The global new deal economic and social human rights in world politics, second edition

NE W MILLE NNIUM BOOKS IN INTE RNATIONAL STUDIE S Series Editors: Eric Selbin and Vicki Golich FELICE International Relations | Human Rights PRAISE FOR THE SECOND EDITION PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION “Student friendly The questions addressed in each chapter are introduced clearly, and there are useful boxes detailing key information The Global New Deal is a sophisticated and succinct text.” —Millennium: Journal of International Studies “This book amounts to that rare beast: an intelligent text that, as it informs, makes an interesting argument of its own It also advances a set of specific proposals that could inspire lively class discussion and debate.” —Michael J Smith, University of Virginia This powerful and empowering text offers a way forward out of global human suffering, presenting a realistic roadmap for practical, workable solutions to mass poverty Now fully updated, including entirely new chapters, The Global New Deal investigates key areas central to the achievement of economic and social human rights: international political economy, UN policies and programs, environmental sustainability, racial bias, gender equality, military spending, and the U.S approach to poverty alleviation Felice then introduces what he calls the “global new deal,” a set of international policy proposals designed to protect the vulnerable and end needless suffering.These structural reforms provide a viable means by which to safeguard social and economic human rights for all William F Felice is professor of international relations and global affairs at Eckerd College 90000 780742 567276 economic and social human rights second in world politics edition second edition Rowman & Littlefield For orders and information please contact the publisher ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 1-800-462-6420 www.rowmanlittlefield.com The Global New Deal “The first edition of this book, aside from being a great primer on the inner workings of the United Nations, made a compelling case that there are meaningful policy alternatives to the current socioeconomic order that consigns hundreds of millions to poverty, malnutrition, and easily preventable disease The second edition significantly expands the moral and economic justification for pursuing a Global New Deal Felice (and Fuguitt) provides clear discussions of why global public goods are essential and how policies can be altered to better ensure their equitable provision That, in combination with an expanded discussion of the capabilities approach, makes this book a rare achievement: a sophisticated yet clearly written work that—while conveying the moral urgency of fundamental policy change—also shows how that change is practical, congruent with international law, and in everyone’s best interest.” —Brent L Pickett, University of Wyoming The Global New Deal William F Felice New Millennium Books in International Studies Cover Photo: Detail from the UN mural Mankind’s Struggle for Lasting Peace by José Vela-Zanetti GlobalNewDSRPBK.indd 11/12/09 4:28:19 PM The Global New Deal PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION “Student friendly The questions addressed in each chapter are introduced clearly, and there are useful boxes detailing key information Yet, The Global New Deal is a sophisticated and succinct text.”—Millennium: Journal of International Studies “The central value of the volume is its discussion of the variety of existing institutions and laws that potentially can be harnessed to address global poverty Recommended.”—Choice “This book amounts to that rare beast: an intelligent text that, as it informs, makes an interesting argument of its own It also advances a set of specific proposals that could inspire lively class discussion and debate.”—Michael J Smith, University of Virginia “Felice’s well-conceived proposals for enhanced benevolent global governance offer the only practical solutions to the social cancer of mass poverty, which is undermining world stability His proposals are likely to dominate the ongoing debate concerning the means for achieving a more humane and sustainable globalization.”—Maurice Williams, former assistant secretary-general, United Nations “Through knowledge and imagination, solid evidence and insightful analysis, William Felice demonstrates that a global new deal is a viable alternative to the untenable status quo He shows how getting there is a well-informed, deliberate process of ‘globalization from below,’ not a jump of faith! This book is a valuable resource for scholars and students of international relations and human rights, and an inspiring and empowering challenge to practitioners, local activists, and global citizens everywhere.”—Abdullahi A An-Na’im, Emory University “In this groundbreaking book, William Felice demonstrates the necessity of approaching human rights in its full complexity, and how a comprehensive approach to the subject may bring about real change for people suffering from severe human rights violations.”—Sigrun I Skogly, Lancaster University Law School “The Global New Deal makes a real contribution in presenting a coherent agenda for international action in a form which, I suspect and hope, will appeal to many students.”—Sir Richard Jolly, Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, United Kingdom NEW MILLENNIUM BOOKS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Series Editors Eric Selbin Southwestern University Vicki Golich Metropolitan State College of Denver Founding Editor Deborah J Gerner University of Kansas NEW MILLENNIUM BOOKS issue out of the unique position of the global system at the beginning of a new millennium in which our understandings about war, peace, terrorism, identity, sovereignty, security, and sustainability—whether economic, environmental, or ethical—are likely to be challenged In the new millennium of international relations, new theories, new actors, and new policies and processes are all bound to be engaged Books in the series are of three types: compact core texts, supplementary texts, and readers Editorial Board Gregory T Chin York University Ole Holsti Duke University Anne Sisson Runyan University of Cincinnati Maryann Cusimano Love Catholic University of America Christopher C Joyner Georgetown University Gerald Schneider, University of Konstanz, Germany John Freeman University of Minnesota Sumit Ganguly Indiana University Nils Petter Gleditsch International Peace Research Institute, Oslo Joshua Goldstein Brown University Ted Robert Gurr University of Maryland Margaret Karns University of Dayton Marc Levy Columbia University James McCormick Iowa State University Karen Mingst University of Kentucky Laura Neack Miami University Jon Pevehouse University of Wisconsin Philip A Schrodt University of Kansas Timothy M Shaw University of the West Indies, Trinidad & Tobago Catherine E Weaver University of Kansas Thomas G Weiss City University of New York Graduate Center Michael Zürn Hertie School of Governance, Berlin Titles in the Series Global Backlash Edited by Robin Broad Globalization and Belonging Sheila Croucher The Global New Deal, 2nd ed William F Felice The Information Revolution and World Politics Elizabeth C Hanson Sword & Salve Peter J Hoffman and Thomas G Weiss International Law in the 21st Century Christopher C Joyner Elusive Security Laura Neack The New Foreign Policy, 2nd ed Laura Neack International Negotiation in a Complex World, 3rd ed Brigid Starkey, Mark A Boyer, and Jonathan Wilkenfeld Global Politics as if People Mattered, 2nd ed Mary Ann Tétreault and Ronnie D Lipschutz Military-Civilian Interactions, 2nd ed Thomas G Weiss The Global New Deal Economic and Social Human Rights in World Politics Second Edition William F Felice ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2010 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Felice, William F., 1950– The global new deal : economic and social human rights in world politics / William F Felice — 2nd ed p cm — (New millennium books in international studies) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-7425-6726-9 (cloth : alk paper) — ISBN 978-0-7425-6727-6 (pbk : alk paper) — ISBN 978-0-7425-6728-3 (electronic) Human rights Social rights I Title JC571.F424 2010 330—dc22 2009043888 ϱ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments to Second Edition xi Acknowledgments to First Edition xiii A Note to the Reader on Terminology and Acronyms List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Introduction to Second Edition: The Elimination of World Poverty xv xvii 1 Global Policy Choices: There Are Alternatives 13 International Political Economy and Economic and Social Human Rights 27 The United Nations and Economic and Social Human Rights 73 The Environment and Economic and Social Human Rights 125 Race and Economic and Social Human Rights 157 Gender and Economic and Social Human Rights 179 Military Spending and Economic and Social Human Rights 205 The United States and Economic and Social Human Rights: A Contrast with Europe 233 The Global New Deal 257 Notes 289 Index 333 About the Author 345 vii Illustrations Tables 2.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 Public, Private, and Mixed Goods Public Spending Priorities: Costa Rica and Latin America Human Development in Costa Rica and Latin America Human Development in Central America: The Costa Rican Success 40 222 223 224 Boxes Key International Treaties and UN Committees Theories of International Political Economy: Strengths and Weaknesses in Relation to Economic and Social Human Rights IPE Concepts Central to Economic and Social Human Rights Pivotal NGOs Working on Economic and Social Human Rights: Building Democratic Participation Measuring Gender Inequalities in Human Development Feminist Perspectives on International Political Economy (IPE) Franklin D Roosevelt’s Economic Bill of Rights FDR and International Human Rights The Global New Deal ix xvi 30 36 88 192 198 235 236 258 Index Abrams, Eliot, 238 acts of commission, 79, 135 acts of omission, 79, 118, 135 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 130, 131, 146 African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation, 86–87 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 131 Agency for Trade and Labor Standards (ATLAS), 105 Agenda 21, 133, 134, 137–141, 144, 146, 264, 271 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 19, 120–121 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 244–245 AIDS, 1, 18, 19, 23, 63, 68, 69 190 al-Qaeda, 228 Alston, Philip, 11, 290–291n36, 314n52, 315n55 American Convention on Human Rights, 102, 233, 239, 255, 258, 281–282 American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador), 102, 130, 233, 239, 255, 258, 282 Andreassen, Bard-Anders, 55 An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed, 86 Annan, Kofi, 97, 101, 315n57 apartheid, 166, 266, 311n7 Arias, Oscar, 280–281 arms sales, 227–229 Austria, 171 Bangladesh, 8, 17–18, 23, 90, 106, 262, 291n5, 296n77 Banton, Michael, 164 Barbados, 46, 177 Barry, Christian, 105 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal (Basel Convention), 126, 137, 146 Baxi, Upendra, 189 Bay, Christian, Beetham, David, 52 Beijing Conference See Fourth World Conference on Women Belgium, 95, 242, 325n11 Berrigan, Frida, 227–228 Bilmes, Linda, 209, 230 bin Laden, Osama, 228 Bissio, Robert, 7–8 Botswana, 46, 142, 177 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 206 Brazil, 48, 54, 129, 132, 213, 262, 273, 324n76 Bretton Woods Institutions, 15, 98, 145 Britain, 1, 127 See United Kingdom Bromley, Daniel, 41 333 334 Index Brown, Gordon, Brundtland Report See World Commission on Environment and Development Burkina Faso, 90–91, 277 Bush, George W., 149, 152, 208–209, 212, 228 Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities, 229 Cameroon, 262 Canada, 72, 94, 127, 213, 254, 272, 329n30 capabilities approach, 8, 21, 27, 28, 55, 56–60, 88, 275, 296n66; definition of, 37; gender and, 181–182, 199–203, 319n90; race and, 160, 176–177 capability poverty measure (CPM), 8, 88–90 Carter, Jimmy, 227, 237–238, 281 Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR), 88 Chan, Steve, 215 Charlesworth, Hilary, 180–181, 185 Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, 133 Chasek, Pamela S., 141–142 child labor, 106–107, 121, 270, 303n89 Chile, 112, 324n76 China, 7, 190, 209, 213, 228, 262, 279; health and, 18 Clapham, Andrew, 188, 314n53 climate change, 65, 142, 144–146; UN Framework Convention on, 126–127, 142–143; Kyoto Protocol, 126–127, 155, 233 See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Clinton, Bill, 74–75, 127, 149, 212, 227– 228, 239, 245; Foundation, 19 Cohen, Joel, 33 Colombia, 82, 280 Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), 21, 125, 128, 139–142 Commission on the Status of Women (CSW), 184 Committee against Torture, 82, 173, 315n55 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights See Economic Rights Committee Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women See Women’s Rights Committee Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination See Minority Rights Committee Committee on the Rights of the Child, 173, 315n55 Common Country Assessments, 97–101, 108 common resources, 40–41; environment and, 64 common security, 227, 230–231 Comprehensive Freshwater Assessment (CFA), 141 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 279 Conference on the Environment and Development, UN (Rio Conference), 125, 133, 136, 139– 140, 143–144, 146–148, 155–156, 271 Conference on the Human Environment, UN (Stockholm Conference), 125, 132, 136, 138 Congo, Democratic Republic, 10, 93–94, 227, 228, 229, 263 conservative economic theory, 29–31 constructivism, 180, 199–200, 299n9, 316n9; gender and, 197, 199; identity and, 182; Marxism and, 180 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 102, 173 Convention on Biological Diversity, 64, 135 Convention on Climate Change, Framework See climate change Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), 126, 135 Index Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) See Women’s Rights Treaty Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) See Minority Rights Treaty Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, 132 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and their Destruction (CWC), 278, 330n51 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Land Mines and on their Destruction (Ottawa Treaty), 278–279, 286 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 77–78, 132, 173, 184, 281, 315n55 Convention to Combat Desertification, 137 Copenhagen World Summit for Social Development See World Summit for Social Development Costa Rica, 46–48, 57, 171, 177, 222– 224, 282; Human Development, Central America and (table 7.3), 224; Human Development, Latin America and (table 7.2), 223; Public spending priorities and (table 7.1), 222 Council of Europe, 102, 240–242, 247, 325n11 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) See Political Rights Treaty Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) See Economic Rights Treaty Craven, Matthew, 84, 112 cross-cultural dialogue, 86–87, 108 Daly, Herman, 149–150 D’Amato, Anthony, 148 335 Dandan, Virginia, 92–94, 96–97 Declaration of Environmental Policies and Procedures Relating to Economic Development, 137 de facto equality, 118; gender, 181, 183–184, 199; race, 162–163 DeGrasse, Robert W., Jr., 214, 216 de jure equality, 118; gender, 181, 183; race, 162–163 democratic participation, 85–89, 107–108 Denmark, 274, 325n11 dependency theory, 29, 30, 34–37 Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), 191, 195–196, 198–200, 203 development, right to, 23–24, 73–75, 87, 131, 133, 197–199, 206 de Wet, Erika, 104 disabilities, rights of persons with, 55, 109, 112–113, 121, 249 distributive justice, 51–52, 54 Division for the Advancement of Women, 102, 185, 274 domestic application of treaty obligations, 115 Dominican Republic, 94–95 Dowdeswell, Elizabeth, 138 Dumas, Lloyd, 214, 216 Dunne, J Paul, 221 Earth Summit Plus Five Conference, 138, 140 ecofeminism, 191, 196–198 Economic and Social Council of the UN (ECOSOC), 81, 186, 189, 268 economic conversion, 231, 280 economic equality, 21, 25, 27–28, 48–56, 58–59, 91, 173, 189, 203, 224; definition of, 36–37; global new deal and, 258, 259–263, 284 economic rights, defined, 2, 20, 29, 78 Economic Rights Committee, 20–21, 52, 78, 135, 139, 170, 173, 245, 292n12, 313n35; European states and, 242–243; General Comments of, 2, 66, 109–123; global new deal and, 258, 265–268, 284; monitoring 336 Index and enforcing, 11, 46, 83–86, 92–97; optional protocol and, 101–103, 108–109; race and, 176; structure and functioning, 80–81; United States and, 281–282 Economic Rights Treaty, 20–21, 133, 135, 164, 292n12; European states and, 233, 239–243; gender and, 180–184; global new deal and, 258, 266–268, 281–282; housing and, 70; defining economic rights and, 77–78; interpretation of (General Comments), 109–123; monitoring and enforcement, 80–86, 93–100; optional protocol and, 101–103, 108–109; United States and, 75, 234–239, 245–246, 255, 281–282 economic sanctions, 109, 114, 259, 266, 268 Economic Security Council, 11, 59–60, 258; global new deal and, 258, 259–263, 264, 277, 284; Minority Rights Committee and, 173; structure and functioning, 259– 263; Women’s Rights Committee and, 189 education, right to, 2, 20, 29, 52, 60, 76, 77–78, 80, 83–85, 237; capabilities approach and, 37, 88–89; definition (General Comments) and, 109–110, 115–116; economic equality and, 36–37, 51; gender and, 276–277; global public goods and, 12, 41, 43–44, 60–63; minority rights and, 273–274 egalitarian ethical theory, 29–30, 34–37, 48–51, 296n66 Eide, Asbjorn, 77–78, 79, 296n63 El Salvador, 224, 283–285, 331n68 Enloe, Cynthia, 193–194 environment: economic and social human rights and, 125–156; global public goods and, 36, 63–65 See World Environment Organization environmental racism, 128 Estonia, 253, 274 Esty, Daniel C., 268–269, 271, 328n23 Ethiopia, 53 European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR), 241–242, 243, 326n15 European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), 240, 243, 282 European Roma Rights Center, 164 European Social Charter, 239, 240–242, 282, 326n13 externalities, 22, 41–42, 60, 152, 156, 255, 291n5; education and, 60–63; environment and, 65; food and water and, 65–67; health and, 69; housing and, 70–71 Finland, 242 food, right to, 2, 44, 60, 78–79, 85, 239, 282, 296n63; economic justifications and, 65–68; definition of (General Comments), 116–117 Food and Agriculture Organization, 94, 136, 195, 270 Foodfirst Information and Action Network (FIAN), 89 Fourth World Conference on Women, UN (Beijing Conference), 180, 184, 195, 276 France, 127, 209, 210, 214, 242, 254, 262, 264, 325n11 French, Hilary, 141, 269–270 full-cost accounting, 152 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 55 Galtung, Johan, Gates, Robert, 212–213 Gender and Development (GAD), 191, 194–195, 198, 200 Gender Development Index (GDI), 192, 274 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), 192 gender, social construction of See constructivism General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 269, 271 See World Trade Organization Geneva Conventions, 132 Index Germany, 127, 210, 211, 213, 214, 247– 250, 254, 262 global civil society, 137, 147, 287 Global Demilitarization Fund, 230– 231, 258, 272, 278, 280–281, 285 Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), 138, 147 Global Environment Facility (GEF), 125, 136, 142–146, 156, 263, 270, 271 globalization, economic, 4–5, 15, 18, 20, 22–23, 73, 104, 291n5; Economic Rights Committee and, 95; environment and, 127, 147, 151, 153,155–156; gender and, 179, 181,190; global new deal and, 257, 260, 267, 285; international political economy and, 27–28, 34, 48, 60, 68; global new deal, 257–287; chart, 258; Economic Security Council and, 259–263; Global Demilitarization Fund and, 278–281; Global Public Goods Fund and, 263–264; International Verification Agency, 278–281; Optional Protocol and, 265–268; racial and ethnic minorities and, 272–274; Tobin tax and, 264–265; twenty-twenty and, 261–263; United States and, 281–282; World Environment Organization and, 268–272; women’s rights and, 274–277 global public goods, 12, 15, 20–21, 25, 27–28, 37–48; capabilities approach and, 58–60; definition of, 36; economic equality and, 51; education and, 60–63; environment and, 63–65; food and, 65–68; global new deal and, 258, 260, 263–265, 272, 284; health and, 68–69; housing and, 70–72; security and, 226, 229 Global Public Goods Fund, 59–60, 258, 263–264, 272, 284 Goldstein, Joshua S., 210–211, 214 Gordon, David, Gore, Al, 152, 292n16 Group of 77, 144 337 Guatemala, 48, 91, 186–187, 220, 224, 228 Haiti, 263 Haq, Mahbub ul, 260 Hardin, Garrett, 40 hard law, 130, 146 Hartley, Keith, 216 Hartung, William, 227–228 Hawken, Paul, 152–153311n87 health, right to, 2, 78, 130, 132, 239, 272, 282; economic justification, 68–69; FDR and, 235–237; international law and, 117–118 Henkin, Louis, 83 Heo, Uk, 215 Hoffmann, Stanley, 34 Hong Kong, 75, 94, 301n58 housing, right to, 60, 78–79, 161; economic justification, 70–72; FDR and, 235–237; international law and, 111–112, 114 Huang, Chi, 215–217 human development, 8, 45–46, 48, 95, 260–262; capabilities approach and, 56, 58, 60, 176; gender and, 192, 274, 277; global public goods and, 67; globalization and, 151; measuring, 87–92; military spending and, 221–231; UNDP and, 100–101; United States and, 234, 250–254 human development index (HDI), 91, 272 human poverty index (HPI), 87, 89–92 Human Rights and the Environment (Ksentini Report), 133–134, 146 Human Rights Commission/Council, 81–82, 101–102, 115, 255 Human Rights Committee, 81–83, 84, 135, 139, 171, 267, 315n55 Human Rights Strengthening (HURIST) project, 97, 100–101, 108 Hunt, Paul, 77 183–184 Hussein, Saddam, 208, 228 idealism, 14, 25 imperialism, 291n5 338 Index India, 71, 74, 85, 92, 177, 190, 192, 196, 202, 262; arms sales to, 227; chemical weapons and, 278; CTBT and, 279; Kerala, 46, 57, 273; women’s rights and, 273–274 Indonesia, 227, 262, 265 INFOTERRA, 138, 147 Instituto Del Tercer Mundo, 47 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 239, 255 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 239, 282 intergenerational equity, 150–151 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 126–127, 146 Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF), 141 International Bill of Human Rights, 73, 76, 130, 132, 298n2, 306n10 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights See Political Rights Treaty International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights See Economic Rights Treaty International Criminal Court (ICC), 233, 286 international financial institutions (IFI), 11, 21–22, 24, 28, 87, 284; Economic Rights Committee and, 96–97, 111, 119; optional protocol and, 108–109, 267–268; structural adjustment and, 112 International Labor Organization (ILO), 156, 269–270; child labor, 106–107; Convention nos 29 & 105 (forced labor), 105; Convention nos 87 & 98 (collective bargaining), 105; Convention nos 100 and 111 (prohibit discrimination), 105, 188; Convention no 131 & 138 (minimum wage), 104–105; Convention no 155 (safety & health), 105; Economic Rights Committee and, 94, 102; human rights labor standards and, 77, 87; slavery statistics and, 17; unemployment statistics and, 18–19 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 28, 260; 2009 recession and, 3; Economic Rights Committee and, 96, 98, 111, 119–120; Economic Security Council and, 262, 284; environment and, 136, 144–147; globalization and, 60; minority rights and, 273; poverty reduction strategies and, 11; women’s rights and, 190, 196 international political economy, 27–72; feminist theories and, 179, 181– 182, 191–204 International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, 138 International Verification Agency, 230–231, 258, 278–281, 285 Iran, Islamic Republic of, 171, 228 Iraq, 208, 209, 212, 217, 227–230, 233, 328n19 Ireland, 92, 158, 242, 325n11 Israel, 94, 192, 229, 279 Italy, 92, 112, 127, 171, 242, 325n11 Japan, 34, 54, 127, 192, 211–214, 254, 262 Jordan, 276 Kenya, 277 Kerala See India Keynes, John Maynard, 31–32 Koptova, Anna, 164–165 Korea, Republic of, 54, 62, 190 Ksentini, Fatma Zohra See Human Rights and the Environment Kuwait, 276 Kyoto Protocol See climate change Kyrgyzstan, 227 Law of the Sea Convention, 126, 147 Leary, Virginia, 77 Lebanon, 276 Leckie, Scott, 94, 301n58 legal positivism, 77 liberal economic theory, 30, 31– 34, 271 libertarian ethics, 29–31, 49–50 Index Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Limburg Principles), 55, 78, 84, 296n68 Lin, Justin, 5–6 Lindert, Peter H., 254–255 Lome agreement, 274 Lovins, Amory, 152–153, 311n87 Lovins, L Hunter, 152–153, 311n87 Luxemburg, Rosa, 53 Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Maastricht Guidelines), 78–79, 84–85 Mali, 91 market failure, theory of, 38, 41, 44, 59, 236, 257, 260; gendered, 193 Marx, Karl, 35, 49, 180 Mehrotra, Santosh, 46–47 Mendes, Chico, 129 Mendez, Ruben P., 40, 294n20 Mexico, 91, 190, 193, 265 military spending, 205–231; developing world and, 220–224; United States and 208–220 Mill, John Stuart, 179 Minority Rights Committee; budget, 175–176; concluding observations, 169–173; education and, 176–177, 273–274; health and, 176–177, 272– 273; individual complaint system, 163–165; professionalizing, 173– 176; state party reports, 165–169; structure, 161 Minority Rights Treaty, 161–165 Mintz, Alex, 215–217 Molyneux, Maxine, 200 Mongolia, 171 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol), 126, 137, 146, 147 Morocco, 276 Moser, Caroline O N., 200 Mozambique, 91, 192 Myanmar, 208 339 national human rights institutions, 109, 115 natural capital, 152–154, 284 negative peace, 225–226 neoliberalism, 5, 15 Nichols, John, 150 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 30–31, 293n4 Nigeria, 10, 129, 262 nonexcludability, 36, 37–39, 41–42; education and, 61; environment and, 63–64; food and, 66; global public goods and, 43–44, 263; health and, 68–69; housing and, 70, 72; table, 40 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 12, 17, 73, 266–267; AIDS and, 19; economic and social rights and, 75, 88–89; Economic Rights Committee, relationship to, 94–95, 97–98, 102–103, 301n58; environment and, 136–137, 140–142, 144–147; globalization from below, 285– 286; minority rights and, 164, 166, 174; women’s rights and, 195, 274 nonrivalrous in consumption: defined, 36, 37–39, 294n23; education and, 61; environment and, 63–65; food and, 66; global public goods and, 43–44, 263; health and, 68–69; table, 40 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 156 Nussbaum, Martha C., 201–203, 319n90 Nye, Howard, 6–7 obligations of conduct, 53, 85 obligations of result, 53, 85 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 82, 94, 98–101, 172–176, 185 Office of the U.S Trade Representative, 74 O’Hanlon, Michael, 212 older persons, rights of, 109, 113–114, 121 340 Index Organization of American States (OAS), 137 Ostrom, Elinor, 41 Pakistan, 8, 73–74, 89–90, 192, 220, 227, 262, 273, 279 Panama, 94–95, 169–170, 194 Pareto optimum, 31, 32, 293n6 Partsch, Karl Josef, 162 Pentagon: budget, 212–213, 229; inefficiency, 216–217, 219 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PWORA), 245–246 Peru, 171, 273–274, 324n76 Philippines, 34, 94–95, 190 Pogge, Thomas, 6–7, 9–11, 281–282 Political Rights Treaty, 81–83, 102–103, 182, 267 Portugal, 242 positive peace, 206, 225–227, 229, 231, 280 precautionary principle, 151, 154, 155, 271 Protocol of San Salvador See American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights public goods See global public goods public-private dichotomy, 183, 184, 188, 193 racial discrimination: definition of, 158–159, 311n7; economic and social human rights and, 161–163; global new deal and, 176–177, 272–272; Minority Rights Treaty and, 161–176 Reagan administration, 210, 212, 214, 238, 278 realism, political, 14, 24–25, 29–31, 287, 293n10; liberal economic theory and, 31–34; military spending and, 213, 225–226; structuralist economic theory and, 34–37 Reddy, Sanjay, 6–7, 105 Reed, David, 151, 310n81 Renner, Michael, 278 Rio Conference See Conference on the Environment and Development Robinson, Mary, 56, 97, 101, 175–176, 315n57 Roma, discrimination against, 164–165, 171, 274 Romania, 171 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR), 23, 234–237, 257, 260, 285; Economic Bill of Rights and, 235; Four Freedoms and, 234; international human rights and, 236–237 Russia, 36, 61, 127–128, 158, 209, 213, 225–226, 262, 278–279 Rwanda, 158, 221, 263 Sachs, Jeffrey, 11 Sala-i-Martin, 4, Samuelson, Paul, 37–39, 41 sanctions, 105, 109, 114, 154, 171, 259, 265–266, 268 Sandler, Todd, 216 San Salvador Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (San Salvador Protocol), 102, 130–131, 233, 239, 255, 282 security: arms sales and, 227–229; negative peace and, 225–227; traditionally defined, 225; positive peace and, 225–227, 229–230 self-determination, right to, 53, 130, 206, 220, 226, 265 Sen, Amartya: capabilities approach and, 37, 43, 56–59, 296n77; economic equality and, 36–37, 48–56, 296n66; human development and, 8, 87–89; minority rights and, 160, 176–177; women’s rights and, 46–47, 181– 182, 190, 201–203 September 11, 2001, 208 Shiva, Vandana, 155–156, 196–197 Shue, Henry, 9, 53, 79, 205 Skogly, Sigrun, 111 slavery, 17, 23, 83 Slovakia, 164–165, 274 Index Smith, Adam, 39, 213–214 Smith, Ron, 211–212 social clause, 75, 101, 103–107, 109, 266–267 social dumping, 104 social injustice, 31, 171; defined, 51–52 social justice, 23, 32, 51, 52–56, 88, 225, 267–268, 281; defined, 52–53; NGOs and, 286 social rights, defined, 2, 9, 20, 29, 77–78 social security, right to, 2, 29, 78, 80, 83, 98, 110, 113, 122–123, 151; European states and, 242, 253–254; military spending and, 209; minority rights and, 161; women and, 183, 188–189; U.S and, 234– 235, 237, 239, 241, 257 soft law: defined, 130; environment and, 132–135, 137, 142, 146 South Africa, 19, 82, 92, 132, 262, 266, 328n19 sovereignty, 10, 75, 130, 181, 265, 283 Sri Lanka, 190 Stark, Barbara, 180–183, 316n16 Stiglitz, Joseph, 61, 209, 230 Stockholm Conference See Conference on the Human Environment Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 208– 209 structural adjustment programs (SAPs), 47, 96, 112, 116; women and, 190, 193, 196, 199 structuralist economic theory, 29, 30, 34–37, 44 structural violence, 52–53, 58; women and, 194 subsistence, right to, 234, 244–248 sustainable development, 1, 12, 56, 100, 125, 151–156; critics of, 148– 149; ecofeminism and, 196, 199; Economic Security Council and, 260; Global Public Goods Fund and, 264; human rights and, 129; international law and, 132–134 See Commission on Sustainable Development 341 sweatshops, 17–18, 23, 283, 291n5 Sweden, 54, 242, 248–250, 253, 316n16, 316n31, 325n11 Switzerland, 192, 247–248 Syria, 208, 220 Tabb, William K., 211–212, 291n5 Tanzania, 91 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), 245, 250 Tobin, James, 258, 264,-265, 284, 286, 328n15 Tragedy of the Commons, 40, 64; transnational corporations (TNCs), 19, 21, 22, 24; economic globalization and, 28, 32–34; Economic Rights Committee, relationship to, 87, 96–97 108–109; environment and, 134; global new deal and, 283–285; international law and, 80; optional protocol and, 267 Trinidad and Tobago, 91, 192 twenty-twenty proposal, 258, 261–264, 284–286 United Kingdom, 92, 213, 243, 262, 277, 325n11 See Britain United Nations, 1–3, 16, 24–25, 71, 233, 242–243; AIDS and, 19; economic and social human rights and, 49, 52, 73–122; environment and, 135–147, 268–272; housing and, 71–72; human development and, 45–47; millennium development goals and, 4, 11–12, 276; minority rights and, 161–177, 272–274; NGOs and, 286; sanctions and, 265–266; Security Council, 259, 262–263; Trusteeship Council, 268; women’s rights and, 182–190, 203–204, 274–277 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 14, 18, 261, 273–274 United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF), 97–101 United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), 274 342 Index United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 1–2, 11, 260–262; Economic Rights Committee and, 94, 98, 100, 108; environment and, 136,-137, 143, 159, 268, 270; human development and, 8, 24, 48, 56, 87–92, 272; military spending and, 280; water and, 66; women’s rights and, 190, 192, 274 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 125, 136–139, 146–147, 156; Global Environment Facility and, 142–143; World Environment Organization and, 268, 271 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 270 United Nations Millennium Development Project, 11, 290n36; Declaration, 1; Goals, 1, 5–6, 230, 276; Summit, 47 United Nations World Food Program, 3, 14 United States: African Americans, 25, 159–160, 251, 257, 296n77; American Convention on Human Rights and, 233, 239, 255–256, 258, 281–282; chemical weapons and, 278; Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and, 279; economic and rights and, 20, 159, 233–239, 244–247, 251–253; Economic Rights Treaty and, 75, 281–282; Europe and, 233–256; greenhouse gas emissions, 127–128; Hispanic Americans, 160, 167, 251; housing and, 70, 72; ILO conventions and, 299n10; military arms sales, 227–229; military spending, 207, 208–220, 229–231; Minority Rights Committee, report to, 166–169, 171; Mission to the UN in Geneva, 74; poverty and, 48, 244–253; Supreme Court, 205–206; UNEP funding and, 137 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 49–50, 70, 77–78, 133, 198, 205, 234, 236–237, 244, 298n2 Uruguay, 47, 89, 171, 273–274 utilitarian ethical theory, 29, 30, 31–34, 49–50 Vandemoortele, Jan, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 137 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 115, 304n112 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, UN, 74; Declaration of, 86, 102, 133, 238–239 Vietnam, 273 Von Hayek, Friedrich A., 31 water, right to, 65–68, 110, 118–120 weapons sales, 227–229 Weiss, Edith Brown, 150–151, 307n18 Wiwa, Ken Saro, 129 women: gender planning, 181–182, 195, 200; night work, 107–108; UN conferences See Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing); Women and Development Conference (Mexico City); Women and Development Conference (Nairobi) Women and Development (WAD), 191, 193–194, 197–198, 200 Women and Development Conference (Mexico City), 193 Women and Development Conference (Nairobi), 193 Women in Development (WID), 191– 193, 198 Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), 190 Women’s Rights Committee, 21, 139, 173–174, 179, 285; education and, 203–204, 276–277; general recommendations, 187–189; health and, 203–204, 275–276; structure, 11, 185–187, 190, 316n31 Women’s Rights Treaty, 162, 184–190, 197–199, 203, 281; Optional Protocol to, 102, 187 Index work, right to, 2, 20, 29, 78–79, 83, 110, 121–122, 161, 235–236, 239, 282 World Bank, 2–3, 11, 28, 60, 190, 260; Economic Rights Committee, relationship to, 96, 98, 111, 119; Economic Security Council, relationship to, 262, 284; environment and, 137, 147, 155, 270; expenditures, 136; gender, 195, 277; Global Environment Facility, participation in, 143–146; military spending statistics, 213; poverty statistics, 3, 4–8, 14, 89, 221–223, 281 World Charter for Nature, 133, 137, 146, 199 World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Report), 142, 148 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, 176 343 World Environment Organization (WEO), 65, 139, 154–156, 258, 268–272, 280, 284–286 World Food Program See UN World Food Program World Health Organization, 68–69, 94, 118–119, 156, 281 World Meteorological Organization, 270 World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 1, 47, 56, 199, 261–264, 280 World Trade Organization, 28, 155–156; China and, 18; Economic Rights Committee and, 95–97; Economic Security Council and, 262; environment and, 74–75, 269–271, 298n5; protests against, 15; social clause proposal and, 101, 104–105, 266; trade rules and, 11, 268 Worldwatch Institute, 141 World Wide Fund for Nature, 74, 151 Yemen, 192, 276 About the Author William F Felice is professor of political science and head of the International Relations and Global Affairs discipline at Eckerd College Dr Felice was named the 2006 Florida Professor of the Year by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching In addition, Felice has received Eckerd College’s John M Bevan Teaching Excellence and Campus Leadership Award, and he has been recognized by the students as Professor of the Year and by the faculty as the Robert A Staub Distinguished Teacher of the Year Felice is the author of Taking Suffering Seriously: The Importance of Collective Human Rights (1996), The Global New Deal: Economic and Social Human Rights in World Politics (2003), How Do I Save My Honor?: War, Moral Integrity, and Principled Resignation (2009), and numerous articles on the theory and practice of human rights He has published articles in the Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Ethics and International Affairs, Human Rights Quarterly, International Affairs, Social Justice, and other journals Felice received his Ph.D from the Department of Politics at New York University He has served as a trustee on the board of the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs He was also the past president of the International Ethics Section of the International Studies Association 345 ... Social Human Rights 27 The United Nations and Economic and Social Human Rights 73 The Environment and Economic and Social Human Rights 125 Race and Economic and Social Human Rights 157 Gender and Economic. .. Poverty and Economic and Social Human Rights The Global New Deal is framed within the world movement to establish international economic and social human rights Scholars have linked economic and social. .. Economic and Social Human Rights 179 Military Spending and Economic and Social Human Rights 205 The United States and Economic and Social Human Rights: A Contrast with Europe 233 The Global New Deal