Using neem seeds for treating drosophila suzukii matzumura in growing rubus idaeus in oberkirch german

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TRAN THI THAO NGUYEN USING NEEM SEEDS FOR TREATING DROSOPHILA SUZUKII MATZUMURA IN GROWING RUBUS IDAEUS IN OBERKIRCH - GERMANY BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: International Programs Office Batch: K46-N01 Type: On-the-Job Training (OJT) Thai Nguyen, 25/09/2019 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Tran Thi Thao Nguyen Student ID DTN 1454290061 Using Neem Seeds for treating Drosophila Suzukii Thesis Title matzumura in growing Rubus idaeus in OberkirchGermany Supervisor (s) Dr Hoang Thanh Hai Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: Chemical pesticides are causing adverse environmental impacts that threaten the development of organisms and human health Biological solutions have been being studied and applied to minimize this situation The aim of this study is to rasreraspberries find information about the constitution, the consequences of neem seeds on the development and reproductive of Drosophila suzukii matzumura, how to use this bio-pesticide effectively to protect berry farms in Germany and valuate why this solution should be used to treating insects in the long run Neem oil, Azadirachta indica, raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Keywords: Drosophila suzukii matzumura (Spotted Wing Drosophila) Number of pages: 39 Date of Submission: 25/09/2019 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Spending six months working and studying in a berry farm in Oberkirch, Germany, I have acquired lots of knowledge about using high - technology and using biological methods to take care of plants, which reinforces knowledge about the importance of protecting the environment In order to complete a successful internship, I would love to express my gratefulness to Mrs Susanne for her kind support and caring went through the time I took my internship There are no words to show my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Hoang Hai Thanh for her useful comments, remarks and support me to complete the thesis I would also like to thank the ITC center for their assistance and caring Last but not least, I wish to express my gratitude to my parents for their love, care and motivation throughout my whole life Thai Nguyen, September 2019 Tran Thi Thao Nguyen iii TABLE OF CONTENT List of Tables List of Figures CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Contents of work 1.4 Profile of the cooperating agency 1.5 Description of my activities 1.6 Timeline CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical basis 2.1.1 The valuation of Neem 2.1.2 Introduction to raspberries 14 2.1.3 Introduction to fruit fly (Drosophila suzukii matzumura) 17 2.1.4 The effect of Drosophila suzukii on raspberries 20 2.2.1 Neem research in the world 21 2.2.2 Neem research in Vietnam 22 CHAPTER III STATUS OF THE CONSIDERED ISSUE AT THE TRAINING AGENCY 23 3.1 Object and scope of the study 23 3.1.1 Object of study 23 3.1.2 Scope of the study 23 iv 3.2 Location and time conduct 23 3.2.1 Location 23 3.2.2 Time 23 3.3 Research contents 23 3.4 Method 23 3.4.1 Method of collecting secondary information 23 3.4.2 Observation method 24 3.5 Introduction to the berries garden at 81 Herztal, Oberkirch 24 3.5.1 Introduction to red raspberries 24 CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNDED 29 4.1 Discussion 29 4.2 Lesson learned 29 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 30 REFERENCES 31 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Construction of work Table 2.1 Specifications for neem kernel oil Table 2.2 Requirements of neem cake for manuring Table 2.3 United States and European raspberry production 16 Table 3.1: Nutritional content of red raspberries (100g) 25 LIST OF PICTURES Picture 2.1: Spotted wing drosophila 18 Picture 2.2: SWD life cycle 19 Picture 2.3: The female lays eggs 20 Picture 3.1: Some types of berries in the garden 24 Picture 3.2: Neem seed oil spraying 28 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale To deal with pests and diseases and protect production, Vietnamese farmers still rely heavily on chemical use This measure not only directly affects producers and agricultural environment but also causes great difficulties for monitoring residues in agricultural products The limitation of chemical drugs in plant protection is high toxicity, long isolation time, so it is difficult to comply with the isolation time Meanwhile, the control of chemical residues in agricultural products is very difficult because we now have many active ingredients in pesticides put into use Moreover, if managing drug residues through checking agricultural products, the cost of analysis is very high, not feasible when deployed on a large scale Pesticides and drug residues are always considered concerns about the health of society and are related to a series of diseases and disorders in the human body The association between pesticides, growth stimulants and health problems such as cancer, hyperactivity reduction and neurological disorders Noticeably, if exposed too much, it will weaken the immune system In Germany, many research activities of bio-pesticides appear to replace chemical drugs for safe vegetable production In the world, the application of biopesticides is considered an effective solution in Product Quality Management In order to strengthen the university-trained knowledge of the environment and expand the knowledge of green technology, I chose the topic: Using Neem Seeds for treating fruit flies in growing raspberries in Oberkirch- Germany 1.2 Objectives - Getting an overview and knowledge of the consequences of Neem seeds on the growth and reproductive of fruit flies - Familiar with how to use this bio-pesticide effectively to protect berry farms in Germany and valuate why this solution should be used to treating insects in the long run 1.3 Contents of work - Find information, collect data related to raspberries, spotted wing drosophila and weather condition in Oberkirch, Germany - Looking for information about Neem seeds - Attend meetings and work in the farm 1.4 Profile of the cooperating agency The OGM Obstgroßmarkt Mittelbaden eG - are a modern and highperformance producer cooperative with headquarters in Oberkirch in central Baden Fruit Producers deliver their daily freshly harvested products to the company In here, the fruits are checked thoroughly, the entire flow of goods is bundled, and orders are immediately picked and loaded The products include: Apples, pears, plums, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, currants, blueberries, gooseberries, grapes, Mirabelle plums, cherries Susanne was my supervisor during my internship She works in OGM Market which is a fruit distribution company in Oberkirch She works as a Quality controller and lab manager in the company She also own a small farm for her experiment and I work in her farm during my internship We meet up every day to discuss about the growth of plants or problems occurring 1.5 Description of my activities Table 1.1 Construction of work Time Tasks Described in detail 1st week General introduction Instruction in the company structures, getting to know the company 2-3 week Products Learning the different blackberry and raspberry varieties and their climatic requirements (humidity, temperature, etc.,) 4-17 week Cultural work Perform quality control of the soil and bromine and young plants, analyze nutrients and raspberries determine PH-value, prepare soil with compost and fertilizer, monitor and document weather conditions, observe growth processes changes, determine and determine planting time, arrange rows of perennials according to given distance, weeds between crops, remove perennials and work in mulch and fertilizer, pay attention to water supply, cut back foothills, identify plants and their causes, select fertilizer procedures and fertilizer appropriate and 2.2.1 Neem research in the world An experiment was conducted in 2015 by Nadia Aribi to find out the biological effects of Azadirachtin, extract from the neem tree against Drosophila melanogaster which is a common fruit fly Neem oil applied on newly ecdysed pupae make an inhibition of adult emergence with dose-response effects Descendants from adults survive after treatment for pupae is evaluated and different stages of development (eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) of different couples from control and a series of treatments have been considered Statistical analysis the data showed that the quantity of eggs, larvae, pupae decreased and adults of F1 generation for all series treated as compared to the control, unless only men Treatment with the lowest dose comparison between treatment series for each development stage reveals a meaning In this study, toxicity of neem oil on the emergence of D melanogaster pupae causes a deadly effect on the formation of pupae leads to inhibition of adult formation and different types of forms like partial ecdysed, moults blocked and malformed adults which has the absence of the wings were conducted The result indicated that neem oil applied directly on D.melanogaster pupae pupae showed delayed effects as reducing the number of descendants of F1 generation Another research of Nadia Aribi in 2017 about the effect of Azadirachtin on mate choice, female sexual receptivity and male activity in D.melanogaster indicate that Azadirachtin lower mating frequency and motility, but cause no consequences on the nycthemeral rhythm When mating happened, this botanical insecticide treatment impaired female fertility, as perceived by the absence of larvae but raised re-mating probability No decline mating effect was observed (presence of spermatozoa and receptors) In choice and no choice condition, only 21 male treated reduced mating probability If females had the choice, they mate less frequently with treated males However, applied females also decreased mating probability, because males pair less frequently with treated females when they had a selection Males' mating capacity has been reduced by an influence of the treatment on their motility or movement Using the actimeter showed that the treated males were less active than the untreated ones even though they had a similar nythemeral rhythms 2.2.2 Neem research in Vietnam Since 1999, the Institute of Tropical Biology has begun testing the effects of neem oil for mites which destroy sweet potatoes, the results showed that neem oil was capable of repelling chasing and reducing the parasitic and reproductive level of mites- cylas fomycarius F (Nguyen Thi Quynh et al., 2001; Nguyen Phuong Thao et al., 2001) A number of studies on the effectiveness of neem seed extracts on rice worms, brown planthopper, patent leather were conducted (Nguyen Thi Minh Ha, 2001; Nguyen Thi Thuy, 2001; Le Thi Thanh Phung, 2004) According to Vu Dang Khanh (2003), extracts from neem leave and seeds are inhibitory Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium oxysporum and restrain poisoning Aflatoxin B1 of Aspergillus Flavus The research of Le Thi Diep Phung in 2006 about assessment of the impact of compressive preparations from neem seed (Azadirachta Indica A Juss) on rice weevil (Corcyra Cephalonica St) give evidence that neem oil causing thread on weevil life cycle Azadirachta Indica compound has a negative effect on the ability of larvae to develop, causes malformations in the pupae and can cause infertility in adults 22 CHAPTER III STATUS OF THE CONSIDERED ISSUE AT THE TRAINING AGENCY 3.1 Object and scope of the study 3.1.1 Object of study The effect of Neem seed oil on the development of Spotted Swing Drosophila in Oberkirch, Germany 3.1.2 Scope of the study Learn about the process of using Neem seed oil for treating Spotted Wing Drosophila in Raspberries garden in Oberkirch, Germany 3.2 Location and time conduct 3.2.1 Location Raspberries garden at 81 Herztal, Oberkirch Germany 3.2.2 Time From 16/04/2018 to 14/10/2018 3.3 Research contents The natural conditions in Oberkirch, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Learn about the growth of Raspberries and some common diseases Learn about the process of using neem seed oil to prevent insects damaging the plants Learn about the effect of neem seed oil on Spotted Wing Drosophila development 3.4 Method 3.4.1 Method of collecting secondary information Collect materials related to the topic in books, newspapers, scientific research, internet, interview the farmers 23 3.4.2 Observation method Observe the development of raspberries throughout stages and quantities of Spotted Wing Drosophila on the garden 3.5 Introduction to the berries garden at 81 Herztal, Oberkirch The berries garden in the survey is the experiment garden where new varieties of berries are tested The total area is about hectare, including tunnels In the garden they plant raspberries, blackberries, blueberries and red current (Picture 3.1a,b,c,d) a b c d Picture 3.1: Some types of berries in the garden Each variety of each kind of berries will be put under different nutritional conditions to test the variety production, resistance to pests and fertilizers 3.5.1 Introduction to red raspberries a Nutritional in red raspberries The nutritional value of raspberries (Rubus idaeus) in the diet is enormous They are one of the largest whole food sources of dietary fiber, providing 6.5g/100g of fresh weight, which on a calories basis is 12.5g/100 kcal They also accommodate vitamin C, magnesium, and a variety of other nutrients, such as potassium, vitamin K, calcium and iron (Table 3.1) Raspberries play an essential role on protecting human health as they contain many nutrients and bioactive components 24 Table 3.1: Nutritional content of red raspberries (100g) Component unit Frozen and Frozen and Canned in unsweetened sweetened syrup 85.75 85.75 72.75 75.33 52 52 103 91 Raw Water g Energy Kcal Protein g 1.20 1.2 0.7 0.83 Total lipid g 0.65 0.65 0.16 0.12 Ash g 0.46 - 0.24 - 11.94 11.94 26.16 23.36 6.5 6.5 4.4 3.3 4.42 4.42 21.76 20.06 Carbohydrate (by difference) Total dietary fiber Total sugar g Calcium mg 25 25 15 11 Iron mg 0.69 0.69 0.65 0.42 Magnesium mg 22 22 13 12 Phosphorus mg 29 29 17 Potassium mg 151 151 114 94 Sodium mg 1 Zinc mg 0.42 0.42 0.18 0.16 Copper mg 0.090 - 0.105 - Manganese mg 0.670 - 0.65 - Selenium µg 0.2 - 0.3 - Vitamin C mg 26.2 26.2 16.5 8.7 25 Component unit Frozen and Frozen and Canned in unsweetened sweetened syrup Raw Thiamin mg 0.032 0.032 0.019 0.02 Riboflavin mg 0,038 0.038 0.045 0.031 Niacin mg 0.598 0.598 0.23 0.443 Pantothenic acid mg 0.329 - 0.15 - Vitamin B-6 mg 0.055 0.055 0.034 0.042 Total folate µg 21 21 26 11 Total choline mg 12.3 - 10.2 - Vitamin A, µg 2 RAE β – carotene µg 12 - 21 - Α – carotene µg 16 - 29 - Vitamin A IU 33 33 60 33 Lutein+ zeaxanthin µg 136 - 113 - Vitamin E mg 0.87 0.87 0.72 0.59 Vitamin K µg 7.8 7.8 6.5 5.2 Anthocyanidins mg Cyanidin - - 22.60 - Delphinidin - - 0.02 - Pelargonidin - - 1.60 - - - 0.01 - Flavones Apigenin mg 26 Frozen and Frozen and Canned in unsweetened sweetened syrup - - 0.02 - Kaempferol - - 0.01 - Myricetin - - 0.03 - Quercetin - - 1.10 - Component unit Luteolin Flavonols Raw mg Data from USDA.RAE, retinol activity equivalent b When to spray raspberries In order to eliminate the growth of some pathogens make sure the garden have enough sunlight, well-drained soil and ample airflow around the plants Eliminate weeds around the raspberry plants that will compete for soil nutrients and moisture Raspberries are hardy plants that don’t require a routine spraying schedule Some conditions may call for a preventative spray when the plants are dormant in late winter or again after buds breaks in early spring Otherwise, the only sprays needed are for certain pests that may infest raspberries during the grow season Each variety has different development time, the growing season could last anywhere from March to October Mapema and Rafiki are two varieties that can fruit twice a year if we cut half of the plan after the first harvesting season Neem seed oil 70% was sprayed when some of the first red raspberries started to over ripe (Picture 3.2) and spray again at the end of the harvest At that time, many Spotted Wing Drosophila presented in the garden and some of the fruit had larvae inside The neem seed oil killed the Spotted Wing Drosophila 27 had appeared and they causing thread on the next generation Picture 3.2 Neem seed oil spraying Neem oil only applied in the late afternoon or early in the morning to avoid hurt the bees and other good insects in the garden By observation, the number of adults in the garden has decreased significantly after spraying In addition, the number of damaged fruits also reduced 28 CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNDED 4.1 Discussion In this study, the toxicity of neem oil on Spotted Wing Drosophila caused death and decreased the number of adults in the field The research of N Aribi about influences of neem oil in Drosophila melanogaster which is similar to Drosophila suzukii indicated that neem oil kills D newly emerging D melanogaster resulting in inhibition of adult formation and different types of morphology like partial ecdysed, moults blocked and deformed maturation (absence of the wings) Juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids manipulate reproduction as they are play a gonads role in most of insects especially in Drosophila (Gruntenko N 2009) It is said that azadirachtin caused disadvantages on reproductive system of both genders of insects by causing alterations and morphological changes of oocytes and spermatocytes (Morgan ED,2005; Lucantoni L,2006; Denardi, 2011) As neem oil have no harm on the soil quality and water sources as well as human health This kind of natural pesticides should be used widely This is an excellent alternative to prevent pests and ecological balance in the content of abused biological drugs 4.2 Lesson learned During months working and studying in Oberkirch, Germany I have acquired a large amount of knowledge myself: - Application of knowledge learned in the field: field survey method, public consultation method, etc - Planning work to save time and efficiency, raise awareness about the importance of independent working as well as teamwork - Improve public speaking skills 29 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION According to the observation neem oil has potential to limit the development of Drosophila suzukii in the long run because it seldom harm good insects and it is totally friendly with the environment This is really important because excessive use of pesticides in agricultural production has been reducing the quality of soil and water which threatening human health Abuse of chemical pesticide has caused ecological imbalance that result in the extinction of many organisms Exploiting the potential of biological pesticides will open up new steps in the agricultural revolution More studies are needed to more accurately assess the influences of neem oil on each stage of development of Spotted Wing Drosophila However, compared to other synthetic insecticides, the time for neem to act may be longer and their destructive power drops fast after few days This nonrapid influence poses challenges for promoting neem in pest-control markets where people come to expect instantaneous results 30 REFERENCES I Vietnamese references Duong Anh Tuan et al 2011 Azadirachtin- hoat chat gay ngan an manh doi voi sau khoang duoc phan lap tu hat neem di thuc vao Viet nam Le Thi Diep Phung, 2006 Danh gia tac dong cua che pham vien nen tu nhan hat neem (Azadirachta Indica A Juss) len ngai gao (Corcyra Cephalonica St.) Nguyen Phuong Thao, Nguyen Thi Quynh, Nguyen Tien Thang AkikoHirano, 2001 Buoc dau nghien cuu anh huong cua dau neem len su ky sinh cua bo (Cylas formicarius F.) truong cu khoai lang (Ipomola batatas L.) Tuyen tap cong trinh nghien cuu khoa hoc cong nghe 1999 - 2000 Vien sinh hoc nhiet doi, Trung tam Khoa hoc Tu nhien va Cong nghe Quoc Gia Nha xuat ban nong nghiep, Ho Chi Minh Pham Hai Ho (2017) Xoan An Do, cay da dung tuyet voi Retrived from: https://rosetta.vn/short/2017/06/06/xoan-an-do-cay-da-dung-tuyet-voi-dien-dankhai-phong/ (accessed on 04/07/2019) Ramesh C Saxena, 2015 Cay neem đoi voi quan ly sau benh ve bao ve moi truong Retrived from: https://www.echocommunity.org/vi/resources/d7cd259f-eb9e-4a04-bc17b26bdaf7e42d (accessed on 05/07/2019) II English references Anis Joseph, R., Premila, K.S., Nisha, V.G., Soorya Rajendran and Sarika Mohan, S 2010 Safety of neem products to tetragnathid spiders in rice ecosystem Journal of Biopesticides 31 Adriana Yatie Mikami et al 2008 Repellent, Antifeedant and Insecticidal Effects of Neem oil on Microtheca punctigera Brazilian archives of biology and technology an international journal Abdelrahim Satti et al 2013 Insecticial effects of neem (azadirachta indica a.juss) oils obtained from neem berries stored at different periods International journal of science and technology, Vol.6 (2),330-337 Burns McKay When to spray Raspberries Retrieved from: https://homeguides.sfgate.com/spray-raspberries-62566.html (accessed on 01/08/2019) Danny L Barney et al 2007 Commercial Red Raspberries Production in the Pacific Northwest, 598 D.B Lima, J.W.S Melo, N.M.P Guedes, L.M Gontijo, R.N.C Guedes, M.G.C Gondim Jr., Bioinsecticide-predator interactions: azadirachtin behavioral and reproductive impairment of the coconut mite predator Neoseiulus baraki Denardi SE, Bechara GH, Oliveira PR, Nunes ET, Camargo-Mathias MI Inhibitory Action of Neem Aqueous Extract (Azadirachta indica A Juss) on the Vitellogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks Microscopy Research and Technique 2011; 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According to recent studies on neem' s parts, it was pointed out that neem seed extract contains azadirachtin , it works by causing inhibition on the development of the offspring Neem oil infiltrates