Development of a novel urban rural relationship for sustainable nitrogen cycle casestudy in hai phong city

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THU HOAI DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL URBAN-RURAL RELATIONSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE NITROGEN CYCLE: CASE-STUDY IN HAI PHONG CITY MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THU HOAI DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL URBAN-RURAL RELATIONSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE NITROGEN CYCLE: CASE-STUDY IN HAI PHONG CITY MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof Dr KENSUKE FUKUSHI Associate Prof Dr TRAN THI VIET NGA Hanoi, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Prof Dr Kensuke Fukushi for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge It was my honor to broaden and deepen my knowledge in the field of Environment and Sustainability Science under his constant instructions and encouragement I would like to send my thanks to my boss and my co-supervisor, Assoc Prof Tran Thi Viet Nga for her support and valuable advice to my fieldwork in Vietnam It is certain that without their sympathy and support, I could not able to complete this thesis My gratitude is extended to all my teachers in the Master’s Programme in Environmental Engineering, Vietnam Japan University for their enlightening lectures and instructions in many fields of Environment and Sustainability Science I would like to thank all of the staffs working in VJU for their wonderful assistant during my study and their support for field exercises Under VJU sponsorship, I would able to learn from the field and to exchange knowledge with other scholars working for the sake of sustainable development My thank is extended to all the friends in VJU, we have been working hard for our own project but also working as a team in each subjects and field exercises, and we enjoy the good times as well as overcome hardships Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their encouragement and trust Their constant love and caring enable me to complete this research TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10 INTRODUCTION .11 1.1 Background 11 1.1.1 Problem statement .11 1.1.2 Wastewater management in Vietnam 12 1.1.3 Organic fertilizers in Vietnam 14 1.2 Research objective .18 1.3 Scope of study .18 1.4 Thesis structure 18 CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 20 1.1 Nitrogen in the environment 20 1.1.1 The essential of Nitrogen and its cycle 20 1.1.2 Sources of nitrogen .22 1.2 Waste sludge and its recovery and reuse .30 1.2.1 Definition and classification of sludge 30 1.2.2 Characteristics .32 1.2.3 Impacts of sludge to environment and human health 34 1.2.4 Technical of reusing sludge 37 1.3 Nitrogen in Hai Phong city 40 CHAPTER MATERIAL AND METHODS 43 2.1 Hai Phong city .43 2.1.1 Natural and Socio-Economic features 43 2.1.2 Social-economic features 44 2.2 Methodologies .44 2.2.1 Data collection method 44 2.2.2 Feasibility assessment 47 CHAPTER ESTIMATION OF THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF NITROGEN 49 3.1 The production of nitrogen 49 3.1.1 Septage sludge 49 3.1.2 Animal manure .51 3.1.3 Aquaculture 53 3.1.4 Industry 54 3.1.5 Total loading of nitrogen in sludge .56 3.2 The consumption of Nitrogen through fertilizer 57 3.2.1 3.3 The nitrogen fertilizer consumption .58 Nitrogen consumption and production 58 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT OF CITIZENS AND FARMERS FOR WASTEBASED FERTILIZER 60 4.1 Urban area 60 4.1.1 Drainage system 62 4.1.2 Septage management 63 4.1.3 Assessment of citizens for three type of fertilizer 66 4.2 Rural area .69 4.2.1 Paddy farm 70 4.2.2 Animal farm 72 4.2.3 Aquaculture 72 4.2.4 Assessment of farmers for three type of fertilizer 73 CHAPTER SUSTAINABLE AND INTEGRATED WASTE-BASED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN HAI PHONG CITY .76 5.1 Sustainable and integrated waste-based nitrogen management 76 5.1.1 Scenario (Baseline scenario) 76 5.1.2 Scenario (Government contribution) 78 5.1.3 Scenario (Public Private Partnership) 79 5.2 Feasibility assessment 80 5.2.1 Financial analysis 80 5.2.2 Feasibility assessment 83 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .91 6.1 Research significance 91 6.2 Recommendations .92 REFERENCES 94 APPENDIX .101 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 The production and consumption of nitrogen in fertilizer around the world from 2016 to 2022 (thousand tons) [20] 24 Table 1-2 The concentration of nitrogen in precipitation across United Kingdom from 2000 to 2002 27 Table 1-3 Waste management and treated in selected cities [32] .28 Table 1-4 Selected technologies for resources recovery in waste sludge [49] 37 Table 2-1 General information of Hai Phong city 43 Table 2-2 General information of surveyors living in urban area of Hai Phong 45 Table 2-3 General information of surveyors in Ang Duong hamlet 46 Table 2-4 Agriculture land and total number of selected animal in Hai Phong city [4] 46 Table 2-5 Agriculture land and total number of selected animal in Ang Duong hamlet 47 Table 3-1 The total nitrogen generated from human excreta in Hai Phong city and Ang Duong hamlet 51 Table 3-2 Daily manure production and characteristics (per head per day) [56] .51 Table 3-3 The loading of nitrogen generated by animal manure in Hai Phong city and Ang Duong Hamlet 52 Table 3-4 The total number of animal farms in Ang Duong hamlet 52 Table 3-5 The loading of nitrogen generated in aquaculture in Hai Phong city and Ang Duong Hamlet 54 Table 3-6 List of industrial parks and its wastewater facility [59] 55 Table 3-7 Total loading of Nitrogen from different sources of excreta in Hai Phong city and Ang Duong Hamlet .56 Table 3-8 The fertilizer consumption and the percentage of nitrogen fertilizer [60], [61] 57 Table 3-9 The total fertilizer consumption and nitrogen fertilizer consumption in Hai Phong city 58 Table 3-10 The nitrogen in fertilizer consumption and nitrogen in waste sludge of Hai Phong city and Ang Duong hamlet 59 Table 4-1 Emptying septage sludge activity of SADCO (unit:m3) 61 Table 4-2 The number of survey questionnaires by districts 61 Table 4-3 Occupation percentage of the interviewer 61 Table 4-4 The number of farmers in Ang Duong hamlet 69 Table 4-5 The amount of fertilizer which farmers use in different types 70 Table 5-1 Inflow-out flow financial of three scenarios 80 Table 5-2 Financial analysis of three scenarios (VND/year) 82 Table 5-3 Feasibility assessment of scenarios .83 Table 5-4 Summary the feasibility assessment for three scenarios 89 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Sources of Nitrogen 22 Figure 1-2 The meat production by meat type (2028 vs 2016-18) 25 Figure 1-3 The process of manure-N production [28] 26 Figure 1-4 Nitrogen cycle in Hai Phong city 41 Figure 2-1 Administrative map of Hai Phong 43 Figure 2-2 Location of households surveyed in urban area of Hai Phong 45 Figure 3-1 Percentage of different type of factories in the industrial parks of Hai Phong 55 Figure 3-2 Fertilizer consumption and the percentage of nitrogen in fertilizer in Vietnam [60], [61] .57 Figure 4-1 Process Flow diagram of sludge treatment in Trang Cat plant 60 Figure 4-2 Response of citizens in the on-site and off-site drainage system 62 Figure 4-3 The connection of indoor and outdoor drainage system 62 Figure 4-4 Assessment of citizens for the emptying septic tank activity 64 Figure 4-5 Unit in charge in emptying septic tank activity .64 Figure 4-6 The emptying septic tank cost 65 Figure 4-7 Location discharging septage sludge .65 Figure 4-8 Trang Cat sludge treatment plant 66 Figure 4-9 The assessment for chemical and organic fertilizers by citizens 67 Figure 4-10 The assessment of citizens for waste-based fertilizers 68 No of floor: No of floor: Other: The most recent year of house construction / creation: The average amount of drinking water per month: m3 Is the household drainage system connected to the local drainage system? into the environment -site treatment and discharge into the environment Used technology: Do your house have septic tank? (If the answer is No, please skip to question 2.9) The location of septic tank: The volume of septic tank? m3 Do your house frequently desludging septic tank? How often your house desludging septic tank? -2 years -4 years Have not desludging septic tank yet The reason for desludging septic tank: The unit in charge of desludging septic tanks: In your opinion, what is the preferable for desludging septic tank? 3 – 200,000 VND/m3 – 300,000 VND/m3 102 The location for discharging the sludge: According to you, what is the function of septic tank? Strongly disagree Content Disagree Storing the wastewater Sediment to avoid clogging Primary treatment the wastewater Storing the sludge 5 None of function Do you think septic tank is necessary? If the answer is NO, please give the reason: Normal Agree Strongly agree stucked, affecting the indoor drainage system 103 Acknowledgement of waste-based fertilizer Please indicate how much you agree with the following statements How you assess it with the following characteristics of chemical fertilizer Strongly disagree Statements Disagree Normal Agree Characteristic of chemical fertilizer High proportion of nutrients Contain beneficial elements for soil and plants Easy to dissolve and use High efficiency Effects of chemical fertilizer Capable to renovate soil, reduce soil acidity Provide useful microorganism for soil Highly nutritious, caused of water pollution Bio-digestible, non-polluted Strongly agree 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 5 How you assess with the following characteristics of organic fertilizer? Statements Completely Completely Disagree Normal Agree disagree agree Characteristic of chemical fertilizer High proportion of nutrients Contain beneficial elements for soil and plants Easy to dissolve and use High efficiency Effects of chemical fertilizer Capable to renovate soil, reduce soil acidity Provide useful microorganism for soil Highly nutritious, caused of water polution Bio-digestible, non-polluted 104 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 5 How you assess waste-based fertilizer Complet Completely Disagree Normal Agree disagree ely agree Statements Contain toxic, polluted matters from sludge waste which impacting soil and Potential pathogens incubated in the waste sludge Difficult to approach in large scale Low and slow effective to crops 5 Includes ingredients that benefit soil and crops Enhance the quality of products, increase the pests resistance Capable to renovate soil, reduce soil acidity Provide useful microorganism for soil Bio-digestible, non-polluted 10 Contribute in retrieving nutrient resources in sludge waste 11 A new direction of treatment in order to reduce environmental pollution 12 Reduce greenhouse gases emission from chemical fertilizer 13 Take advantage of available waste, reduce production costs Sincerely thank you Mr/Mrs for providing information! Hai Phong, Date…… month…… year…… Information provider 105 A2 Rural area survey Field survey of current status in using chemical fertilizer and people evaluation of using sludge waste fertilizer in agriculture About the inspection of current status in using chemical fertilizer and people evaluation of using sludge waste fertilizer in agriculture Dear Sir/Madam Currently, we are carrying out the research: “Evaluate the potiential of retrieving nitrogen from sludge waste for fertilizer production” We hope Sir/Madem will spend some time to answer few questions in this research All of your comments will be confidential and are meaningfull with the success of this research We hope to receive your cooperation Thank you General information Please give some basic information about your family and yourself Name: Gender: Male/Female Age: Email: Address: No of family: The area for agriculture, aquaculture Type of soil For annual crops (Rice, corn, beans, vegetable,…) For long term plants (Fruit, coffee, tea…) For livestock For aquaculture 106 Area (m2) Agriculture Annual total use of fertilizer Nitrogen fertilizer: _ kg Phosphate: _ kg Kali: kg Combined NPK: _ kg Fertilizing activities Common type of fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer Type of fertilizer that usually being used: manure manure Annual costs for fertilizer: – 2,000,000 VND – 3,000,000 VND Common fertilizer supply: agencies manufacturer t Market stores ………………………………… Are you using compost in agriculture? go to f) 107 o Please provide the reasons How waste water and solid waste (trash, fecal sludge ) are being treated in your family ? will go to the treatment plant and sludge waste will go to landfill stire or treatment plant wastewater directly to lakes, rivers sludge waste directly to lakes, rivers Livestock agriculture Information of amount and categories at the time of September, 2019 a Type of animals b Amount (individual) Buffalo Cow Goat Sheep Pig (Excluding suckling pigs ) Chicken Will livestock waste be treated by the farm ? provide the reasons) 108 Major treatment methods for livestock waste in your farm ? (Take a tick in in the square box that corresponding with each type of animal) digestion (Biogas tank) l and inceneration disposal Is there any biogas tank in your farm ? go to 3.6) Please provide some information about the biogas tank ? a Quantity: …………… m3/day b Retrieved biogas will be used for: generation Sludge from biogas tank: be used as fertilizer for family’s farm go to landfill be dischared to lakes, rivers go to treatment plants go to fertilizer factories 109 Acknowledgement of waste-based fertilizer Please indicate how much you agree with the following statements How you assess it with the following characteristics of chemical fertilizer Strongly disagree Statements Disagree Normal Agree Characteristic of chemical fertilizer High proportion of nutrients Contain beneficial elements for soil and plants Easy to dissolve and use High efficiency Effects of chemical fertilizer Capable to renovate soil, reduce soil acidity Provide useful microorganism for soil Highly nutritious, caused of water pollution Bio-digestible, non-polluted Strongly agree 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 5 How you assess with the following characteristics of organic fertilizer? Statements Completely Completely Disagree Normal Agree disagree agree Characteristic of chemical fertilizer High proportion of nutrients Contain beneficial elements for soil and plants Easy to dissolve and use High efficiency Effects of chemical fertilizer Capable to renovate soil, reduce soil acidity Provide useful microorganism for soil Highly nutritious, caused of water polution Bio-digestible, non-polluted 110 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 5 How you assess waste-based fertilizer Statements Completely Completely Disagree Normal Agree disagree agree Contain toxic, polluted matters from sludge waste which impacting soil and Potential pathogens incubated in the waste sludge Difficult to approach in large scale Low and slow effective to crops 5 Includes ingredients that benefit soil and crops Enhance the quality of products, increase the pests resistance Capable to renovate soil, reduce soil acidity Provide useful microorganism for soil Bio-digestible, non-polluted 10 Contribute in retrieving nutrient resources in sludge waste 11 A new direction of treatment in order to reduce environmental pollution 12 Reduce greenhouse gases emission from chemical fertilizer 13 Take advantage of available waste, reduce production costs Sincerely thank you Mr/Mrs for providing information! Hai Phong, Date…… month…… year…… Information provider 111 B Feasibility assessment B1 Waste supply and availability Ranking of key indicators Amount of available quality waste Waste resource under consideration is inexistent and/or inaccessible Waste resource is available but accessible in limited quantity and/or quality Waste resource is readily available and accessible in required quantities and qualities Waste resource is readily available and accessible in required quantities and qualities Competitors' index for the waste resource Status of the legal institutional and regulatory environment High level of competition for the waste resource Access and use of the waste resource under consideration is not permitted by law Moderate level of competition mitigatable effects at high cost Use of the waste resource is permissible but there are significant Low access constraints feasibility related to national legislature Minimal variations in availability and supply of the required waste resource - variations can be mitigate (e.g., storage of the resource Minimal existing use of the particular waste resource (moderately low number and scale of related entities) Access and use of the waste resource is permitted by law with considerations that can be addressed Medium feasibility The waste resource is available in proximity and when needed Limited to no existing use of the waste resource under consideration Access and use of targeted waste resource is permitted by law High feasibility Reliability of resource supply Significant variations in availability and accessibility in quantity and quality of the waste resource Moderate variations in spatial or temporal availability of the waste resource, related mitigation measures come at a high cost 112 Feasibility ranking No feasibility B2 Institutional and legal environment Ranking of key indicators Enabling environment RRR legislation and policy Financing RRR Investment climate for private sector engagement Implementation structure and capacity Implementing agencies and capacities Company establishment No policy exists to support RRR and/or reuse illegal No budget support for funding RRR Legislation restricts private sector participation in RRR No dedicated sanitation department No/low capacity of all institutions involved in sanitation/RRR resulting in poor waste collection, transformation, recovered resource marketing No companies involved in RRR or waste management Dedicated sanitation department with focus on waste management only and no/limited knowledge or Policy and legislation RRR support for No/low capacity of the institutions Low budget support for involved in waste management funding RRR resulting in poor functioning and Legislation on PPP are need for costly outsourcing of weak and no incentives to functions encourage private sector Time taken to legally register RRR participation and waste management companies is too long and a complicated process Dedicated sanitation department Policy and legislation with focus on RRR exists but has support for severe gaps in its functioning Budget support provided Limited capacity in the institutions for co-funding RRR involved in waste transformation Legislation supports PPP and the marketing of the new but incentives to product encourage private sector RRR and waste management participation are limited companies can be easily set up Dedicated sanitation department Policy and legislation with focus on RRR exists and support for functions well Sufficient budget support Sufficient capacity exists in the provided for funding RRR institutions involved in RRR from by the public sector waste transformation to the Legislation supports PPP marketing of the generated products are encourage private RRR and waste management sector participation companies can be easily set up 113 Community acceptance and support Local values for waste and public RRR acceptance and engagement Compliance with laws and regulations No awareness about RRR and waste management No acceptance by end users for RRR products because of culture and/or risk perceptions No or very low compliance by citizens and private companies in following waste management and reuse rules/regulations Feasibility ranking No feasibility Low awareness about RRR and waste management Mixed response of end users for RRR products Low compliance by citizens and private companies in following waste management and reuse rules/regulations Low feasibility Awareness about RRR and waste management exists but is not high enough End users accept and value product(s) Compliance by citizens and private companies can realistically be improved Medium feasibility High awareness about RRR and waste management End users accept and value targeted RRR product(s) Most citizens and private companies follow waste management and reuse rules/regulations High feasibility B3 Market Market size Market too small or unreliable to cover expected costs Market small but reliable Market potentially large but also unreliable Market appears large and reliable Ranking of key indicators Willingness to Market structure pay (WTP) Difficult market entry High level of concentration (monopolistic/oligopolistic WTP < current market) market price of all High level of product competitive differentiation of competitive substitute products products Price taker Potential negative profit margins (without subsidies) Medium to difficult market entry Medium to high level of WTP < current concentration market price of Medium to high level of the next best product differentiation of substitute competitive products products Price taker Potential negative profit margins (without subsidies) Medium level of ease for market entry Low to medium level of WTP > current concentration market price of Limited to no product the next best differentiation competitive Oligopolistic fertilizer substitute market but potential price products setter Potential that net profit margins are positive Easy market entry Limited level of WTP > current concentration market price of all Limited to no product competitive differentiation substitute Price setting market products Potential that net profit margins are positive 114 Market outlook Feasibility ranking 10 years and beyond to reach growth stage No feasibility 10 years and beyond to reach growth stage Low feasibility 5-9 years to reach growth stage in business life cycle Medium feasibility < years to reach growth stage in business life cycle High feasibility B4 Technology Ranking of key indicators Availability/Accessibility Technology Performance and of technology and spare requirements efficiency of the parts index technology Limited to no Required technologies or access and Low performance spare parts not available availability of production factors Moderate access and availability to Limited availability of production factors Low to medium technology (acquisition at but exorbitantly performance relatively high cost) high cost (above market price) Moderate access and availability of technology at current market prices Moderate access to production factors bat current market prices Medium performance Easy access and availability of required technology Easy access and availability to production factors High performance O&M requirements Feasibility ranking High with low performance incentives No feasibility Low with low performance incentives Low feasibility High but with good incentives and financial support Low with good incentives and support Medium feasibility High feasibility B5 Financial Negative NPV 0-30% 30-50% 50% and above 50% and above 30-50% 50% and above 0-30% 30-50% 0-30% 50% and above 0-30% 30-50% Ranking of key indicators Mean NPV Mean IRR Negative Less than discount rate Negative Less than discount rate Negative Greater than discount rate Negative Less than discount rate Negative Greater than discount rate Positive Less than discount rate Negative Greater than discount rate Positive Less than discount rate Positive Less than discount rate Positive Greater than discount rate Positive Greater than discount rate Positive Greater than discount rate 115 Feasibility ranking No feasibility Low feasibility Low to medium feasibility Medium feasibility Medium to high feasibility High feasibility B6 Social-economic Ranking of key indicators Negative NPV B:C ratio RoI 0-30% 30-50% 100% 100% 116 Feasibility ranking No feasibility Low feasibility Medium feasibility High feasibility ...VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THU HOAI DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL URBAN- RURAL RELATIONSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE NITROGEN CYCLE: CASE-STUDY IN HAI PHONG CITY MAJOR:... Assessment of farmers for three type of fertilizer 73 CHAPTER SUSTAINABLE AND INTEGRATED WASTE-BASED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN HAI PHONG CITY .76 5.1 Sustainable and integrated waste-based nitrogen. .. yielding ammonia and carbon dioxide The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) is analyzed for the existing of ammonia in water Ammonia toxicity appeared at high feeding rates Aquatic plants absorb the ammonium