the above limitations: Firstly, policies related to promote agricultural transformation towards sustainable development are not promising: (i) Orientation of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development is not clearly presented in agricultural planning and not matched with the real requirements causing a fact that planning implementation is not beyond the pilot models; (ii) land-accumulating policy that focuses on expanding farming land has failed to achieved the desired results because it (iii) preferential policy for the development of green and high-tech agriculture has failed to achieve the desired results Secondly, production linkage is weak: (i) lowly improved agricultural production organization; (ii) weak value chain linkage Third, the level of labor in agriculture is still low Four, the application of science and technology in agricultural transformation is limited Finally, the market for agricultural products has not been fully exploited yet CHAPTER ORIENTATION AND SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTE AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE SOUTHERN COASTAL PROVINCES IN THE RED RIVER TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4.1 The International and Domestic Contexts Affecting Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development 4.1.1 International context attraction at all costs that may reduce the efficiency of investment and unsustainable growth Planning must be based on local comparative advantages of selected provinces and their 21 22 details of local key industries Planning must ensure two contents: First, building clusters Secondly, building value chain linkage Detailed planning should not be implemented in each province but should involve localities in planning to promote shared opportunities and strengths while also addressing weaknesses and challenges Secondly, improve the enterprises (iv) The local authority assists businesses and farmers in securing the close link between farmers and cooperatives to be strictly implemented under the contractual terms Secondly, strengthening linkages between farmers and businesses with scientists b Regional linkage quality of the planning content Third, improve the quality of planning implementation 4.4.2 Strengthening attraction of investment in high-tech and green agriculture To increase investment in agricultural transformation in the Southern Red River Strengthening the regional linkage require local governments to focus on the following key principles of (i) Association (ii) Content, (iii) Type, (iv) Implementation solution Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development, it is necessary to focus on completing the following preferential policies: Firstly, the policy accelerates the process of land accumulation In order to increase the scale of land accumulation, it should be done through major breakthroughs in promoting 4.4.5 Improving agricultural labor capability to meet the requirements of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development Solutions to promote labor capability in agricultural transformation towards sustainable development include: (i) For farmers: Innovating training forms, methods and the process of renting and contributing land in agricultural production, encouraging households that not to use agricultural land for other households in need Therefore, the province needs to create favorable legal conditions for households to be assured of content (ii) For agricultural senior staff: Continuously provide training to improve the capacity of the management staff as well as extension workers 4.4.6 Strengthening the application of science and technology in agricultural investment in production such as: (i) Regarding land leasing procedures, (ii) on land rent, (iii) on land issues of tenants, (iv) on creating mechanisms to attract businesses and individuals to accumulate land Secondly, preferential credit policies Support interest rate and production-related loan procedures must be simplified in the mortgage and guarantee production Firstly, viewpoints and contents of applying science and technology in agricultural transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development: (i) Breakthroughs in seed-related phase should be considered as a key point in stages Increase the amount of medium and long-term loans to create good conditions for businesses and individuals to recover capital Third, tax preferential policies Fourth, preferential policies for construction of agricultural infrastructure future science and technology policy (i) Actively apply modern production technology into agricultural production (iii) Putting the development and application of post-harvesting technology at the center of reducing post-harvesting losses and enhancing the value of 4.4.3 Restructuring the agricultural production model towards modernity Building and restructuring the agricultural production model towards modernity are a very important mission to promote agricultural transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development Specifically: Firstly, encourage agricultural products in the value chain Secondly, solutions to boost scientific applications agricultural transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards sustainable development: (i) Increasing the amount of investment for research projects that focus on science and technology application in three phases from manufacturing, processing the formation of new-style cooperatives Secondly, improve the quality of cooperatives’ operation Thirdly, reforming the management of the cooperative’s model 4.4.4 Strengthening agricultural production linkage a Chain agricultural production linkage and consumption (ii) Secondly, Creating an innovative fund with local funding and donors, allowing all economic sectors to propose initiatives when participating in the project that should be done through public-private partnerships (iii) There are solutions to encourage individuals and businesses to invest in green and high-tech agriculture (iv) Actively The first purpose is to encourage cooperatives, businesses and associated farmers in the product value chain in order to build a number of major local agricultural commodity chains through numerous possible ways: (i) Creating a favorable investment environment to cooperating with international organizations as well as governments of countries that are experienced and own comparative advantages in the research and application of science and technology in agricultural production to boost technology transfer in production encourage investors to invest in building specialized areas in association with farmers to form value chains (ii) Facilitating cooperatives, affiliated enterprises to have better access to preferential policies through support of premises, credit, market connection (iii) Prioritize a series of training sessions, organizing production in line with standards, credit, 4.4.7 Development of consumption market In the context of global integration, high competitiveness, both stability and market development will be the top priority In order to promote the expansion of the consumption market, local government need to focus on a number of contents: First, local major products agricultural insurance for farmers to participate in value chains and sign contracts with 23 24 marketing Secondly, strengthening quality management of agricultural commodity Thirdly, developing channels for consumption of high-tech and green agricultural products 4.5 Recommendation 4.5.1 Proposals for the Government 4.5.2 Proposals for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 4.5.3 Proposals for the State Bank income gap between agriculture and non-agriculture (v) Weak link between agricultural transformation and ecological protection Fourthly, testing the factors having impacts on agricultural transformation towards sustainable development and showing the causes of limitations including: (i) unattractive investment policy (ii) Weak agricultural production linkage (iii) Low level of agricultural labor capability (iv) Limited application of science and technology (v) The market for agricultural products has not been fully exploited yet Finally, proposing points of view and orientations to strengthen agricultural transformation towards sustainable development In order to implement these orientations, the thesis proposes solutions: (i) Improving the orientation of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development; (ii) Enhancing investment attraction into high-tech and green agriculture (iii); Reorganizing the model of agricultural production towards modernization; (iv) Strengthening linkages in agricultural production; (v) Improving the level of agricultural labor capability to meet the requirements of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development; (vi) Strengthening application of technology and science in agricultural production; (vii) Developing consumption market Although the research objectives have been achieved, the thesis has not studied the process of agricultural transformation in relation to other sectors of the economy as well as among localities (ii) In calculating SAI, because the data on the proportion of degraded agricultural land has only been published in 2015, it fails to represent the entire period of 2010-2016 The above limitations are the good suggestion for future research The author of this thesis fully welcomes the comments and feedbacks of scholars to improve her knowledge and capability CONCLUSION Agricultural transformation towards sustainable development is an indispensable way for sustainable agricultural production It is based on not only the change in output, labor capability but also under the requirement of sustainable agricultural development such as: ‘Greenized’ transformation, major shift towards the application of high technology and be able to adapt to climate change The outcome of the agricultural transformation represents changes not only in the economic sector but also in society and the environment This transformation is also affected by different factors from natural conditions, development level of the industry, policies of the State and the climate change With the theme of the thesis of "Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River Delta Coastal Provinces towards Sustainable Development", comparing with the desired objectives (in the introduction), the thesis has addressed a number following contents: Firstly, improvement of the content-based approach of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development suggesting the change in the structure of the agricultural sector and being more and more complete Not only the change in the number of subsectors, the proportion of each sub-sector, but also the change in the nature, position and the relationship between the sub-sectors towards the development of the sustainable agriculture Thus, nature of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development must be reflected in two aspects: (i) The content of the transformation (ii) The objective of the transformation Secondly, proposing a set of criteria to reflect the results and impacts of agricultural transformation towards sustainable development on the following aspects: (i) Assessment of transformation trend (ii) Assessment of transformation-based impacts With which, the thesis proposes the use of the aggregate index of sustainable agricultural development (SAI) as a strong base to consider the impact of agricultural transformation on sustainable agricultural development Thirdly, offering the conclusion on the situation agriculture in line with principles of sustainable development, in particular addressing limitations: (i) low agricultural transformation (ii) limited impact (iii) agricultural transformation has not shortened the LIST OF AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE THESIS Bùi Thị Thanh Huyền (2018), “Xu hướng chuyển dịch cấu ngành nông nghiệp địa phương theo hướng phát triển bền vững”, Tạp chí Kinh tế dự báo, Số 33 (679), tháng 11/2018, trang 101-104 Bùi Thị Thanh Huyền (2018), “Tái cấu nông nghiệp dựa lợi so sánh tỉnh ven biển Nam đồng sơng Hồng”, Tạp chí Nơng nghiệp phát triển nông thôn, Số 347 năm 2018, năm thứ mười tám, trang 150-158 Bùi Thị Thanh Huyền (2018), “Chuyển dịch cấu ngành nông nghiệp theo hướng phát triển bền vững Thái Lan gợi ý cho Việt Nam”, Tạp chí Kinh tế dự báo, Số 29 (675) - năm thứ 52, tháng 10 năm 2018, trang 46-48 Bùi Thị Thanh Huyền (2017), “Chuyển dịch cấu ngành nông nghiệp Hàn Quốc theo hướng phát triển bền vững học kinh nghiệm cho Việt Nam”, Kỷ yếu hội thảo khoa học Quốc gia: Tăng trưởng xanh, phát triển bền vững thời thách thức Việt Nam cộng đồng doanh nghiệp, Nhà xuất Học viện Tài chính, tháng 12/2017, trang 391-400 Bùi Thị Thanh Huyền (2016), “Nông nghiệp hữu - Nền tảng phát triển nông nghiệp bền vững Việt Nam, Kỷ yếu hội thảo khoa học Quốc gia: Động lực phát triển kinh tế Việt Nam giai đoạn 20162020, tầm nhìn đến 2035, Nhà xuất Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân, tháng 8/2016, trang 239-254 Bùi Thị Thanh Huyền (2014), “Hợp tác Công - Tư nông nghiệp - Giải pháp phát triển bền vững”, Kỷ yếu Hội thảo quốc gia đề tài cấp NN KX04.11/11-15, Nhà xuất Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân, tháng 12/2014, trang 150-161 ... TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTHERN COASTAL AREAS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Overview of Southern Red River Delta’s Coastal Provinces 3.1.1 Ịntroduction of Southern Red River Delta... Promote Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River Delta coastal provinces towards Sustainable Development 4.4.1 Completing the Vision of Agricultural Transformation in the Southern Red River. .. ? ?Agricultural Transformation in Southern Red River Delta’s Coastal Provinces towards Sustainable Development” The thesis will approach the issue of agricultural transformation towards sustainable