Sustainability assessment of chicken farm enterprises in selected farm in laguna, philippines

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY VEATRIZ MARQUEZ MALITIC SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CHICKEN FARM ENTERPRISES IN SELECTED FARMS IN LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode :Full-time Major :Environmental Science and Management Faculty :Advanced Education Program Office Batch :2015-2018 Thai Nguyen, 2018 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Veatriz Marquez Malitic Student ID DTN1454290084 Thesis Title Supervisor (s) Sustainability Assessment of Chicken Farm Enterprises in selected farm in Laguna, Philippines Asst Prof Marissa J Sobremisana (Philippines); Msc Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương (Vietnam) Supervisor‟s signature (s) Abstract: Rearing of animals is a beneficial economic activity for agricultural countries like the Philippines Chicken farms are built for commercial and bulk production of meat and eggs As the demands for products increase, the production shifts toward intensification which causes and eventually results to major concerns and disturbances in the environment These issues suggest the need for a sustainability assessment to know how different chicken enterprises work and how it can affect the surroundings This study was conducted with a total of eight chicken farms in the municipalities of Victoria and Nagcarlan in the province of Laguna Interviews and surveys were conducted to satisfy the objectives of describing the chicken production, discovering the residents‟ opinion about the farm and analyzing how these farms might affect the sustainability of the economic, environment and social sectors The result from the gathered data was analysed through descriptive analysis Relationship between farm owners, contract company, farm workers, residents and the government has a huge influence to the sustainability of chicken production In conclusion, negative impacts evident in the area are not only ii associated with the chicken farm‟s production system, but is caused by combined impacts from multiple contributing factors Keywords: Sustainability Assessment, enterprise, production system, perception Number of pages: 105 Date of Submission: November 2018 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The making of this research has been arduous but I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who helped me make this thesis possible Thank you for my loving parents, Mrs Arlene and Mr Ronnie Malitic for all the support financially, physically, emotionally and spiritually Special thanks to my mom who drive me off the survey locations even though we are both not familiar to the area I would also like to thank my kuya (brother), Venjamin Martinez and my ate (sister-in-law), Nikko Martinez, for the constant support, love and prayers As well as to my nieces, Veniz and Elisha for effortlessly making me happy and making me forget for a while the negative emotions I have bottled up during these hard times To my ever supportive and honest commentators/advisers, Asst Prof Marissa J Sobremisana (University of the Philippines Los Baños) and Msc Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương (Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry), I am very grateful for your assistance throughout this study and for sending remarks on my paper despite your busy schedules I appreciate your kind words and encouragements just to make sure that this thesis gets only better on each revision we made together Thank you very much I would also like to send my utmost gratitude to the Chicken Farm owners and farmers/workers from Victoria and Nagcarlan, Laguna that I have interviewed Thank you for being welcoming and for sharing useful information for my study And to all the respondents that I have conducted survey to, thank you very much for your time and honest opinions As well as to everyone who I met and helped me throughout my data gathering in their own different way, a little interaction really goes a long way Thank you very much To my classmates/friends/siblings at heart, thank you for being my constants We have shared numerous struggles and breakdowns, but as well as breakthroughs This acknowledgement goes to Francina Balido, Kristina Reyes, Joy Ongkiatco, AJ de Castro, Pau Hostalero, Jessica Cosico, Luis Chavez, Lester Lagansua and Enzo Bernardo Thank you for making my student life bearable Also, to my friends and acquaintances that made every situation worthwhile, thank you Above all, To GOD Be All The Glory! Human capabilities are limited but He has made me strong Through disappointments, doubts and battling emotional wars that I tried to keep within me, I know I am not fighting alone The Battle is the Lord‟s V.M.M (K46 NO2) iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Significance of the Study 1.3 Research‟s objectives 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Limitations 1.6 Definitions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Domestication of Chicken in Poultry Production 2.2 Chicken Industry in the Philippines 2.2.1 Domesticated Chicken Species 2.2.2 Production Systems 2.2.2.1 Two Chicken Sectors: Backyard and Commercial Farming 2.2.2.2 Supply Chain: From Producer to Consumer 2.2.2.3 Production System 11 2.2.2.4 The Feed 12 v 2.2.2.5 Maintenance and Sanitation 13 2.2.2.6 Economic Value and Contribution 14 2.3 The Concept of Sustainability in Chicken Production 16 2.4 Sustainability Assessment 19 2.4.1 Environment 20 2.4.2 Economy 24 2.4.3 Social 25 PART III METHODS 27 3.1 Materials 27 3.1.1 The Request Letters 27 3.1.2 The Questionnaires 27 3.2 Methods 28 3.2.1 The Study Areas 29 3.2.2 The Farm Criteria for Assessment 32 3.2.3 The Process of Data Gathering 33 3.2.4 The Data Analysis 34 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36 4.1 Physical and Structural Properties of the Chicken Farms 36 4.1.1 Location 36 4.1.2 Farm size 36 vi 4.1.3 Building structure and design 37 4.1.4 Contract Company 39 4.1.5 Feed and feed source 39 4.1.6 Breed type 41 4.1.7 Machines 42 4.1.8 Ventilation 42 4.1.9 Water Access 43 4.2 The Farm Management 44 4.2.1 Farm regulations 44 4.2.2 Harvest 45 4.2.3 Production Downtime 46 4.2.4 Refilling of Materials 47 4.2.5 Waste Disposal and Sanitation 47 4.2.6 Farm Workers and their responsibilities 48 4.3 The Demographics of Respondents 49 4.3.1 Age of Respondents 49 4.3.2 Gender of Respondents 50 4.3.3 Occupation of Respondents 50 4.3.4 Distance of Respondents from the Farm 51 4.4 The Communities‟ Perception to the Chicken Farms 51 vii 4.4.1 Respondent‟s Involvement to the Environment 51 4.4.2 Water, Soil and Air Pollution 52 4.4.3 Plant and Animal Diversity 54 4.4.4 Impact of Production regarding Farm Size 56 4.4.5 Impact of Chicken Farmers to the Community 57 4.4.6 Chicken Farms 58 4.4.7 Quality and Price of Chicken Products 60 4.4.8 Perspective on Farm Issues and Daily Living 62 4.4.9 Relevance of Health and Forbearance on Farm Issues 63 4.4.10 Knowledge about Farm Management 65 PART V CONCLUSION 67 5.1 Sustainability of Overall Farm Production 67 5.2 Recommendations for further researches 70 REFERENCES 71 APPENDICES 85 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Theoretical Trade Channels of Chicken Industry 10 Figure Main Processes in Chicken Production 12 Figure Total number of poultry birds, 1961-2014 16 Figure Relative Contribution of different sectors to Greenhouse Gas emission in United States, 1995-2005 22 Figure Average Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Unit Protein 23 Figure Average Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Kilocalorie 23 Figure Location Map of Laguna Province with municipalities 31 Figure Screenshot of Location Map of Eight Chicken Farms in Victoria and Nagcarlan, Laguna 37 Figure Chicken farm building for conventional (manual) operation 38 Figure 10 Chicken farm building for automatic operation 38 Figure 11 Wire cages for Chicken Layers 38 Figure 12 Conventional Farm Building 43 Figure 13 Automatic Farm Control System 43 Figure 14 Layer Farm Warehouse 46 Figure 15 Percentage of Age Groups of Respondents 49 Figure 16 The Respondents‟ Gender 50 Figure 17 The Respondents‟ Gender According to Age Group 50 Figure 18 Percentage of Respondents‟ Occupation 51 Figure 19 Respondent‟s perception about the chicken farms creating environmental concerns that must be solved 52 ix Figure 20 The Respondents‟ Perception about Pollution emitted by Chicken Farms 54 Figure 21 The Respondents‟ Perception about Biodiversity of Plant and Animal Species 56 Figure 22 Respondent‟s perception about the impact of larger farms being greater than smaller farms 57 Figure 23 The Respondents‟ Perception about the Impacts of Chicken Farmers58 Figure 24 The Respondents‟ Perception about the Impacts of Chicken Farms to the Community 60 Figure 25 The Respondents‟ Perception about the Worth of Chicken Products 61 Figure 26 The Respondents‟ Personal Opinion about the Social Impact of Chicken Farms 63 Figure 27 The Respondents‟ Perception about Farm Emission and Health 65 Figure 28 The Respondents‟ Perception about Farm Management and Government Regulation 66 x i Water pump and tanks ECONOMIC 23 Are flocks reared according to a (Company or industry) quality scheme/standard? 24 Do you allot a budget for environmental care which the farm might cause? 25 Do you buy everything this farm needs (equipment, etc.)? Or some are made by the workers? 26 If something breaks, you replace or fix it? 27 Are you trying to reduce the farm‟s consumption (by reducing energy when not in use and using less products) to increase the farm‟s profit and to be more environment-friendly? If yes, how? 28 Do you have energy-saving equipment? 29 How does the weather and natural calamities affect the farm‟s economy? 30 What are the typical reasons why the fowls get sick or die? 31 Do you keep the records of the farm from previous years? a Breeding Record b Individual Sow Performance Record c Livestock Inventories d Monthly Report e Clinical Record f Mortality Record g Litter Record ENVIRONMENT 32 Do you have an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? 33 What is the environmental condition of the facility? 34 How does the production system works? (Step by step: Cradle to grave approach) 35 General Management Program of the farm: a Production Scheduling b Sources of Inputs c Management prior to brooding d Brooding Operation and Management e Growing Operation and Management f Feeding Management g Flock Health and Sanitation (vaccines, medication in case of disease outbreaks) h Marketing/ Hauling of Broilers 36 How you handle the poultry wastes? (manure, litter, blood, bones, feathers, birds‟ carcasses, dust, insect, and odour) 91 37 Have you experienced outbreaks or infestations? 38 Have you encountered complaints from anyone? Especially nearby residents? 39 Does the government monitor the poultry farm regularly? If yes, in what interval? 40 Is the farm concerned with the environment? 41 What source of water you use? How much water is used per/day? 42 What products/methods you use to treat this water with? 43 Do you have a cleaning and disinfection programme for the houses? In what interval? 44 Where does the wastewater from the farm go/disposed? 45 Are the houses disinfected between each crop? 46 Do you have a programme for rodent control? 47 Is the farm maintained by a professional pest control company? SOCIAL 48 The roles and positions of labourers and managers 49 What are the requirements for a poultry labourer? 50 Working hours, Day-off and Sick-Leave of labourers 51 What are the benefits that the labourers can acquire for working at the farm? Privilege and Incentives? Loans? SSS? PhilHealth, etc.? 52 How much is the daily salary of the workers? Do they get promotion or salary increase? 53 Do the labourers have a place to rest within the farm? 92 Name: Occupation: Age: I Economic Strongly disagree Poultry farms have a positive impact on our family In my opinion, increase in poultry farms in our area is totally fine There is no need in restricting poultry operations even though it is near to residential areas and public buildings Loss of farmers in this area will affect the local economy Poultry products sold from the poultry farm in this area costs greater than the usual budget of our family The poultry products from the poultry farm are safe to eat The price of the poultry products are worth its quality The poultry farm in this area creates concern to the environment that should be solved Somewhat No opinion Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree disagree Appendix 3: Respondent‟s Survey Questionnaire Farmers have a positive impact on the economy of our area Disagree 93 II Environment Strongly disagree 10 Noise, odour and other issues in the poultry farm concerning the environment is minimal 11 Larger poultry farms cause more concern in the environment than smaller poultry farms 12 The poultry farm does not emit pollution that affects water bodies nearby 13 The poultry farm does not emit pollution that affects the soil 14 The poultry farm does not emit pollution that affects plants 15 The poultry farm does not emit pollution that affects the air 16 The poultry farm does not emit pollution that affects animals 17 The plants in our area are abundant that there should be no concerns about the poultry farm affecting it 18 The animals in our area are abundant that there should be no concerns about the poultry farm affecting it Disagree Somewhat disagree No opinion Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 94 III Social Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat No Somewhat disagree opinion agree Agree Strongly agree 19 Residents who are not involved with the poultry farm should be accustomed to the noise, odour and other issues that the farm emits 20 I have enough knowledge about the ordinances and laws about the regulation of the poultry farm 21 Environmental laws are too strict in managing the poultry farm 22 As residential areas become nearer to the poultry farm, the government must implement the rules more vigorously 23 I have never experienced any health issues because of the poultry farm 24 The poultry farm has a good waste management system 25 The poultry farm does not affect my daily living 26 I am happy and content living in this area 95 27 Our area is suitable for building poultry farms I have read and understood the questions written on this survey I understand that this is an important research and I will be truthful in answering these questions Appendix 4: GPS Coordinates Farm Municipality Name of Barangay A B C D E F G H Victoria Victoria Victoria Victoria Nagcarlan Nagcarlan Nagcarlan Nagcarlan Banca-banca San Felix San Felix Banca-banca Balayong Wakat Manaol Oples Coordinates (Decimal Degrees) N (Latitude) E (Longitude) 14.210113 121.352149 14.202113 121.331313 14.208210 121.336054 14.206936 121.351314 14.151416 121.389581 14.171978 121.352672 14.182094 121.369070 14.123745 121.428095 (Source: Google Maps Application) Appendix 5: Raw Data 5.1 Age of Respondents (Figure 15) Age Group Count Centennials (22 years old below) Millenials (23-41 years old) 37 Generation X (42-53 years old) 24 Baby Boomers (54-72 years old) 13 Silent Generation (73 years old & above) Total 80 5.2 Gender of Respondents Figure 16 Gender Gender Male Female Total Count 36 44 80 Figure 17 Gender and Age Group Generation Male Female Total Centennials Millenials 16 21 37 Generation X 11 13 24 Baby Boomers 13 Silent Generation 1 36 44 80 Total 96 Population of Laguna According to Age Group (Laguna Bookkeeper, 2015) Generation Millenials (18-34 years old) Generation X (35-50 years old) Baby Boomers (50-70 years old) Silent Generation (70 years old and above) Total Both 951,347 618,453 352,025 60,343 1,982,168 Male 472,577 310,344 170,046 21,477 974,444 Female 478,770 308,109 189,395 38,866 1,015,140 5.3 Occupation of Respondents (Figure 18) Occupation None Housewife Vendor Blank Business Owner Farmer Company Worker Tricycle Driver Sweepstake Agent Barangay Official Driver Student Engineer Housekeeper Security Guard Teacher Construction Worker OFW Total Count 14 14 6 3 2 1 1 1 80 5.4 Distance of Respondents from the Farm Distance 100 meters 200 meters 300 meters Total Count 32 32 17 80 97 Appendix 6: Pictures during fieldwork 6.1 Key Informants Some pictures of key informants taken during interview Some pictures of the researcher (on the left) with key informant (on the right) 6.2 Respondents 6.2.1 Respondents from Victoria, Laguna 98 6.2.2 Respondents from Nagcarlan, Laguna 99 The researcher (on the left) with a respondent (on the right) during survey 6.3 Chicken Farms Farm B (Broiler): Brgy San Felix, Victoria 100 Farm C (Broiler): Brgy San Felix, Victoria Farm D (Layer): Brgy Banca-banca, Victoria 101 Farm E (Broiler): Brgy Balayong, Nagcarlan Farm F (Broiler): Brgy Wakat, Nagcarlan 102 Farm G (Layer): Brgy Manaol, Nagcarlan Farm H (Breeder): Brgy Oples, Nagcarlan 103 Appendix 7: Definitions Arable land - An agricultural land plowed regularly and in use for rotational crops (everythingconnects.com) Backyard Farming – Individual households raise chickens on their backyard for family consumption and sometimes for generating extra income (US Poultry, 2014) Barangay – It is the Filipino term for village or ward It is the smallest administrative unit in the Philippines (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015) Breeder chickens – The chickens used to produce fertilized eggs for replacement pullets Pullets, or young chicks, will be cared for about 20 weeks and then transferred to another farm to be used for another production At 24 weeks, pullets start to lay eggs Broiler chickens – The chickens used to produce meat Both females and males can be used as broilers; however, they have different composition of meat Female chicken have more fat and male yields more protein Commercial Farming – Farming for profit as animals are reared in large numbers to be sold in the market to supply consumer‟s demands (Bicol Mail, 2017) Derived demand – It is the demand for a particular factor in a production or an intermediate good which is essential in the production of the end product (e.g demand for products like fertilizers for chicken feed or demand for labor like poultry farmers for rearing, etc.) (Hofstrand, 2007) Domestication - The process of altering the hereditary customs of animals according to the interest of people (Sampaolo, 2017) Greenhouse Gases – A gaseous compound which traps and holds heat, causing warming of the Earth‟s atmosphere (Rouse, 2013) Homoeothermic – It is the characteristic of an organism to maintain its internal body temperature regardless of the external influence of the surroundings (Ivanov, 2005) Keystone species – These are species whose existence provides support and stability in the ecosystem Disappearance of these species may cause radical change, possible invasion of new species or cease to exist altogether (Nicklen, 2017) Layer chickens – The hens used to produce unfertilized eggs 104 Overhead Expenses – The expenses made on the business which not generate revenue These are indirect costs not related to business activities but are important to keep the business going, such as rent, insurance, taxes, government fees, equipment maintenance and many more (Patriot Software Company, 2017) Poultry – It refers to different kinds of birds such as chicken, turkey, quail, ducks, ostrich, pigeon and etc (UK DAFS, 2011) Primary demand – It is the demand for the end product by the consumer (e.g chicken meat and eggs) (Hofstrand, 2007) Sustainability – A concept of how natural systems can provide the essentials and meet the demands of the ecology while maintaining its state of balance (Mason, 2015) Trade-off - An economic concept or strategic decision of losing something in exchange of gaining another thing It is a choice made while balancing and comprehending the advantages and disadvantages of a particular aspect It basically asks the question, “What you prefer to lose in order to gain something?” (Hill, 2014) Urban biodiversity – It refers to the diversity and evenness among living organisms found in a densely populated area and the ecological systems in which they take place (Puppim de Oliveira et al., 2014) 105 ... Title Supervisor (s) Sustainability Assessment of Chicken Farm Enterprises in selected farm in Laguna, Philippines Asst Prof Marissa J Sobremisana (Philippines) ; Msc Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương (Vietnam)... 66 x LIST OF TABLES Table Chicken Farms in the municipality of Victoria 30 Table Chicken Farms in the municipality of Nagcarlan 30 Table Description of Chicken Farm 33... The sustainability assessment focused on chicken farms and residents who live within a 300 meter radius from the farm Setting a smaller scope of area was for the sole purpose of acquiring information