The Economic and Social Impacts of Cathedrals in England

Introduction

ECOTEC Research and Consulting Limited is pleased to present this report of our work on

“The Economic and Social Impacts of Cathedrals in England,” which was undertaken between February and June 2004.

Introduction to Study

This study was commissioned in February 2004 by English Heritage and the Association of English Cathedrals.

In summary, the objectives of the study are to assess:

English cathedrals significantly contribute to their local economies by enhancing economic activity, increasing incomes, and generating employment opportunities This impact is measured through tangible economic benefits rather than the community's subjective perceptions of cathedrals as valuable assets.

 The social impacts which they have within the communities in which they are located;

 Potential areas for future research.

Methodology and Analytical Framework

The economic impact model utilized in this study is a simplified version of the standard model commonly employed in economic impact assessments, as illustrated in Figure 1.

This model emphasizes the financial impacts of cathedrals, highlighting how visitor expenditures influence local economies by generating income and creating jobs.

The key elements of this micro-level, or ‘bottom up,’ analysis are:

 Employment and incomes generated within the cathedrals themselves;

 The additional expenditure undertaken within the local economy by visitors;

The indirect effects of cathedral procurement spending and the subsequent purchases made by businesses benefiting from increased visitor spending significantly influence the supply chain.

 Induced effects associated with the local spend of all of those who derive additional incomes from the presence of cathedrals.

The analysis aims to distinguish between additional spending and 'dead-weight' expenditure that would occur regardless of the presence of cathedrals This is achieved by estimating how significantly cathedrals attract visitors to the local area.

No existing analytical framework effectively captures the diverse social impacts of cathedrals This article emphasizes the significant contributions that cathedrals make to their communities.

The study is based primarily on the results of a postal survey of cathedrals and a series of case studies.

In March 2004, a postal survey was distributed to all 42 cathedrals involved in the study, with copies sent to both cathedral administrators and the Dean A telephone helpline was established to assist respondents, and the deadline for survey returns was set for March 31, 2004 Follow-up emails and phone calls were conducted for non-respondents, leading to additional surveys being accepted until the end of May 2004 The survey achieved a remarkable response rate of over 90%, which is notably high for a postal survey, with time and resource constraints cited as the primary reasons for non-response.

The survey was designed to collect mainly quantitative information, although it also included some open questions which invited the cathedrals to comment on key issues

Following the survey, we conducted a series of case studies that provided a detailed qualitative understanding through interviews and discussions with cathedral staff This approach facilitated an in-depth exploration of the key areas of interest, enhancing the information gathered from the postal survey.

Structure of Report

The rest of this report is structured as follows:

Section 2 – introduces the 42 Anglican cathedrals which fall within the remit of this study;

Section 3 – presents a literature review focusing on research which has attempted to measure the economic and social contribution of heritage assets, including cathedrals;

Section 4 – provides estimates of the economic impact of cathedrals;

Section 5 – discusses the social impacts which result from their activity;

Section 6 – draws together our findings and presents recommendations for further research;Annex A – contains a copy of the postal survey instrument.

Figure 1: Economic Impact Model: Schematic Representation i) Direct Effects ii) Visitor Spend Related Effects

Less dead-weight element not dependent on Cathedrals

Procurement Spend by Cathedrals plus plus

Gross Local Spend of Cathedral Visitors Outside Cathedrals

Net Employment and Income Generation Associated with Ancillary Visitor Spend

Cathedrals as Places of Worship

A cathedral serves as the bishop's seat, known as the Cathedra, making it a central hub for worship and mission within the Diocese Recently, cathedral services have seen an increase in attendance, with five cathedrals drawing significant numbers of visitors These cathedrals are particularly adept at engaging with non-churchgoers due to their connections with schools and tourists This unique position allows them to effectively showcase the purpose of the building and offer insights into the Church's operations.

Although the primary function of any cathedral is that of a place of worship, there are also many other roles which result in both economic and social benefits.

English Heritage and Cathedrals

Cathedrals serve as the architectural heart of their cities, but their historic structures require ongoing, meticulous maintenance and repair Unfortunately, the financial burden of these essential tasks often exceeds the cathedrals' available resources, making public support crucial for the preservation of these magnificent buildings.

Since 1991, English Heritage has implemented the Cathedral Repair Grant Scheme to support the restoration of Grade I and II* listed cathedrals, as well as those situated in conservation areas This initiative aims to enhance the efforts of individual fundraising appeals and trusts for both Church of England and Roman Catholic cathedrals.

Each year, grants are distributed to cathedrals in urgent need of public funding, with the scheme having allocated £40 million to date In response to applications from 2003, a total of £2 million was designated for 20 cathedrals, including Lincoln, Leicester, Truro, and Salisbury, each receiving £200,000.

The scheme was re-launched in 2004 as “Grants for Cathedrals” and the types of currently eligible projects are summarised in the following box.

Types of project eligible under the re-launched English Heritage Grants for Cathedrals Scheme 6

5 As suggested in Heritage and Renewal (Central Board of Finance of the Church of England, 1994) and also emerging from our own survey.

The scheme typically does not cover repairs under £15,000, routine maintenance, alterations, improvements like new facilities, reinstatement of lost historic fabric, building services, rewiring, or redecoration For more details, please contact the English Heritage Cathedrals Team, which manages the scheme.

 Work that forms part of an ongoing cyclical repair programme (e.g smaller roof and masonry projects, repairs to windows).

 One-off major repair projects that are unlikely to attract funding form other bodies or through public appeals.

 Archaeological surveys and investigations, undertaken as part of a programme of repair work which English Heritage have agreed to fund.

 Installation of fire detection and/or prevention measures.

 Improved access for maintenance and inspection.

 Archive conservation and associated security measures.

Source: English Heritage Cathedrals Team

English Heritage has conducted surveys to evaluate the condition of England's cathedrals, starting with the initial survey in 1991, which led to the establishment of a dedicated grant aid program The follow-up survey in 2001 confirmed the ongoing necessity of this initiative and guided the development of the re-launched scheme.

English Heritage plays a crucial role in overseeing alterations to cathedral structures in England The Cathedrals Fabric Commission evaluates all proposed changes to Church of England cathedrals, which are exempt from standard listed building regulations due to ecclesiastical exemptions Additionally, English Heritage advises on the selection of a Commission member and retains the authority to be consulted on all proposed modifications.

Typology of Cathedrals

The cathedral is the chief church of a diocese As indicated, this study has encompassed all

England is home to 42 Anglican cathedrals, which can be categorized into two main types: traditional Dean and Chapter cathedrals and Parish Church cathedrals The latter emerged after 1836, coinciding with the establishment of twenty new Anglican dioceses In most instances, large parish churches were transformed into cathedrals to accommodate the new dioceses, integrating existing parishes and congregations.

Based partly on this broad division we have established a typology of five categories of cathedral as shown in the table below

The impacts of cathedrals differ based on factors such as location, size, and visitor attraction profile Establishing a typology is essential for analyzing collected data and highlighting the distinct roles and effects of various cathedral types It's important to note that some cathedrals may not fit neatly into these categories.

While new cathedrals were constructed in places like Guildford and Truro, the classification of these buildings does not always align perfectly with established frameworks, leading to an inherent sense of arbitrariness in this categorization effort.

Canterbury - linked to the lives of many great ecclesiastical and national figures.

Thomas Becket, renowned for his tragic murder in the Cathedral on December 29, 1170, is a pivotal figure in English history The Cathedral is home to the oldest functioning library in the country, highlighting its historical significance As the Archbishop of Canterbury, he holds a prominent ecclesiastical position in England, recognized as the nation's Christian leader.

Durham Cathedral, a remarkable structure that has stood for over 900 years, is home to the remains of St Cuthbert, the 7th Century bishop of Lindisfarne, and the tomb of Bede, the first English historian and chronicler of Cuthbert's life This iconic cathedral is a significant part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

St Paul’s - the current building – the fourth to occupy the site – was designed by

St Paul's Cathedral, designed by Sir Christopher Wren and constructed between 1675 and 1710, has been the site of significant national events, including the funeral of the Duke of Wellington and the wedding of Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer Notable features of the cathedral include the Whispering Gallery and the historic organ from 1695, which was once played by Mendelssohn.

Salisbury – started in 1220 the Cathedral was completed by 1258 However, the

Spire, which standing at 123m/404ft is the tallest in England, was added a generation later The Cathedral Close is the largest, and thought to be the best preserved, in Britain.

Winchester, with roots dating back to the 7th century, is home to a historic Christian Church and renowned for its stunning Cathedral, which features remarkable chantry chapels The Cathedral also houses the Winchester Bible, a significant artifact from the 12th century Additionally, Antony Gormley's statue, Sound II, is situated in the Crypt, adding to the site's cultural significance.

York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe, was constructed in multiple phases from the early 13th to the late 15th centuries Visitors can explore remnants of the earlier Norman structure in the undercroft, while the chapter house, dating back to around 1275, features exquisite carvings Additionally, the cathedral boasts an impressive collection of medieval stained glass, with some pieces originating from the 12th century.

Carlisle has been a significant Christian center since the late 7th Century, with its importance highlighted by the establishment of St Mary's Priory in 1122 by Henry I, which was elevated to cathedral status in 1133 Over the centuries, the original Norman Cathedral and Priory have undergone extensive enlargement and development, reflecting the region's evolving religious heritage.

Chester – records show evidence of a church on this site since the early 10th

In 1541, after the dissolution of the monasteries, the building was rededicated as a cathedral Significant restoration efforts were carried out in the late 19th century, led by Sir Gilbert Scott.

Chichester's new Cathedral, constructed in the heart of the ancient Roman town around 1076, showcases significant architectural developments In the 15th Century, the Cathedral was enhanced with notable features, including a unique detached bell-tower, the last of its kind in England Among its remarkable attractions are the Chichester Reliefs, which consist of two intricately carved stone panels illustrating the narrative of the raising of Lazarus.

The construction of the present Ely Cathedral commenced in the 11th Century, with the monastic church officially becoming a cathedral in 1109 During the Reformation, the Shrine of Etheldreda was destroyed, and a slate now marks the site of its former location within the Cathedral.

A third major restoration project, the most extensive to date, was begun in 1986 and was completed in the year 2000

Exeter Cathedral, featuring impressive Norman towers from the early 12th century, underwent extensive rebuilding starting in 1270, a process that took nearly a century to finish This transformation resulted in a stunning structure showcasing decorated Gothic architecture Additionally, the Cathedral houses the renowned Exeter Rondels, adding to its historical significance.

The construction of Gloucester Cathedral began in 1089 and was largely completed by 1120, with a portion consecrated in 1100 Notably, King Henry III was crowned here in 1216 at the young age of nine In recent years, the Cathedral cloisters have gained popularity as a filming location for the Harry Potter movies.

Hereford is home to remarkable treasures, including the renowned Mappa Mundi, a significant medieval map, and the Chained Library, the largest of its kind from the 17th century, which still retains all its original chains, rods, and locks.

Case Study Selection

The typology was developed to ensure that the selected case studies are representative, generating insights and addressing issues relevant to a broader audience.

In order to achieve a balance of the different categories, the following case study discussions were undertaken:

The case studies have facilitated a deeper investigation into the study's key areas of interest, enhancing the data gathered from the postal survey This additional information has contributed to a more qualitative understanding of the activities and issues at hand.

Introduction

This section aims to review key documents assessing the economic and social impacts of cathedrals, beginning with an overview of the broader impacts of heritage, particularly insights from English Heritage It explores the intricate relationship between heritage and tourism, before delving into studies specifically focused on cathedrals Finally, we examine research that investigates the connection between cathedrals and tourism.

The Economic and Social Impacts of Heritage

Economic Impacts

English Heritage (EH) has released multiple publications highlighting the significant role of heritage funding in regenerating and sustainably developing communities across England, particularly in reversing the decline of deprived areas Their funding programs for heritage restoration have proven to be a powerful catalyst for revitalizing neighborhoods, enabling the restoration and preservation of numerous historic buildings This success is largely attributed to ensuring these buildings can serve economically viable purposes.

The early engagement of EH serves as a catalyst for local development, stimulating investments from both private and public sectors The most significant impacts are observed in community-focused projects that are specifically designed to address local needs.

EH projects have revitalized neglected areas by repurposing derelict buildings, which not only creates construction jobs but also stimulates the local economy and protects existing employment The development of new floorspace in these revitalized structures offers opportunities for residential and commercial use, enabling local businesses to expand and thrive By enhancing the built environment, these projects increase the viability of existing businesses and foster the emergence of new enterprises, particularly in regions affected by the decline of traditional industries, ultimately leading to job creation.

English Heritage has played a pivotal role in conservation-led regeneration, as highlighted in their 1998 report The "Heritage Dividend" studies, conducted between 1994 and 2002, provide crucial insights into the impact of heritage regeneration efforts The findings from Rifkin and Hayes (1999) and Hayes et al (2002) illustrate the measurable benefits of these initiatives, emphasizing the positive outcomes of investing in heritage conservation for communities and local economies.

The Conservation Area Partnership (CAP) scheme in Bradford, funded with £600,000 from EH between 1995 and 1998, significantly boosted local businesses by enhancing shop fronts and revitalizing upper floors This initiative attracted an additional £900,000 in private investment, resulting in 18,000 sq m of upgraded commercial space, the creation of 39 new or improved homes, and the generation of 102 jobs.

Research conducted between 1994 and 1999 shows that for every £10,000 invested in EH programs, an impressive £48,000 in matching funds was secured from both private and public sectors, resulting in significant economic returns.

 177 sq m of improved commercial floorspace;

The economic impact assessment was constrained by the limited data available, leading to a straightforward methodology that involved aggregating the outputs of all projects during the specified period and comparing these totals to the funding awarded.

Improvements to the built environment significantly bolster local businesses, fostering economic growth Heritage funding plays a crucial role in initiating broader regeneration efforts that enhance business confidence and instill pride within local communities.

Economic impact assessments typically begin by estimating direct impacts, such as income and employment generated, followed by the application of multiplier values to assess indirect and induced effects For tourist attractions, it is crucial to include visitor-related impacts to quantify the economic contributions of tourist spending in the local economy Examples of studies employing this methodology are discussed in Section 3.3.

Social Impacts

Conserving heritage offers substantial non-financial advantages, including educational, training, and volunteering opportunities, as well as community outreach potential English Heritage acknowledges the vital role of heritage in supporting government priorities such as education, lifelong learning, social inclusion, and community renewal.

Heritage sites provide opportunities for both formal and informal learning A significant number of school children across the country benefit from organised visits to sites and

11 Heritage Counts 2003. attractions which helps to provide an added depth to their studies across a range of National Curriculum subject areas, especially history

Efforts to enhance access to the historic environment for all support the Government's social inclusion agenda Significant progress has been made in promoting access for marginalized groups, with a focus on improving physical accessibility, largely driven by the needs outlined in disability legislation.

According to English Heritage, volunteers provide approximately £25 million annually to the historic environment through their unpaid efforts Heritage sites significantly depend on these volunteers, and without their invaluable support, the preservation and accessibility of historic sites would be severely challenged.

Heritage and Tourism

The Built and Natural Environment

The National Trust has employed a standard economic impact assessment methodology in its Valuing Our Environment 14 studies, aiming to quantify the economic influence of its activities on regional economies This includes the maintenance of historic properties, the promotion of tourism, and the subsequent multiplier effects on regional employment.

The research involved case studies of the South West, North East, Wales and Cumbria The reports highlight that the long-term decline of traditional industries has left rural communities

13 Survey of Visits to Visitor Attractions (various years, key findings can be accessed at http://www.staruk.org.uk/ ).

14 Valuing Our Environment (National Trust, 2001). and businesses increasingly dependent on service industries especially tourism and leisure, which are in turn dependent on the quality of the local environment

Environmental assets are crucial for driving employment and growth in the rural economy, significantly enhancing the quality of life Notably, 60-70% of tourism-related jobs in rural areas rely directly on the preservation of a high-quality environment, underscoring the importance of protecting these vital resources.

The National Trust's operations in the four studied regions create significant economic benefits, generating an additional five to nine full-time equivalent jobs for every position they directly provide.

A study of the Kennet and Avon Canal demonstrates the effectiveness of traditional economic impact assessments, revealing that restoration efforts have significantly boosted canal usage and generated an additional £26 million annually in local visitor spending This revitalization has also created 1,000 full-time jobs in the area A survey of local tourism and leisure businesses indicated that 80% of respondents experienced an increase in turnover due to the restoration work.

Museums

Recent evaluations of the economic and social impacts of museums and galleries highlight their significant contributions, with a National Museum Directors Conference report estimating the national museums sector's economic impact between £1.83 billion and £2.07 billion This figure accounts for both indirect and induced effects, stemming from a turnover of £715 million recorded in 2003-2004.

The opening of Tate Modern in London had a significant economic impact, generating approximately £100 million, with £50 - £70 million benefiting the Southwark area specifically This development led to the creation of around 3,000 jobs in London, over half of which were located in Southwark Similarly, the Eden Project in Cornwall reported an impressive £150 million economic impact in its first year, as estimated by the Cambridge Tourism Economic Impact Model.

The South West region boasts a vibrant museums sector that significantly contributes to the local economy Research indicates that approximately 5 million visits to these museums lead to an off-site spending of £16 million, with total expenditures related to museum visits—both on and off-site—estimated to reach at least £27 million.

15 Economic Impact of the Restoration of the Kennet and Avon Canal (ECOTEC for British Waterways, 2003).

16 Valuing Museums (Travers and Glaister for NMDC, 2004).

17 McKinsey 2001 (available at www.tate.org.uk)

18 The Economic Impact of the Eden Project (Geoff Broom Associates, 2002).

19 Economic Contribution of Museums in the South West (SWMC, 2000)

The South West Museums Council conducted research to explore the contributions of the museums sector This involved a comprehensive survey distributed to all museums, alongside an analysis of the sector's indirect contributions using a modified input-output model specific to the region.

A study revealed that the total contribution of the region's museums to GDP was nearly £30 million in 1998, encompassing both direct and indirect impacts The indirect contributions were calculated using multipliers obtained from input-output analysis.

The sector supports 954 full-time staff and 317 full-time volunteers, with the volunteer contributions valued at approximately £4.4 million based on average wages Additionally, it is estimated that 1,360 jobs in the region are directly or indirectly linked to museum operations.

ECOTEC has conducted a study to evaluate the economic impacts of the National Maritime Museum Cornwall (NMMC), which is situated in the harbourside area of Falmouth Since its opening in December 2002, the museum has drawn significant attention, welcoming 281,000 visitors in its inaugural year.

The analytical framework for this work focused on a combination of:

 The various expenditure flows which are generated in the local economy as a result of the presence of the Museum and their associated impact on employment and incomes; and

 The local regeneration and development related effects of the project itself.

The study revealed that the NMMC has significantly boosted the economy of Falmouth and Cornwall by attracting more visitors, especially during off-peak times It is estimated that the NMMC supported 145 jobs in the local Carrick District and contributed to a total of 240 jobs when considering its broader impact on Cornwall's economy.

Valuing Cathedrals

Recent studies have sought to assign a monetary value to cultural heritage through various methodologies, including contingent valuation, hedonic pricing, and travel cost analysis.

Input-output tables illustrate the financial interactions within an economy over a specific timeframe, enabling the assessment of both direct and indirect impacts This study utilized a pre-existing model tailored for the South West region, which was adjusted based on survey findings to incorporate the museum sector as a distinct industry rather than grouping it with others Detailed methodology can be found in Appendix 1 of the report.

21 The Economic Impact of Funding Heritage: A Case Study of the National Maritime Museum Cornwall (ECOTEC for the Heritage Lottery Fund, 2004).

During a preliminary 11-week period with no admission charges, over 100,000 visitors explored the site, highlighting the impact of free access on attendance This research is particularly relevant as it connects to studies focused on cathedrals, offering valuable insights into visitor engagement and trends in cultural heritage sites.

A study assessing the social costs and benefits of preserving the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway, revealed that visitors had a mean willingness to pay (WTP) of 318 NOK for its preservation, with only 14% of this amount driven by use value The majority of the WTP stemmed from non-use value, reflecting a desire to protect the Cathedral for future generations When comparing the social benefits to the costs of preservation and restoration, the benefit-cost ratio was determined to be 5, indicating that every 1 NOK spent on restoration would generate 5 NOK in social benefits.

Contingent valuation methods were utilized to assess the maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for visiting Durham Cathedral if an entry fee were implemented, as well as the anticipated changes in visitor numbers at various price points The survey revealed that 71% of respondents were primarily engaged in sightseeing At the time of the study, donation boxes suggested a £1 contribution per visitor, yet 51% of those surveyed made no donation, and only 12% contributed more than the suggested amount However, when asked about their maximum WTP, 31% indicated they would pay more than £1 Analysis indicated that revenue from voluntary donations slightly exceeded potential earnings from a fixed entry fee This discrepancy arises because many potential contributors would reduce their visits or stop altogether if faced with an entry charge, despite most visitors deriving greater utility from the Cathedral than the revenue generated from donations, resulting in a consumer surplus for the majority.

The contingent valuation method was employed to evaluate the potential benefits of a proposed stonework cleaning program at Lincoln Cathedral The survey adhered to guidelines set by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ensuring methodological rigor Participants were shown photographs depicting the effects of air pollution on the Cathedral's stonework and the anticipated improvements post-cleaning This approach allowed respondents to assess their willingness to pay (WTP) for the enhanced appearance of the Cathedral following the cleaning process.

A proposed shift from a 40-year cleaning cycle to a 10-year cycle for the Cathedral suggests that the increased costs could be covered by higher annual household taxes The study indicates that residents in and around Lincoln place a high value on maintaining the Cathedral's appearance and are willing to pay the additional charges for more frequent cleaning.

24 Willis (Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol 37, No 3, 1994)

A study by Pollicino and Maddison (1999) assessed the economic impact of air pollution on Lincoln Cathedral, revealing that the aggregate willingness to pay (WTP) among households in Lincoln amounted to £1.8 million, with an average household WTP of £49.77 In contrast, households outside of Lincoln reported a total WTP of £5.5 million, resulting in a mean value of £26.77 per household in the broader Lincolnshire area.

Cathedrals and Tourism

The tourism industry in England plays a crucial role in providing employment and generating income, with visitor flows creating significant economic impacts at attractions and in local communities This sector heavily relies on the country's rich cultural, built, and natural heritage, as nearly all tourism is influenced by the desire to experience these historical and natural assets.

England's cathedrals are significant tourist destinations, with an estimated 17 million visits recorded in 1999 according to an ICOMOS UK survey This figure was derived from a sample of 95 places of worship, including 44 cathedrals, which alone attracted approximately 12.5 million visitors Overall, the report suggests that around 19 million visits were made to cathedrals and larger churches across the UK in that year.

Visitor estimates for cathedrals with admission fees tend to be more precise compared to those that offer free entry To gauge attendance at free-entry cathedrals, various methods are employed, including electronic counting devices, tracking the distribution of leaflets, and analyzing donation patterns.

In the late 1970s, the English Tourist Board conducted a study on tourism in cathedrals, highlighting the challenges and opportunities presented by increasing visitor numbers The research, which involved postal surveys and site visits, urged cathedrals to enhance visitor management and focus on interpretation, visitor centers, and facilities It noted that improving gift shops could significantly boost revenue, as visitors typically spend four times more on souvenirs than on donations The report's key recommendation was for cathedral authorities to consider implementing an admission charge during peak tourist seasons, emphasizing that this would help cover the high costs of maintenance and ensure visitors contribute fairly.

An admission charge can also help to reduce the congestion which may occur within a cathedral at peak times.

The proposal to implement a general admission fee for all cathedrals remains a contentious issue, sparking extensive debate Many individuals, especially clergy members, struggle with the concept of charging for entry to these sacred spaces.

26 To Be A Pilgrim (ICOMOS UK, 2001).

27 The ICOMOS report does not provide a source for this total estimate.

28 English Cathedrals and Tourism (English Tourist Board, 1979).

According to a postal survey, 13% of respondents impose a general admission fee, while an additional 21% charge for access to specific areas like the crypt or tower To enhance visitor experience and encourage contributions, some cathedrals have hired paid welcomers who promote donations and the use of Gift Aid when applicable.

Many cathedrals that charge for entry have implemented this decision after thorough discussions, primarily due to declining voluntary donations and the need to address budget deficits By introducing an admission fee, these cathedrals can also better manage visitor numbers, helping to alleviate congestion issues during peak times.

Visitors seeking to worship and pray are granted free access or provided a designated area, even when a charge is present.

The ICOMOS UK survey, conducted as a follow-up to the ETB work, revealed a decline in visitor numbers over the past two years This decrease is attributed to increased competition from other attractions, the strength of the Sterling, and issues related to parking and traffic congestion in certain cathedral cities.

Compared to previous ETB studies, concerns about visitor-related issues persist, although the impact of wear and tear is now viewed as less significant.

In 1977, cathedrals faced increased challenges such as theft, vandalism, and noise, prompting some to implement security measures like CCTV and security personnel It's important to recognize that these issues often stem from local residents as much as from tourists Additionally, compliance with evolving legislation, including the Disability Discrimination Act, is becoming increasingly burdensome for these institutions.

In recent years, most surveyed individuals reported enhancements in visitor facilities and a commitment to improving the overall visitor experience Additionally, there is a growing initiative to utilize cathedral buildings for community purposes, such as hosting concerts.

A report highlights the crucial role of Anglican cathedrals in England, emphasizing their significance in tourism for both educational and evangelistic missions, as well as for generating income through donations, admission fees, retail, and catering These cathedrals are vital to the nation's tourism sector, attracting numerous visitors, especially from abroad, and contributing to Britain's cultural heritage Additionally, they provide substantial economic benefits by boosting local sales and employment opportunities linked to tourist activities.

The report recommended that cathedrals should:

 Seek to improve knowledge of visitors through regular counts and occasional surveys;

31 Heritage and Renewal: The Report of the Archbishops’ Commission on Cathedrals (1994).

 Examine the possibility of introducing an admission charge;

 Review visitor facilities and appoint a visitor officer where possible; and,

 Seek to improve their tourism marketing.

The overall conclusion was that cathedrals should give a high priority to visitor management and consider the need for staff to undergo training in this area.

Visitor Motivations

Visiting a cathedral during a holiday or day trip often leads to spending both within the cathedral and in the surrounding local area A considerable portion of this off-site spending would occur regardless of the cathedral visit The economic impact of the cathedral is influenced by how much it motivates the trip, highlighting the need to assess its role in attracting visitors to the area Understanding this relationship is crucial for estimating the overall economic benefits of such visitor attractions.

Visitor attractions frequently conduct surveys to gather insights on visitor demographics and gauge customer satisfaction levels These surveys often include questions aimed at determining how much the attraction influenced the decision to visit the area Understanding visitor characteristics and motivations is crucial, as it aids in shaping effective marketing strategies and enhancing the overall visitor experience.

Despite expectations that cathedrals would provide insights into visitor motivations through our postal survey, most existing visitor surveys primarily address customer satisfaction and gather minimal data on visitor demographics Consequently, there is a lack of substantial evidence regarding the impact of cathedrals on attracting visitors to the area.

Cathedrals often serve as iconic symbols of their cities, prominently featured in local tourist marketing materials to attract visitors Despite this, there is a lack of substantial evidence from visitor feedback at cathedral sites to confirm this association.

A study indicated that visits to cathedrals often serve as secondary activities, typically linked to a primary reason for being in the city, such as shopping.

The impact of a specific cathedral on attracting visitors to a city is influenced by various factors, such as the cathedral's characteristics and the presence of other local attractions, which can either enhance or diminish its appeal.

32 Cathedral Visiting Research into the Nature of the Visitor Experience (Richard Voase, University of Lincoln, 2002).

A Church Study Unit 33 survey of visitors to Coventry, Ely, Lichfield, and Wells cathedrals revealed that most participants had specifically traveled to see these iconic landmarks, with about 25% being casual visitors Given that these cathedrals are prominent attractions in areas with limited alternatives, it is likely that many visitors planned their trips around the cathedral experience, whether for a day trip or a holiday.

Current evidence is insufficient regarding the percentage of visitors traveling away from home for holidays, as well as the origins of those who visit from their local area.

Conclusions

Numerous research reports have aimed to quantify the economic impact of heritage by employing a conventional model that measures direct expenditure from site visits, followed by the application of multipliers to assess indirect and induced effects This methodology is the focus of our proposal and will be elaborated upon in Section 4.

Research on non-market values in heritage contexts, such as the study of Durham Cathedral, highlights the benefits users gain without direct payment This includes various aspects of free entry sites and instances where individual value surpasses the admission fee The three main techniques for assessing these values are contingent valuation, the travel cost method, and hedonic pricing.

Contingent valuation is the predominant method for assessing the value of visits, necessitating site-specific surveys that involve interviewing visitors This approach aims to determine the value individuals assign to their experiences However, non-market values, which do not lead to direct economic impact as they are not associated with actual expenditures, fall outside the focus of this study While exploring the value derived from visits to cathedrals presents an intriguing research opportunity, estimating non-market values is beyond the scope of this work.

33 A Survey of Visitors to Four English Cathedrals (Gasson and Winter, 1993) as reported in Heritage and Renewal (1994).

Introduction

The economic impact model utilized in this study is an adapted version of the standard model commonly employed in economic impact assessments This model emphasizes the expenditure flows related to the cathedrals and their visitors, analyzing how these financial movements stimulate local economies by generating income and creating jobs.

The primary method for data collection, as outlined in section 1.2, was a postal survey, which aimed to gather mainly quantitative information while also incorporating questions to obtain qualitative responses.

Further qualitative information has also been obtained as a result of case study visits and follow-up telephone calls.

This section is organised as follows:

Section 4.2 provides an assessment of the extent of direct impacts;

Section 4.3 considers the available information about visitors to cathedrals;

Section 4.4 makes an indicative estimate of the visitor-related economic impacts;

Section 4.5 considers the associated indirect/supply linkage and induced effects;

Section 4.6 draws together the overall analysis.

Direct Impacts

Employment

The following tables illustrate the employment of the 36 cathedrals which provided a response to this question; the first table shows average employment by group and the second illustrates total employment.

Table 4.1: Average Employment by Category (FTEs) – Respondents Only

Clergy Lay Staff Indirect (e.g catering)

Table 4.2: Total Employment by Category (FTEs) – Respondents Only

Clergy Lay Staff Indirect (e.g catering)

Source: ECOTEC Analysis (NB Totals may not sum due to rounding)

Large internationally significant cathedrals typically have a much larger staff compared to parish church cathedrals, with the majority being directly employed lay staff In contrast, parish church cathedrals employ, on average, only about one-seventh of the staff found at these major sites.

Parish church cathedrals boast the highest percentage of staff residing within the city, averaging 87%, while urban cathedrals follow at 80%, medium historic cathedrals at 65%, and those of international significance at just 37% Most remaining staff are sourced from within the county, with only a small percentage, typically a few percent, coming from outside the county Notably, St Paul's Cathedral stands out, reporting that 50% of its staff hail from outside Greater London This ability to attract talent from beyond the local area may be attributed to Central London's accessibility, the prevalent commuting culture driven by housing costs, and the cathedral's renowned international status.

The survey revealed that contractor staff, who are indirectly employed, predominantly work in part-time positions This employment model is particularly prevalent in roles related to cleaning and catering services.

34 This total excludes one outlying figure which was moved to the lay staff column

35 This total excludes one outlying figure which was moved to the lay staff column

Only one-sixth of respondents lacked a designated visitor officer on their staff Among those with this role, many indicated it was either a part-time position or an additional responsibility assigned to an existing employee.

This article utilizes group averages to estimate employment totals for the 36 non-responding cathedrals, resulting in a comprehensive table that reflects employment estimates for all 42 cathedrals included in the study.

Table 4.3: Estimated Total Employment (FTEs)

These calculations suggest that the 42 cathedrals together account for the employment of 1,885 FTE workers.

Wages and Salaries

The cathedrals were asked to state their average annual expenditure on wages and salaries and the results are shown in the table below.

Table 4.4: Average and Total Spending on Wages and Salaries - Respondents Only

Internationally significant cathedrals, due to their larger staff sizes, exhibit the highest average wage bills, which are nearly four times greater than those of medium historic groupings.

Averages can be misleading, particularly when a missing response pertains to an outlier, such as a parish church-type cathedral that draws significantly more visitors than the group average This discrepancy suggests that it would also likely have above-average employment figures Nonetheless, in the absence of additional data, we have chosen to rely on the group average as a proxy.

37 Employment is less than three times higher possibly suggesting that cathedrals in the international grouping have a higher number of higher paid positions.

Allowing for non-respondents, by using group averages as before, the cathedrals would appear to spend a total of some £25.9million per year on wages and salaries.

Procurement of Goods and Services

The survey requested participants to detail their average yearly expenditures on goods and services across various categories, including general maintenance, repairs and restoration, utility services, and additional spending Due to some respondents' difficulty in categorizing their totals, the accompanying table summarizes the overall procurement spending for each group.

Table 4.5: Average and Total Spending on Goods and Services - Respondents Only

Although this will vary with the nature of the spending undertaken, it is thought that every £70,000 38 of procurement spending will support one FTE job in the local economy.

Therefore, the total spend estimated here will support, as an indirect impact, an estimated 170 jobs in the local economies concerned.

Allowing for non-respondents, the total annual procurement spend by the cathedrals can be estimated to amount to almost £13 million.

The table presents an analysis of maintenance and restoration expenditures, with average figures derived from cathedrals that could distinguish these costs from other expenses The total column estimates spending across all 42 cathedrals Respondents were requested to provide typical annual figures, excluding costs related to significant one-off projects.

The estimated spending, primarily focused on labor-intensive activities like repairs, is considered conservative This assessment is based on figures provided by Tourism Associates for the National Trust in 1999.

Large cathedrals typically incur the highest average annual procurement costs, particularly in maintenance and restoration In contrast, medium modern cathedrals report significantly lower expenditures on maintenance and repairs, aligning with expectations that newer buildings require less upkeep and benefit from advanced utility services.

Cathedral Visitors

Visitor Numbers

The economic impact analysis focuses on visitors attracted to the cathedral, as their spending significantly contributes to the local economy The survey requested annual visitor figures from cathedrals, aiming to exclude worshippers, since their visits are not expected to generate substantial economic benefits Although worshippers may spend money in the area, this expenditure is unlikely to represent a net increase compared to their usual local spending.

Table 4.7: Average and Total Visitor Numbers by Type (2003)

Average Visitor Numbers (‘000s) Total Visitor Numbers (‘000s)

The table shows that the cathedrals for which we were able to source visitor figures were responsible for over 8.8 million visits in 2003 41 On average the large cathedrals attracted

39 This category consists of Guildford Cathedral which attracts a relatively small number of visitors and Truro Cathedral which is a popular visitor attraction and attracts a substantial number of visitors (estimated at

40 This category includes Coventry Cathedral which attracts an estimated 200,000 visitors per year, around two- thirds as many visitors as the overall total for the remaining parish church cathedrals.

In 2002, data was utilized in cases where 2003 figures were unavailable, with only one cathedral lacking visitor statistics Notably, the high-profile cathedrals attracted over three times the number of visitors compared to the average historic type, reflecting their significant appeal.

The following chart illustrates the number of visitors achieved by each of the six cathedrals in the international grouping

St Pauls Durham Canterbury Salisbury Winchester York

All of the cathedrals within the international group achieve a significant number of visitors with York, Canterbury and St Pauls accounting for the most

The chart highlights the fluctuations in visitor numbers among medium-sized historic cathedrals, with Chester Cathedral drawing over 500,000 visitors, a figure comparable to that of Durham Cathedral as indicated in the previous chart.

ECOTEC Research and Consulting Limited

Figure 4.2: Visitor Numbers 2003: Medium Cathedrals

Norwich Lincoln Gloucester Lichfield Ripon Chester

St AlbansWellsHerefordChichesterWorcesterElyRochesterExeterCarlislePeterboroughChrist Church Oxford

The parish church cathedral group attracts a diverse range of visitors, with numbers varying from 12,600 to an estimated 200,000, culminating in a total of approximately 497,000 visitors The accompanying chart illustrates the distribution of this total among the different cathedrals in the group.

Cathedrals employ various methods to track visitor numbers, each with differing accuracy, so these figures should be approached with caution The most reliable data comes from sites that charge admission, allowing for electronic collection through tills However, visitor counts can be uncertain during non-charging hours Other counting methods include electronic sensors, manual counts by guides or staff, and estimates derived from periodic surveys.

Figure 4.3: Variation in Visitor Numbers 2003:

Blackburn Portsmouth Wakefield Leicester Chelmsford Newcastle Derby Bradford Coventry

Visitor classification varies, particularly in scenarios where an admission fee is charged, allowing for a distinction between general visitors, worshippers, and cathedral staff When employing electronic counters, all individuals entering the building are recorded, though adjustments may be made based on estimated proportions to refine the data.

While there has been an increase in the number of worshippers, several Cathedrals have reported a decline in total visitor numbers compared to the early 1990s This long-term trend aligns with a broader pattern observed across various attractions, likely due to the rise of new attractions creating heightened competition for visitors.

Since the events of September 11, 2001, many attractions have experienced a decline in overseas visitors, a trend that has persisted due to recent political events like the war in Iraq While case studies indicate that this decline has been partially mitigated by an increase in domestic tourism, domestic visitors typically spend less than international tourists, resulting in a reduced economic impact on local communities.

According to Visit Britain data from 2002, nearly 13.3 million individuals visited places of worship, reflecting a slight decrease of less than 0.5% compared to 2001 This marks an improvement from 2001, which experienced a 6% decline in visitor numbers compared to the previous year.

(2000) It is unclear whether or not this figure includes worshippers in addition to visitors.

The Visit Britain survey categorizes 'places of worship' as active cathedrals, churches, and other religious sites, receiving over 80 relevant responses The broader definition and larger sample size naturally lead to a higher total visitor count compared to initial estimates, with individual site data showing general consistency Notably, Westminster Abbey, which falls outside this study's scope, reported over one million visitors in 2002, highlighting a significant discrepancy.

Previous studies, including ICOMOS research, indicated that cathedrals and larger churches in the UK attracted approximately 19 million visitors in 1999 This figure may vary due to a broader definition that includes both Roman Catholic and Anglican cathedrals, as well as some churches, which accounts for most of the discrepancies Additionally, small annual declines in visitor numbers may be attributed to increased competition from other attractions, particularly around the turn of the millennium It is important to note that these figures may also encompass congregations and worshippers; however, this research aims to exclude this group from visitor calculations, as their visits are not expected to yield significant economic impact.

Between 1999 and 2003, visitor numbers for each site were recorded, revealing a comparative total of 11.5 million This data indicates a decline in visitor numbers over the years, a trend further corroborated by feedback from survey respondents.

The 2003 list of most popular visitor attractions 44 shows that two cathedrals remain in the top

In 2003, notable attractions such as Blackpool Pleasure Beach, which drew 5.7 million visitors, and the British Museum with 4.6 million, experienced a decline in visitor numbers compared to the previous year Factors contributing to this downturn included the war in Iraq, the threat of terrorism, the SARS virus, and an unusually hot summer in the UK.

The article reports that Canterbury Cathedral experienced a 4% fall in visitor numbers in

In 2003, St Paul’s experienced a 10% decline in visitors, mirroring the overall decrease in overseas tourists to the UK and a general downturn in central London tourism However, both St Paul’s and central London reported a positive turnaround in visitor numbers in the final months of the year.

2003 and were hopeful that this would continue into 2004.

Visitor Characteristics

Only limited information exists on the characteristics of cathedral visitors An important point to consider when estimating economic impact is where visitors have originated from

We can hypothesise that there are four categories of visitor:

- Those who originate from the immediate local area (say less than one hours drive away) and who are likely to be primarily engaged in another task, for example shopping;

- Individuals who are visiting the area as part of a day trip originating from home;

- People who are on holiday in the area (i.e staying away from home) and originate from the UK;

- Those who are on holiday and originate from overseas.

Visitor numbers from these three categories are influenced by the Cathedral's profile, reputation as an attraction, and its geographical location.

In the large cathedral grouping, available estimates of overseas visitors range from 72% (St Pauls) to 22% (York)

Estimates of overseas visitors to the medium-sized historic group vary significantly, ranging from 5% at one cathedral to 29% based on a survey at Chester Research at Christ's College Oxford, which is an outlier, revealed that 20% of visitors were local, 20% were international, and 60% came from other parts of the UK Given Oxford's prominence as a travel destination and its appeal to foreign tourists, it is reasonable to anticipate that the percentage of overseas visitors at this site would surpass the average for the group.

According to a list published by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, reported in Church Times on February 27, 2004, the origins of visitors at Lichfield Cathedral indicate that most of them are from the West Midlands region, making it an ideal destination for day trips.

A study conducted at St Edmundsbury Cathedral revealed that 44% of visitors identified as day-trippers, while 31% traveled from locations within an hour's drive, indicating a strong local presence Consequently, it can be inferred that the remaining 25% of visitors were likely on holiday.

Visitor Motivations

Another key factor to consider when estimating economic impact is the extent to which visits to the cathedral are resulting in additional spending within the local area.

Local residents visiting the cathedral are unlikely to contribute significantly to the local economy, as their primary motivation is often shopping in the town center, meaning any spending would likely occur regardless While some purchases at the cathedral, such as in the refectory, can increase its revenue, this may divert funds from other local businesses Additionally, parishioners may visit the cathedral to connect with their parent cathedral, further influencing their decision to visit.

Travelers spending money during their visits contribute positively to the local economy, especially for those away from home or on day trips The impact of the cathedral on their choice to visit the area and the resulting additional expenditures will differ among individuals.

The cathedrals in major cities serve as iconic tourist attractions, drawing significant visitor numbers and symbolizing their respective locations For instance, in Canterbury, the cathedral is likely the primary draw for tourists in the small town In contrast, visitors to St Paul's Cathedral often explore other attractions in London, making it one of several reasons for their trip to the city.

Many medium-sized historic cathedrals are situated in small towns or cities with limited attractions, making them a primary draw for visitors For instance, approximately 78% of individuals visiting Wells do so to see its cathedral Similarly, a survey in Truro revealed that 23% of tourists cited the cathedral as the key reason for their visit to the town.

45 Information provided in survey response.

Southwark Cathedral attracts a significant number of visitors who are exploring the Bankside area, which is home to popular attractions like Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre and Tate Modern.

Parish church cathedrals like Coventry and St Edmundsbury are anticipated to significantly impact visitor behavior, although specific data on this influence is lacking In contrast, less prominent cathedrals may primarily attract passersby Feedback from Chelmsford indicates that visitors often seek the church for its tranquil and prayerful ambiance rather than viewing it as a tourist destination.

Economic Impacts: An Indicative Assessment of Visitor Impacts

Visitor Spending

Another area where directly applicable data were lacking was in terms of the average amount which visitors spend per visit

According to the 1998 UK Day Visits survey, the average expenditure for a day visit to a town is £28.30, which includes costs for food, drinks, gifts, fuel, admission charges, and parking However, for our analysis focused on spending outside of cathedrals, a more suitable figure is £15.00 This adjustment accounts for the exclusion of admission fees and lowers the estimated spending on food and gifts, reflecting typical visitor behavior.

Cathedrals often feature a refectory and/or shop, leading to purchases made on-site that contribute to the overall economic impact Furthermore, it's important to note that transportation expenses may not always be associated with the specific areas being visited.

The estimated average additional expenditure for staying visitors is £50 per person per night In the absence of data on the average length of stay, it is reasonable to conservatively assume this figure applies to a one-night stay.

Table 4.12: Additional Average Local Spend (‘000s)

Day Visitors Staying Visitors (overseas and UK)

Table 4.13: Additional Total Local Spend (‘000s)

Day Visitors Staying Visitors (overseas and UK)

48 Based on the figure for UK tourists from United Kingdom Tourism Survey (data for 2002) IPS gives a figure of £58 for overseas tourists.

Overseas visitors significantly motivated by the presence of a cathedral will experience a much greater impact, influencing not only the specific city or town but also extending to surrounding areas.

These calculations suggest that the direct visitor-related impact of cathedrals amounts to an additional total local spend of the order of £91 million.

Research indicates that each £35,000 spent on tourism creates one full-time equivalent (FTE) job, highlighting the significant impact of visitor-related expenditure on local employment This relationship suggests that tourism spending not only supports individual jobs but also contributes to the overall job market within the local economy.

Table 4.14: Estimated Average Number of Jobs Supported by Visitor Spend

Table 4.15: Estimated Total Number of Jobs Supported by Visitor Spend

Indirect and Induced Impacts

Two types of downstream effects need to be brought into the analysis:

 ‘Indirect’ effects down the supply chain associated with both the procurement and visitor spend;

 ‘Induced’ effects associated with the local spend of those who derive incomes through the other mechanisms.

A typical composite local labor market multiplier of 0.25 is utilized to account for both indirect and induced effects, although this multiplier may fluctuate based on the type of expenditure involved.

The estimated value of 50, reflecting a conservative approach, aligns with ECOTEC's assessments for British Waterways, adjusted for inflation and based on the Scottish Tourism Multiplier Study conducted by The Scottish Office in 1992 This figure is representative of the typical economic characteristics found in urban areas.

Table 4.16: Average Indirect and Induced Effects (FTE)

Cathedral-Related Jobs 52 Visitor-Related Jobs

Table 4.17: Total Indirect and Induced Effects (FTE)

Cathedral-Related Jobs Visitor-Related Jobs

Overall Impact

The table outlines the estimated total employment impacts of various cathedral groupings, highlighting the average and total employment figures for each group as well as the overall total These values encompass direct employment at the cathedrals, jobs supported by visitor spending, and additional employment resulting from indirect and induced effects.

The multiplier applied aligns closely with the previous EGRUP guidance from HM Treasury (1995), recommending an approximate value of 0.1 for both indirect and induced multipliers at the local labor market level However, this method does not consider the potential for other activities to be 'crowded out' in more robust local economies.

52 This column includes the estimated secondary impact of both employment and procurement spend.

Table 4.18: Estimated Employment Impacts (FTE)

Cathedrals significantly contribute to local economies, generating approximately £150 million annually through employee incomes, procurement expenditures, and the economic impact of visitor spending and its associated multiplier effects.

The estimates provided do not consider the potential impact that cathedrals may have on attracting visitors or investments, as they play a significant role in shaping the image and ambiance of the cities they inhabit.

54 This estimated total impact is based upon the total procuement spend, total visitor-related spend, a proportion of the total spending on wages and salaries and a multiplier of 1.25.

Introduction

There is currently no analytical framework comparable to those used for assessing economic impacts that effectively captures the diverse social impacts of cathedrals To address this gap, we will examine the social contributions of cathedrals across four key areas: worship, volunteer activities, education, and community engagement.

Both quantitative and qualitative information on these social aspects was collected through the postal survey; and again, further information was obtained through the case study visits.

Worship

The main purpose of a cathedral is to serve as a place of worship, hosting a variety of regular services, including Holy Communion and Evensong In addition to these primary services, cathedrals also offer a range of less frequent and irregular 'other' services.

An analysis of regular services reveals that weekly offerings range from 15 to 33 across various cathedrals Notably, large, internationally significant cathedrals and medium historic cathedrals share a similar average number of services This consistency across categories indicates that the frequency of regular services in cathedrals does not significantly differ based on their type.

Table 5.1: Regular Services by Type of Cathedral

Average Number of Regular Services (per week)

Respondents indicated the frequency of various 'other' services held at cathedrals, with the accompanying chart showcasing the average number of these services categorized by cathedral type.

55 Examples include weddings and carol services.

Figure 5.1: Other Services: Average By Type

International Medium Urban Parish Church

Variation in the types of ‘other’ services for the international grouping, medium-sized and parish church cathedrals are displayed in the following charts.

Memorial School Carol Civic/organisations Diocesan

Memorial School Carol Civic/organisations Diocesan

Memorial School Carol Civic/organisations Diocesan

The charts indicate that the international grouping of other services includes a larger share of civic and organizational services, while funerals, weddings, and baptisms constitute a smaller portion Both medium-sized and urban cathedrals exhibit similar proportions to parish church cathedrals, albeit with a slightly reduced percentage of funerals, weddings, and baptisms Notably, medium-sized cathedrals have a significant focus on school services This variation in service types aligns with the distinct roles of cathedrals, as it is expected that parish church-type cathedrals would have a higher proportion of funerals, weddings, and baptisms due to their community-centered functions.

Over 25% of cathedrals have seen a rise in requests for specialized services tailored to specific organizations or causes One cathedral noted that the increasing demand has made it challenging to accommodate all requests To address this, another cathedral encourages organizations to participate in regular services, which can be adapted to meet their needs This strategy not only minimizes the number of additional services required but also allows organizations to enjoy a complete service experience, including the choir.

Sunday services, particularly the Sunday Eucharist, draw the largest congregations, often featuring attendance numbers that are four to five times greater than other services This trend highlights the significance of the Sunday Eucharist in attracting worshippers, as illustrated by the average attendance figures presented in the accompanying table.

Table 5.2: Average Attendance at Sunday (Sung) Eucharist by Type of Cathedral

Further analysis of attendance figures was not attempted due to variations in the type and timing of services which would have made comparison difficult.

Many individuals are increasingly drawn to non-parish cathedral services, favoring the rich choral tradition these cathedrals offer over their local churches This trend often sees worshippers traveling significant distances, sometimes up to 30-40 miles, to experience the high standards of music and preaching available at cathedrals While some attendees prefer cathedral services exclusively, others maintain connections with their local parish by attending services on Sundays or during the week, often alternating between the two.

Carol services and festivals like Christmas and Easter attract significant attendance, prompting cathedrals to coordinate their schedules with local churches This collaboration maximizes opportunities for community members to participate in both local church services and cathedral events.

A recent survey on cathedral worship revealed that nearly 50% of respondents noted an increase in congregation size during main services, while a similar percentage reported no significant changes Remarkably, only one cathedral experienced a decline in regular attendance, contrasting sharply with the broader trend of declining attendance faced by larger churches nationwide An interviewee suggested that this positive trend may be attributed to factors that enable people to attend more frequently.

56 Hope for the Church (Bob Jackson).

(cathedral services), without having to become involved in church life, as they might at a parish church.

Several cathedrals commented that the average age of their congregation is over 50

In two cities where the cathedral is closely associated with the university, a significant number of students were found to be part of the congregation This contrasts with most large parish churches, which typically have a higher percentage of children compared to smaller parish churches.

Cathedrals engage more effectively with non-churchgoers than other church segments, primarily through interactions with schools and tourists To boost attendance, many cathedrals have adjusted service times and implemented new initiatives For instance, one cathedral introduced a Sunday early evening service, successfully attracting a younger, regular congregation Additionally, another cathedral has established a crèche during the weekly sung Eucharist to better support families with young children These seemingly minor changes have proven to be impactful in fostering community involvement.

Volunteering

Volunteers play a crucial role in cathedrals, taking on various responsibilities such as serving during services, providing practical skills like flower arranging and embroidery, and guiding visitors Their contributions enhance the cathedral experience for both visitors and the institution itself Although volunteers do not receive financial compensation, many cathedrals hold special services or gatherings to acknowledge their dedication Furthermore, volunteers gain a sense of community, support, and companionship, along with the fulfillment of contributing to the cathedral's mission As noted by one interviewee, being part of the volunteer community can offer vital pastoral care during challenging times, such as after a bereavement.

Table 5.2: Average and Total Number of Volunteers

The number of volunteers per cathedral ranges from a small team of 50 to a much larger group estimated at around 1000, with parish church type cathedrals generally having smaller

57 Hope for the Church (Bob Jackson).

According to the English Tourist Board's report on English Cathedrals and Tourism (1979), there are over 12,000 volunteers actively serving in cathedrals The estimated monthly hours contributed by each volunteer range from 1 to 20, with no significant differences across various cathedral types Interestingly, one-fifth of the volunteers found it challenging to estimate their average contribution due to its variability However, data from participating cathedrals suggests that the total weekly contribution of volunteers is nearly 19,000 hours, which is equivalent to the work of over 500 full-time employees.

Where data was available it showed that in most cases the majority of volunteers live locally to the cathedral.

According to data from Visit Britain, places of worship in England attract an average of 79 unpaid volunteers, surpassing all other types of attractions studied In comparison, historic houses have a significantly lower average of 44 volunteers.

Case study visits revealed challenges in volunteer recruitment among cathedrals, with around half reporting difficulties due to individuals prioritizing leisure time Concerns about future volunteer availability were expressed, particularly with changes in retirement age and increased female workforce participation All interviewees emphasized the need to attract more young volunteers, as the current majority are retirees, which would create a better balance and ensure sustainability Volunteering offers young people valuable skills like teamwork and communication, while also helping retirees stay active and socially connected.

Educational Activity

Cathedrals actively encourage educational visits, recognizing their vital role in introducing visitors to the church and addressing the decline in religious education opportunities Many schoolchildren return with their families, often introducing them to a place of worship for the first time in years.

In 2003, 35 cathedrals reported annual educational visit totals ranging from 700 to 70,000, benefiting nearly 362,000 individuals However, this figure may underrepresent the actual number, as some educational groups utilize their own teaching staff and do not access the education center or similar resources, potentially leading to omissions in the reported totals.

59 Visits to Visitor Attractions (Visit Britain, 2002).

Purpose-built education centers are essential for enhancing the quality and quantity of school visits These facilities are designed to support the national curriculum for religious studies while also integrating connections to related subjects like history, music, and art By improving and expanding these educational resources, schools can provide more enriching experiences for students.

Recent research indicates that primary school groups constitute the majority of educational visits to cathedrals, with participation numbers rising over time Cathedrals are increasingly acknowledged as valuable educational resources, leading to a growing demand for visits However, limitations in staff availability and space are hindering the capacity for accommodating these educational groups While there is a strong desire among cathedrals to enhance their educational offerings, the lack of necessary funding presents a significant challenge.

Among the survey respondents, only five lacked a designated education officer, although some staff managed tours and school groups Two organizations planned to hire an education officer soon Many noted that existing education officer positions were often part-time or additional duties for current staff, with one case involving a retired teacher volunteering for the role.

Secular Use of the Cathedral and Outreach Activity

The cathedral serves not only as a place of worship but also as a versatile venue for various events and activities There is a strong sense of openness and hospitality towards outside organizations seeking to utilize the cathedral's facilities and spaces.

According to Heritage Counts 2003, school children made a minimum of 463,500 visits to places of worship, based on a sample of 66 sites, while visits to heritage and visitor centers totaled 336,700 from a sample of 76 sites.

The respondent confirmed that the reported figure represents only those children participating in workshops organized by the Education Centre, excluding many thousands who attend pre-arranged visits led by their school teachers This distinction reinforces previous comments made in the text.

Cathedrals serve as the largest capacity venues in their regions, making them ideal for concerts, plays, art exhibitions, and degree ceremonies Additionally, they host smaller events like talks and lectures Many cathedrals also provide facilities for meetings and conferences, with approximately half of respondents indicating that such events occur more than once a week, totaling over 50 times a year.

The survey requested cathedrals to estimate how often they host various events, such as concerts, lectures, and conferences each year The resulting chart displays the average annual number of events categorized by the type of cathedral, based on the data collected from the survey responses.

Figure 5.5: Average Annual Frequency of Events By

International Medium Urban Parish Church

The chart shows that, on average, parish church type cathedrals are used for a greater number of such events However, all cathedrals have, on average, between 3 and 5 events every week.

Inconsistencies in the way that data has been provided mean that a comprehensive breakdown by type of event is not possible although some observations can be made

All of the respondents reported that concerts were held in the cathedral buildings with the annual frequency ranging from 2 to 120

An analysis of conference data revealed significant disparities, with 15 cathedrals hosting 10 or fewer conferences annually, while 13 cathedrals reported 100 or more Notably, the parish church grouping exhibited the highest average number of conferences per year, aligning with the trends depicted in the accompanying chart.

Renting space to external organizations has become a significant revenue stream, with over 50% of respondents noting a rise in event bookings This surge in demand has led to the realization that "managing the diary is now becoming a major task."

Cathedrals play a vital role in supporting their communities by initiating programs that address the needs of vulnerable individuals, such as establishing soup kitchens for the homeless Additionally, they collaborate with local social services to provide employment opportunities for young people with learning difficulties, enhancing their sense of inclusion Furthermore, cathedrals serve as iconic symbols that elevate the visibility and financial support for local Christian social initiatives, reinforcing their importance within the community.

The nature of this support will depend on a number of factors:

 The personal interests and preferences of the key members of cathedral staff (the Dean, the Canons and/or the administrator) and, to a lesser extent, the Bishop;

 The developed culture of the cathedral which is influenced by its architecture and traditional role;

The role of surrounding churches significantly influences the perception of larger cathedrals, which often do not prioritize social functions due to the local churches' community-focused efforts In contrast, parish cathedrals are viewed as integral parts of the local church network Larger cathedrals acknowledge that parish churches have an advantage in engaging with the community, making it easier for them to provide essential support and services.

The cathedral serves as the central hub of the diocese, playing a significant role in national celebrations and moments of mourning, allowing the public to engage with important events, such as the passing of Diana, Princess of Wales.

Overview

This chapter emphasizes that cathedrals serve not only as places of worship but also as vital community resources, offering educational opportunities and volunteering options Open year-round, they provide essential services and actively support community initiatives that address local needs.

Cathedrals are increasingly serving as vital venues for a wide array of events, reflecting a rise in congregation sizes and a growing demand for services Additionally, there is a notable uptick in the use of cathedral spaces for concerts and various community gatherings.

Data regarding the community support role was primarily gathered through case study discussions, limiting our ability to analyze this activity comprehensively for the entire group.

63 For example, the Sheffield Cathedral Breakfast Project which provides a cooked meal for homeless people.

Cathedrals are deeply connected to music, with each hosting at least one choir, and are renowned for the high quality of performances They play a vital role in preserving the English choral tradition.

Economic Impacts

Cathedrals are a vital aspect of England's cultural heritage, serving as both places of worship and popular tourist attractions Visitors are drawn to these magnificent structures for diverse reasons, including their historical significance and architectural beauty In 2003, cathedrals with available visitor statistics accounted for over 8.8 million visits, highlighting their appeal and importance in attracting tourism.

Cathedrals significantly boost local economies through direct employment and procurement, as well as the spending of visitors It is estimated that the direct economic impact from visitors to cathedrals contributes approximately £91 million annually to local spending.

The direct spending associated with cathedrals leads to significant indirect and induced impacts, stimulating additional spending and job creation within the local economy Overall, cathedrals are estimated to contribute approximately £150 million annually to local expenditures, reflecting the comprehensive effects of their economic influence.

The presence of a cathedral can significantly enhance a city's appeal, potentially boosting local economic investment However, the model employed does not account for these broader impacts Additionally, many visitors may be drawn to the area by the cathedral's image, even if they do not enter the cathedral itself.

The economic impact estimates in this study are indicative due to significant data gaps Limited information exists on visitor characteristics and behavior, particularly regarding how the presence of a cathedral influences individual visits and spending in specific towns or cities.

The table below outlines the estimated total employment impacts across 64 different cathedral groupings, highlighting the average and total employment figures for each group, as well as the overall total These values encompass direct employment at the cathedrals, jobs supported by visitor spending, and additional employment generated through indirect and induced effects.

Table 4.18: Estimated Employment Impacts (FTE)

Social Impacts

While there is no specific analytical framework for quantifying the economic impacts of cathedrals, evidence suggests they play a crucial role in enhancing societal wellbeing and contributing positively to communities.

A cathedral primarily serves as a place of worship, hosting an average of over 20 services each week Survey data indicates that nearly 50% of respondents have observed a growing trend in congregation size, with the highest attendance recorded on Sundays Notably, the Eucharist service draws a congregation that is three to four times larger than the next most attended service.

Many cathedrals have experienced a rise in requests for special services, highlighting their versatility as venues These sacred spaces and their surrounding areas accommodate a diverse array of events, such as concerts, theatrical performances, art exhibitions, and graduation ceremonies.

Cathedrals greatly rely on the dedication and skills of over 12,000 volunteers, with around 80% of surveyed cathedrals reporting average time contributions This volunteer effort equates to the weekly output of more than 500 full-time employees, highlighting the significant impact of community involvement in cathedral operations.

All of the cathedrals in our sample provided an opportunity for groups to benefit from organised educational visits The number of individuals who benefited from such visits in

In 2003, the number of visitors to cathedrals varied significantly, ranging from 700 to 70,000, leading to an estimated total of nearly 362,000 visitors This figure is likely conservative, as it does not account for school groups that may have visited without utilizing the cathedral's educational resources, such as materials, guides, and specialized facilities.

Cathedrals play a vital role in community support by initiating programs that address the needs of vulnerable populations, including the homeless.

Recommendations for Further Research

The estimates which have resulted from this research project suggest that Anglican cathedrals in England make a significant contribution to both economic and social wellbeing

To better understand the impacts on cathedral visitors, it is essential to enhance both the quantity and quality of data collected in the future This will help create a more accurate representation of visitors' characteristics, behaviors, and motivations.

Some data is currently collected through occasional surveys These surveys focus on

Feedback surveys are essential for assessing visitor experiences and measuring customer satisfaction at cathedrals By gathering insights from these surveys, cathedrals can identify key areas for improvement and align their development efforts with visitor preferences.

Incorporating questions that gather information about visitor characteristics into surveys can significantly enhance their value This data would enable cathedrals to gain insights into their visitors, informing the development of future strategies Understanding the cathedral's impact on attracting visitors from both the UK and abroad is crucial, as it can boost awareness of their role in local tourism and foster partnerships within the community.

We would recommend that, as a minimum, data is collected on the following areas:

 The nature of the visit (day or overnight);

 Length of stay in the area (number of nights);

 Reason for visiting the area (exploration of the extent to which the cathedral influenced/motivated the individual to come to the area or chose a particular length of stay);

 Estimated expenditure outside of the cathedral.

An increase in both the quality and quantity of data collected could be achieved through one of two possible routes:

 A long-term research project which would require significant survey work to implement a programme of routine data collection over a period of time; or,

65 In addition, building up a profile of visitors would help to assess the contribution that cathedrals are making to the Government’s social inclusion agenda

 A one-off sample survey at a number of sites.

Exploring the impact of introducing admission fees on visitor numbers and demographics is a compelling topic By identifying a cathedral planning to implement an entrance charge, researchers can conduct a comprehensive analysis comparing visitor statistics and characteristics before and after the fee is introduced, providing valuable insights into the effects of charging on attendance and visitor profiles.

It may also be useful to consider the development of a programme of research to explore the

‘value’ of cathedrals using contingent valuation, or a similar methodology, although it is recognised that such work is relatively expensive to undertake.

The Economic and Social Impact of Cathedrals in England

ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd is co-ordinating a survey of Church of England

Cathedrals on behalf of English Heritage and the Association of English Cathedrals.

A survey is being conducted as part of a study focused on enhancing the understanding of the economic and social impacts of cathedrals in England This research will explore their contributions to tourism, educational initiatives, and the volunteering and employment opportunities they offer, all while recognizing that cathedrals serve primarily as places of worship and prayer.

We kindly request that you complete the survey and return it in the enclosed envelope by March 31, 2004 If additional space is needed for your answers, please continue on a separate sheet For guidance, refer to any text in italics and footnotes If you prefer an electronic version of the survey that can be submitted via email, please contact louise_scott@ecotec.co.uk.

If you have any concerns or questions please call Louise Scott, the ECOTEC project manager, on 020 7089 5570.

Section B: Use of the Cathedral

1 Please provide details of the regular services which are held in the Cathedral, their frequency, the average duration of an individual service and the average congregation size.

Service Type Frequency (please specify basis – per week, month, annum, etc.

2 Please list other services that take place.

Service Type Frequency (per annum) Average

3 Please add any information or observations about recent use of the Cathedral for services.

[e.g characteristics of congregation, trends in congregation size, change in service type, particular role of the Cathedral’s services, frequency of usage for services, etc]

66 Please indicate any significant categories in separate rows

4 Please provide details on other uses of the Cathedral’s spaces [including its buildings and precincts]

Educational visits to the Cathedral occur regularly, attracting a significant number of students each year These visits provide valuable learning experiences, though specific attendance figures and additional details about the visiting groups are not included here Notably, events such as leavers' days are excluded from this count.

6 Does the Cathedral have a designated Education Officer? (please circle)

No, but plans to appoint one

7 Does the Cathedral have a designated visitor officer? (please circle)

No, but plans to appoint one

67 For example graduation ceremonies or school leavers’ days.

68 Please indicate any significant categories in separate rows.

69 Organised visits for children or adults

8 Are there any associated trusts, friends and societies connected to the Cathedral? If so, please list them, stating their main purpose and the number of people involved.

9 Please use this space to add any comments or observations you have about the use of the Cathedral and the way that this is changing over time.

10.How many people are directly employed in maintaining and running the Cathedral?

11.Can you estimate the proportion of staff who reside:

12.Can you estimate the average annual amount spent by the Cathedral on wages and salaries?

The Cathedral indirectly employs a significant number of individuals through contracted services, including cleaning, catering, and retail operations It is important to focus on regular employment rather than infrequent or casual work, as this provides a clearer picture of the economic impact associated with the Cathedral's activities Additionally, the related expenditures will be addressed in question 18.

14.How many individuals serve the Cathedral in a voluntary capacity?

15.On average, how many hours per month does each volunteer contribute?

16.Can you estimate the proportion of volunteers who reside:

17.How many choirs does the Cathedral have? Please list and provide details.

The Cathedral's financial support is derived from various sources, and it is essential to quantify the extent of these benefits using the most recent figures available, excluding visitor income as detailed in Section D Please provide the annual financial contributions in thousands of pounds (£’000 p.a.).

Income from community and other use of facilities

70 Where A = All members, S = Some, N = None.

71 If the latest figures were exceptional (for example a major sum of money was awarded) then please provide an average figure for the last three years.

The approximate average annual expenditure on goods and services, excluding staff costs for tasks performed by directly employed Cathedral staff, is essential for understanding financial allocations.

20.Please estimate the number of people who came to the Cathedral in the following years.

21.How is information on visitor numbers collected and estimated?

When reporting data collection frequency and methods, please clarify whether the figures encompass congregations and visitors attending events at the Cathedral It is preferable to exclude these latter categories for more accurate representation.

22.Please estimate the annual turnover resulting from visitors [please use the latest available figures]

Admission (to an exhibition/area of

We are seeking information on visitor characteristics, including their composition, origin, and time of visit Additionally, we are interested in research that examines how the Cathedral influences visitor duration and spending in the surrounding area, particularly in relation to expenditures outside of the Cathedral itself.

24.Why do you think visitors come to the Cathedral? [please provide up to five reasons]

25.How does the Cathedral promote itself? [e.g links with tourist board, website – if applicable please provide information about website content and number of ‘hits’]

26.Are there any other significant activities, such as a school, which are closely linked to the Cathedral? If so, how many people do they employ?

Activity Full-time employment Part-time employment

27.List the ways in which the Cathedral is involved, or represented, in local and regional government and administration [for example, connections to the local authority]

28.What does the Cathedral contribute to other local organisations? [membership of committees, etc; contribution can be in terms of funding or staff resources]

To enhance the experience of visitors and worshippers at the Cathedral, several local improvements could be implemented, such as upgrading transportation options and expanding parking facilities However, obstacles like funding limitations and logistical challenges may currently hinder these enhancements Addressing these issues could significantly improve accessibility and overall visitor satisfaction.

Many thanks for taking the time to complete this survey