The rise of the global south philosophical, geopolitical and economic trends of the 21st century

The rise of the GlObal South Philosophical, Geopolitical and Economic Trends of the 21st Century 8430_9789814397803_tp.indd 15/4/13 11:31 AM April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: This page intentionally left blank b1433-fm The rise of the GlObal South Philosophical, Geopolitical and Economic Trends of the 21st Century Edited by Justin Dargin Harvard University, USA World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON 8430_9789814397803_tp.indd • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TA I P E I • CHENNAI 15/4/13 11:31 AM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL SOUTH Philosophical, Geopolitical and Economic Trends of the 21st Century Copyright © 2013 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher ISBN 978-981-4397-80-3 In-house Editors: Divya Srikanth & Sandhya Venkatesh Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-fm Preface This volume was born out of the need to fill the gap in the literature on the shifting global environment that perceives the rise of multiple poles of influence It seeks to explain the rising geopolitical, economic, and cultural power of the countries that make up the Global South Such a task, by necessity, is Herculean in scope Attempting to place in one volume a comprehensive scholarship that aspires to capture the significant structural permutations that occurred since the end of World War II is unenviable However, as I began to create the basic exoskeleton that makes up this volume, it was apparent to me that although it is nearly impossible to extend the reach of the current literature horizontally, it was more than possible to extend the relevant scholarly inquiries vertically to add depth to this topic There are far too many people to name who have contributed in bits and pieces to the final manuscript To paraphrase an old African proverb, it truly takes a village Of course, without the contributors, this project would never have come to fruition I extend a hearty sense of appreciation to Mhamed Biygautane, who added his critical appraisal of the economic performance of Africa as well as his exhaustive list of policy recommendation to rectify deficiencies in this troubled continent Deniz Altinba¸s tirelessly worked on her contribution to develop a very timely piece which proves that South–South Cooperation is still very much concerned with the legacy of the colonial enterprise Kristian Coates Ulrichsen is thanked for contributing his deep reservoir of knowledge about the Gulf countries and their often overlooked role in South–South Cooperation Adhip Chaudhuri produced an excellent chapter despite numerous obligations While a lesser scholar (with justification) would have pulled out of the project, he, however, perservered His unwavering support to this project is appreciated Dennis Kumetat first produced his draft while Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi was still the undisputed leader of Libya While the Libyan imbroglio was still far from certain in mid-2011, he successfully recomposed his draft to presciently take account of the ever-changing political landscape of the North African country All of the other authors, Anouar Majid, Rita Giacalone, Amadu Sesay, Olayode Kehinde Olusola, Moshood Omotosho, Nicolas Depetris Chauvin, Marat Terterov, Marine Vallet, v April 16, 2013 8:52 vi 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-fm Preface Claudia Nocente, Madan Bezbaruah, Giles Mohan, Sachin Chaturvedi, and Halla Thorsteinsd´ ottir are sincerely thanked for their significant efforts to realize this scholarly work Additionally, my research assistant, Arthur DeLong, worked long hours to bring this project to fruition His efforts are appreciated The generous support of Harvard University’s Dubai Initiative allowed me to travel extensively to develop the background for this volume Their constant assistance was a significant help to this project’s initial formation I also appreciate the unflagging assistance of Harvard University and the various scholars and experts who played a crucial role in the review and final birth of this project A heartfelt thanks is extended to the American University in Kuwait, the Dubai School of Government, and Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service in Doha for generously allowing me access to their respective faculties and granting me office space during the early stages of my research and formulation of the book project Sarah Al-Khairulla’s patient listening of the various permutations and unceasing changes that took place during the development of this somewhat broad theme contributed immense value, and she is sincerely thanked I also express my gratitude to my father and mother, whose unceasing motivation allowed me to plumb the depths of their vast knowledge on this theme, as well as their historical memory of living in the era of decolonization There are also many other people whose involvement was pivotal, and without whom this volume would not exist They are also recognized for their kind efforts Justin Dargin Oxford, United Kingdom January 2013 April 16, 2013 10:36 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-fm Contents Preface v About the Editor ix About the Contributors xi Introduction xvii Part One: Cooperation in the Global South: History and Process How the South Was Born: Reflections on the Geography and Culture of Inequality Anouar Majid South–South Cooperation: A Counter-Hegemonic Movement? Deniz Altinba¸s South–South Cooperation: A Bridge Between Regionalism and Globalization? Rita Giacalone Part Two: Conflict and Resolution: Geostrategic Cooperation in Africa and the Arab/ Islamic World Africa and South–South Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges Amadu Sesay, Olayode Kehinde Olusola, and Mashood Omotosho Gaddafi’s Southern Legacy: Ideology and Power Politics in Africa Dennis Kumetat vii 29 67 93 95 125 April 16, 2013 10:36 9in x 6in viii Rise of Global South: Contents The Gulf States and South–South Cooperation Kristian Coates Ulrichsen South–South Cooperation and the Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb Region: Missed Opportunities and the Way Forward Mhamed Biygautane and Nicolas Depetris Chauvin b1433-fm Searching for an End Game in the West’s Unwinnable Wars in the South: The Experience of Counter-Terrorism Strategies in a Selection of Muslim Countries Marat Terterov, Marine Vallet, and Claudia Nocente Part Three: Trade, Tourism, and Migration as South–South Cooperation Drivers Tourism, Sustainable Development, and Poverty Alleviation Madan Bezbaruah 10 Migrants as Agents of South–South Cooperation: The Case of Chinese in Africa 153 175 213 245 247 283 Giles Mohan 11 Promoting Industrialization: Trade and Industrial Strategies for the Global South 323 Justin Dargin 12 South–South Cooperation in the WTO: Doha to Cancun 349 Adhip Chaudhuri 13 South–South Cooperation and Emerging Economies: Insights from Health Sector Cooperation between India and Brazil 371 Sachin Chaturvedi and Halla Thorsteinsd´ ottir Index 409 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-fm About the Editor Justin Dargin has been actively involved in researching and teaching about global geopolitics and economic issues for many years He is an Energy and Geopolitics Scholar at the University of Oxford He was a former Research Fellow with The Dubai Initiative at Harvard University, where he won a Harvard award for his groundbreaking research into the MENA energy/power sector He is also a Fulbright Scholar of the Middle East and North Africa Mr Dargin was also a Visiting Professor at a Seton Hall Law School program, where he taught a highly regarded international energy law and geopolitics course Currently, Mr Dargin sits on a variety of boards, such as the board of directors of the non-profit International Energy Foundation He was on the review committee for Fulbright Scholars and is a member of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations as a global energy expert He has been featured extensively for his expert opinion on major global TV channels such as Al Jazeera, Russia Today, and Al Hurra He has also been quoted extensively in the International Herald Tribune, The Economist, the Associated Press, and the Middle East Economic Digest, amongst many other media outlets ix April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-ch13 Insights from Health Sector Cooperation between India and Brazil 403 whether it simply widens the knowledge chasm between emerging markets and the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Our study shows that India, which certainly values South–South collaboration, intends to increase its investments and collaboration with fellow developing countries Both its bilateral and multilateral ties, in fact, reflect renewed emphasis on collaboration with developing countries There is great scope for India to contribute to health biotech development in other countries and for all parties to gain mutual benefits — provided other developing countries also recognize the enormous potential for mutual benefits and not implement nationalist trade agendas Mere rhetoric will not suffice, if South–South collaborations are to gain impetus and flourish This requires that line ministries and key agencies genuinely attempt to “de-westernize” themselves and that they engage the opportunities that inhere in South– South collaboration potential The case study research on India’s health biotechnology collaborations with Brazil identified important findings that highlight the potential for South–South collaboration and that shed light on approaches to strengthen it India emphasizes collaboration with developing countries for political reasons as a way of becoming less reliant on the North Recent years have seen renewed emphasis on India’s South–South collaboration, for example, with the establishment of the IBSA program In the health biotechnology field, India’s collaboration with advanced developing countries expanded, but this is inconsistent with India’s wider foreign policy emphasis India should more to enhance joint research and development activities — generally in science and technology — but, more specifically, in health biotechnology with the broader Global South As India’s economy strengthened in recent years, there were observable increases in Indian contributions to capacity building in fellow developing countries India strengthened its capacity in health biotechnology and began to share it with other developing countries These welcome developments reflect the powerful potential of South–South joint learning in the health biotechnology field Still, India’s limited research and development partnerships with developing countries show how underutilized South–South collaboration is as a tool for addressing joint health problems As India’s economy grows, and the country allocates increased funding, it should focus more on joint research and development opportunities with other developing countries These reciprocal relations will enable the stakeholders to tap into the complementarities to overcome global health challenges April 16, 2013 8:52 404 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-ch13 Sachin Chaturvedi and Halla Thorsteinsdottir ´ Almost all India–Brazil entrepreneurial collaborations reviewed in this study are focused on gaining market access for Indian firms in Brazil The most obvious consequences are the increased revenues for Indian firms and the increased availability of affordable health products for the Brazilian market Still, the collaboration has been rather one-sided and Brazil has, for the most part, contributed only to her home market A positive sign is that Brazilian firms are gaining an increasing share in local generics productions, but this may be eroded if Indian firms supplement one another’s re-engineering skills and share new drug discovery strategies As the Brazilian entrepreneurial activities in the health biotech sector increase, they can contribute more fully to the collaboration and, through it, gain access to the important Indian market We have made a persuasive case for Brazilian investment in diagnostic kits India’s own growing domestic market may support Brazilian public sector companies active in these activities Collaboration between Indian firms and Brazil’s public sector research institutions should be encouraged as a strategy to engage the expertise of the latter and capital of the former This partnership would not be sustainable, however, if premised on generics alone Given the strong competition from multinational corporations, these two economies must explore other options Either individually or jointly, these countries could use its rich biodiversity as a springboard for the discovery of new treatments Exploring local traditions and flora for drug development would be an excellent initiative Brazilian companies in this field, particularly Ache and Biositetica, offer possibilities for new levels of collaboration by corporate entities and public sector institutes There is precedent for this in-depth collaboration For example, the joint WTO action that these nations pursued when the EU seized the Indian generic drug heading for Brazil Furthermore, the joint positions on IP issues at the WTO and WIPO provided an impacts to South–South collaboration for development of joint positions in international trade negotiation, especially when access to medicine is at issue Acknowledgments This chapter is part of a wider study on South–South cooperation launched by the University of Toronto, funded by grants from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and Genome Canada through the Ontario Genomics Institute (OGI) for assessing South–South collaborations in the realm of medical biotechnology The author would like to thank April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-ch13 Insights from Health Sector Cooperation between India and Brazil 405 Dr Biswajit Dhar and Dr S K Mohanty for their comments on an earlier draft The usual disclaimer applies References Agarwal, M “South-South Economic Co-operation for a Better Future,” in Development Co-operation and Emerging Powers: New-Partners or Old Patterns, eds S Chaturvedi, T Fues and E Sidiropoulous, pp 37–66 (London: Zed Books Publication, 2012) Biominas Brasil The Brazilian Life Science Industry: Pathways for Growth (Belo Horizonte, 2011) Caliari, T and R Ruiz “Structure and Innovation in Pharmaceutical Industry in Brazil: The Impact of Generic Drugs.” Paper presented at the DRUID DIME Academy 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(2012) “A Growing Southern Agenda: India’s South–South Health Biotechnology Collaboration,” in South–South Collaboration in Health Biotechnology: Growing Partnerships amongs Developing Countries, ed H Thorsteinsd´ ottir (Ottawa & New Delhi: IDRC & Academic Foundation) de Castro, L A B Partnering Brazilian biotech with the global pharmaceutical industry, Nature Biotechnology, Vol 29, No 3, (2011), pp 210–211 Ferrer, M., H Thorsteinsd´ ottir, U Quach, P A Singer and A S Daar The scientific muscle of Brazil’s health biotechnology, Nature Biotechnology, Vol 22, No 12 (2004) April 16, 2013 8:52 406 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-ch13 Sachin Chaturvedi and Halla Thorsteinsdottir ´ Fiuza Eduardo, P S and B Caballero, “Estimation of Generic Drug Entry in Brazil Using Count versus Ordered Models.” Directorate of Industrial Studies and Policies, Innovation and Infrastructure, DISET/IPEA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, (October 2010) Government of India, Ministry of Finance Economic Survey (New 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Petherick, A High hopes for Brazilian science, Nature, Vol 465 (2010), pp 674–675 Pradhan, J P Transnationalization of Indian Pharmaceutical SMEs (Bookwell, New Delhi, 2008) Rezaie, R., S E Frew, S M Sammut, M R Maliakkal, A S Daar and P A Singer, Brazilian health biotech-fostering crosstalk between public and private sectors, Nature Biotechnology, Vol 26, No (2008), pp 627–644 Riche, Maxime Opportunities for UK Companies in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology in Brazil — Brazil as a strategic partner for Generics and Vaccines (London: UK Trade and Investment Board, 2006) RIS, Trinity of the South: Potential of India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Partnership (New Delhi: Academic Foundation, 2008) Sweet, C M “Regulating the Tigers: The Institutional Dynamics of Indo-Brazilian Trade — Reflections from the Pharmaceutical Sector.” ELSNIT Conference, Barcelona, October 2007 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-ch13 Insights from Health Sector Cooperation between India and Brazil 407 Sweet, C and A Laplane, “The Latin American Pharmaceutical Sector Presentation made at the ICTSD/UNCTAD meeting on Legal and Commercial Trends in the Post-TRIPs Environment.” Buenos Aires, March 2010 The World Bank World Bank List of Economies (August 2010) Thorsteinsdottir, H., A S Daar, P A Singer and E Archambault Health biotechnology publishing takes-off in developing countries, International Journal of Biotechnology, Vol 8, No 23–42 (2006) Thorsteinsd´ ottir H., D Cambell, G Cote, E Archambault, A S Daar and P A Singer, “South-South Research Collaboration in Health Biotechnology,” in South-South Collaboration in Health Biotechnology: Growing Partnerships among Developing Countries, ed H Thorsteinsdottir (Ottawa & New Delhi: IDRC & Academic Foundation) UNESCO UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science Around the World (Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Urias, E “Making Innovation Work For Society: Linking, Leveraging and Learning.” Paper presented at Globelics 2010, Kuala Lumpur, 1–3 November 2010 Urias, E and J Furtado, “Institutional Changes and their Impacts on the Brazilian Pharmaceutical Industry: Is there An Innovation System on the Way?” Paper presented at Globelics 2009, Senegal, 6–8 October 2009 WTO International Trade Statistics 2009 (Geneva: World Trade Organization, 2010) WTO, Trade Policy Review, Record of the Meeting, and 11 March, WT/TPR/M/212/Add.1, 30 June 2009, World Trade Organization, Geneva April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: This page intentionally left blank b1433-ch13 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-index Index 1989 Hague Declaration of Tourism, 255 2001 Doha Ministerial, 350 2002 Quebec Declaration of the World Ecotourism Summit, 256 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), 255, 256 2004 World Development Report, 260 2007 International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism, 268 9/11, 220–222, 229, 235, 239 Al-Qaeda, 213, 214, 217, 219–222, 225, 228, 235, 241 Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 217, 218 Al-Saud, 156, 159, 160 Albert Camus, 278 Algeria, 127, 218 American democracy, 221 American security, 214 American strategy, 214, 237 Amman attacks, 239 AMU, 138 ANC, 125 anti-globalist, 39, 42 anti-imperialist, 29 Antonio Savignac, 262 Anwar al-Sadat, 130 Aouzou Strip, 131 Apartheid, 139 Arab Bank for Development in Africa, 167 Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, 159 Arab Economic, Social, and Development Summit, 163 Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, 158, 167 Arab Gulf Program for the United Nations Development Organisation, 158 Arab League, 159 Arab Monetary Fund, 158 Arab Spring, 154, 170, 213, 215, 229 Arab States, 239 Arab World, 213 Arabian Gulf, 155 Arabian Peninsula, 155 Abdullah al-Tariki, 156 Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz, 162 Abu Dhabi, 158, 170 Abu Dhabi Dialogue, 168 Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic Development, 158 Abu Dhabi Fund for Development, 158 Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, 166 Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, 169 ACOTA, 222 AEC, 138 Afghan insurgent, 234 Afghan Taliban, 235 Africa Caribbean Pacific group, 366 African Group, 355, 366, 367 Africanism, 51 AGOA, 197 Agreement on Agriculture, 358, 359 Agricultural Bank of China, 166 aid, 31, 44, 51, 53, 55, 58, 223, 226, 230 Al-Assaf, 162 409 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in 410 Arap Moi, 138 Article 5, 220 Asia–Africa Conference, 160 Asian Tigers, 337, 338 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 164 Asymmetric regionalism, 68, 75 attacks, 219, 223, 228, 231, 235, 238 Ayn Rand, 327 Aztec civilization, 11 bad latitude, 176 Bahrain, 153, 157, 160, 169, 171 Bandung Conference, 95 Bangladesh, 169 Basque National Liberation Movement (ETA), 219 Bemba, 139 Ben Ali, 229 Ben Bella, 136 Bendjedid, 136 Benin, 134 bilateral, 34, 41, 42, 45 bilateralism, 45, 55 Bingu wa Mutharika, 141 Blair House Accord, 351, 354, 358, 363, 365 Bolivia, 343 Boumedienne, 136 Brander–Spencer model, 342 Brazil, 33, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 50, 56, 57, 162, 166 Brazilian pharmaceutical industry, 377 Bretton Woods institutions, 340 BRIC, 127 BRIC countries, 331 BRICS, 33, 76, 99, 109, 113 Brotherhood, 218 Brundtland Commission, 248, 251, 275 Brundtland Report, 252, 254, 256, 270 Buenos Aires Plan of Action, 272 Burkina Faso, 127, 132, 167 Rise of Global South: b1433-index Index Bush, 235 Bush administration, 221, 222, 235 Cairns Group, 357, 358, 363, 364 Cameroon, 167 Camp David Accords, 130 Cancun, 367 Cancun G-20, 351, 364, 365, 366 Cancun Ministerial, 349–351, 356, 360–362, 366 Cancun Text, 362 capitalism, 30, 35, 38–40, 43, 58 capitalist, 29, 30, 40, 43, 56–58 CAR, 133 Catholic Spain, 21 Ch` avez, 58 Chad, 125, 127, 167, 168 Charles Taylor, 125 Chief Seattle, 247, 248 China, 33, 35, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50–56, 58, 154, 157, 161, 162, 166, 169 Chindia, 49 Chinese migrants to Africa, 283–286, 297–299, 302, 304, 305, 313, 314 Christian Europe, Christian–Muslim religious wars, Christian reconquest, Christian Spain, Christian West, 21 Christine Lagarde, 163 CIA, 217, 222 climate change, 251, 267, 270 Club of Rome, 333 CNOOC , 197 Cold War, 154, 161, 215 Colombia, 231, 232 Colombo Process, 169 Combined Joint Taskforce, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA), 222 COMESA, 138 Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD), 133 comparative advantages, 342 compulsory licensing, 352, 355 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: Index Congo, 137 Cotton-4, 351, 361, 362, 367 counter-hegemonic, 31, 36, 40 counter-insurgency, 215, 216, 221, 222, 225, 226, 232, 233, 236, 239 counter-terrorism, 213, 216, 219, 221, 222, 224–227, 232, 233, 241, 242, 243 counter-terrorism strategy, 223, 226 Cristobal Col´ on, 4, Cuba, 58 Darfur Justice and Equality Movement, 168 decolonization, 35, 43, 44 Deng Xiaoping, 157 Densus 88, 227, 228 dependency, 30, 34, 35, 44, 48, 57, 58 deradicalization programs, 225, 227 developing countries, 31–34, 41, 42, 45, 49 development aid, 216, 220, 230, 231, 241 development assistance, 223, 225, 229, 231 Development Assistance Committee, 158, 168 Dhofar, 156, 157 Dispute Settlement Board (DSB), 353, 359 Doha Agreement, 168 Doha Declaration, 356 Doha Development Round, 351, 355, 362, 365 Doha Ministerial, 351, 355, 356, 359 Doha Round, 349, 350, 355, 359, 360, 367 domination, 6, 25 Dominique Strauss-Kahn, 163 drugs, 373, 378, 394, 398, 401 dual economy, 328 Dubai, 158 Dubai Ports World, 166 Dunkel Draft, 358 b1433-index 411 East Africa, 155 East Asia, 161, 165, 344 East Asian regionalism, 71 ECCAS, 138 ECOWAS, 138 Egypt, 127, 164, 213, 215, 218, 229 end game, 213, 216 Ennahda, 229 Eritrea, 167 Ethiopia, 134, 164–166 Ethiopian–Eritrean conflict, 137 EU strategy, 223 Europe, 3, 4, 30, 36–38, 43, 45, 52, 57, 167, 219, 223 European hegemony, 57 European Union (EU), 140, 220 Evo Morales, 343 Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI), 338 export subsidies, 357, 360 extremism, 219, 239 extremist, 217, 222, 226, 231, 235 extremist Islamists, 227 Faisal bin Abdul Aziz, 159 faith, 222, 240 Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA), 234 Federation of Arab Republics, 129 Fezzan, 128 FLN, 136 France, 134, 220 Frangialli, 249, 255 Franz Fanon, 56 Friends of Yemen Forum, 167 FROLINAT, 131 Furnivall, 327, 328 G7, 186 G-8, 114 G-10, 364 Gamal Abdel Nasser, 159 Gas Exporting Countries’ Forum, 163 GATT/WTO, 364 Gaza, 130 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: 412 GCC, 146 General Agreement in Trade in Services (GATS), 350, 351, 357, 358, 360, 364, 365 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 349, 350, 356–359, 363 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), 349 generic drugs, 374, 376 generic products, 374 generics, 376, 397–399, 404 Global Code of Ethics, 266 Global North, 56, 177, 180, 185, 186, 193, 201, 202, 204, 206, 324, 329, 337 Global South, 215, 216, 223, 241, 242 Global War on Terror (GWOT), 213, 215, 224, 234, 237 globalization, 29, 33, 38–42, 44, 58, 67, 75, 87, 161 Golan Heights, 130 gold, 5, 7, 9, 10 Goukouni Oueddei, 131 Gramsci, 36, 40 Great Manmade River project, 129 Green Book, 134 Group of Twenty (G-20), 162, 165 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 153 Gulf of Sidra, 135 Gulf States, 128, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163–165, 168, 170, 171, 172 Gulf War, 161 Habr´e, 131 Hafez al-Assad, 129 Hail Agricultural Development Company, 165 Hamad bin Jasim bin Jabr Al-Thani, 163 Hamid Karzai, 234 Hans Singer, 330 Hassad Food Company, 166 b1433-index Index Hassan II of Morocco, 135 hegemonic globalization, 37 hegemony, 40, 43 Henry Kissinger, 126 HIV/AIDS, 350, 355 Hong Kong, 166 Horn of Africa, 217 Hu Jintao, 165 hydrocarbon, 161, 169 Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Assaf, 162 IBSA, 76, 372, 373, 385, 403 Idi Amin Dada, 125 Immanuel Wallerstein, 35, 330 imperialism, 37, 43, 45, 50 Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI), 324 Incas, 9, 12 India, 33, 46, 48–50, 56, 160–162, 166, 169 India–Brazil collaboration, 373, 375, 398, 400, 402 Indian Ocean, 155 Indian pharmaceutical, 395 Indian pharmaceutical companies, 393, 398 Indian pharmaceutical products, 374 Indira Gandhi, 162 Indonesia, 169, 227, 242, 243 Indonesian, 227 industrial policy, 323 infant industry, 335 insurgency, 214, 216, 217, 219, 221, 225, 232, 234–238, 241 insurgent attacks, 237 insurgents, 215–218, 221, 225 Integralists, 40 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), 351 Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 267 International Islamic Relief Organization, 159 International Law Enforcement Agency (ILEA), 223 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: b1433-index Index International Monetary Fund (IMF), 162 International Renewable Energy Agency, 163 Iran, 48, 58 Iraq, 162, 167, 214, 215, 219, 221, 231, 236–238 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 219 irridex effect, 266 Islam, 4–7, 23, 25, 216, 218, 226–229, 241 Islam Hadhari, 226 Islamabad, 234 Islamic, 214, 218, 219, 222, 226, 229, 239 Islamic Development Bank, 158, 167 Islamic Jihad, 220 Islamic South, 225 Islamic state, 226 Islamist, 222, 226, 228, 229, 239, 244 Islamist extremist Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi, 239 Islamist terror, 217 Islamist terrorism, 224 Israel, 130 Israel/Palestine, 238 Italy, 128 Jacques Chirac, 255 Jagdish Bhagwati, 352 Jamahiriyya, 132 Japan, 34 Jaswant Singh, 162 Jeffrey Sachs, 259 Jemaah Islamiyah, 217, 227 Jerry Rawlings, 134 Jihad, 217, 219, 244 jihadists, 227, 228, 241, 242 John Sydenham Furnivall, 326 Jordan, 146, 171, 238, 239, 244 Julius Hermann (J.H.) Boeke, 326 Justice and Charity Group, 228, 229 Karl Deutsch, 156 Kashmir, 219, 235 413 Kazakhstan, 166 Kenya, 147 King Abdullah City for Nuclear and Renewable Energy, 170 King Abdullah Initiative for Saudi Agricultural Investment Abroad, 165 King Abdullah Initiative for Saudi Investment Abroad, 164 King Idriss I, 128 Kingdom Holdings, 164 Korean National Oil Corporation, 169 Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), 217 Kurds, 236 Kuwait, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 169 Kuwait–China Investment Company, 169 Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, 158 Kuwaiti, 163 Kwame Nkrumah, 140 Latin America, 36, 48, 50, 53, 167 Latin American, 42 leakages, 265, 268, 269, 274 Least Developed Countries (LDCs), 261, 269, 271, 273, 354, 355, 360–362, 366 Lebanon, 168 Lewis, 329 Liberia, 125 Libya, 55, 154, 168, 171, 213–215 Like-Minded Group, 354, 355 Limits to Growth, 333, 334 Lula da Silva, 39 Madagascar, 264 Maghreb, 243 Malaysia, 166, 169, 226, 243 Malaysian counter-terrorism, 226 Male Declaration on Sustainable Tourism Development, 266 Mali, 132 Manila Declaration on the Social Impact of Tourism, 266 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: 414 Manmohan Singh, 163 manufactured goods, 193 Marxist, 31, 35, 40 Mauritania, 167 Mercosur, 42, 48, 75–77, 80, 82 Mexico, 262 Middle East, 237, 244 Middle East and North Africa, 166 Middle Eastern Muslim, 213 militancy, 219, 234 military, 215, 217, 219, 220, 222, 224, 225, 228, 230, 232, 234, 235, 238, 239 military strategy, 238 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 249, 258 mission civilisatrice, 54 MIST, 33 modernity, 37–39 Moro Islamic Liberation Front, 168, 230 Morocco, 127, 171, 228, 242, 244 Mozambique, 166, 220 Muammar al-Gaddafi, 125 Museveni, 133 Muslim Brotherhood, 217, 218, 229 Muslim South, 214, 216, 232, 236, 241, 242 Muslim Spain, 17 Muslim World League, 159 NAFTA, 352, 353 Naisbitt, 255, 263, 264 NAMA, 365, 367 National Transitional Council, 171 NATO, 220, 224 Nelson Mandela, 125 neo-colonialism, 31, 35, 41–43, 45, 46, 51 neo-imperialism, 46 neo-Marxist, 35 neo-Marxist approach, 31 Neo-liberal, 340 NEPAD, 140 Nepal, 169 b1433-index Index New International Economic Order, 164 New World, 5, 7, 8, 14, 18, 22 Niger, 132, 167 Nigeria, 140, 214 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 47, 96, 97, 163, 371 North, 29–34, 39–42, 45–48, 54, 56–59 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 220 North Yemen, 127 NPFL, 125 Numayri, 128 OECD, 253 Official Development Assistance (ODA), 230 oil, 52 Oman, 153, 156, 157, 160, 169 Omar al-Bashir, 139 OPEC, 334 Organization for African Union (OAU), 159 Organization of the Islamic Conference, 159, 160 Osama Bin Laden, 213, 214 Pakistan, 167, 169, 214, 215, 220, 234–236, 241, 244 Pakistani Taliban, 235 Palestine, 217, 226 Paris Convention, 351–353 Patass´e, 139 Peninsula Shield Force, 171 periphery, 30 PETRONAS, 197 pharmaceuticals, 373 pharmaceutical drugs, 376 pharmaceutical exports, 376 pharmaceutical industry, 374 pharmaceutical lobby, 350, 352 pharmaceutical production chain, 377 Philippines, 168, 169 plural societies, 327 Polisario, 135 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: Index political integration, 225, 228 Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf, 157 post-colonial, 36, 43, 51, 216 poverty, 252, 254, 277, 278 poverty alleviation, 250, 251, 274 power hierarchy, 176 President George W Bush, 237 President Franklin Roosevelt, 270 Qatar, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160, 163, 166, 168, 169, 171 Qatar Investment Authority, 166 Qatar National Food Security Programme, 164 Qatari, 163 Quran, 240 Qutb brothers, 219 Rachid Gannouchi, 229 RAF, 219 Rashid, 235 Raul Prebisch, 330 Reconquista, 21, 23, 24 Red Army Faction (RAF), 219 regional powers, 67–69, 77, 81, 84, 86, 87 regionalism, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74 rehabilitation, 216, 224, 225, 227, 228, 235, 240, 241 religion, 228, 229 resistance movement, 216, 218, 219 Revolutionary Arab Front, 129 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC), 231 Richard H Schultz, 216 Rio Declaration, 256 Riyadh, 240 Russia, 48, 52, 162 Rwanda, 167 Saadi al-Gaddafi, 147 SADC, 138 Saddam Hussein, 236 Safeguard Clause, 359 b1433-index 415 Sahel, 217, 218 Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), 217 Samuel Huntington, 156 Sanussi order, 131 Saudi Arabia, 134, 153, 156–160, 162, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 227, 238, 239, 242 Saudi Aramco, 169 Saudi Fund for Development, 158 Saudi Kingdom, 241, 242 Sayyid Qutb, 217 Seattle Ministerial, 355 Sectoral Initiative in Favor of Cotton, 361 security, 214, 215, 222, 223, 226, 229, 230, 237, 240, 241–244 Security Council, 220, 222 security risks, 214 security threats, 220 semi-periphery, 30, 34, 41 Senegal, 147 Sheikh Abdessalam Yassine, 228, 229 Shi’ite, 236 Shimon Peres, 135 Sierra Leone, 125, 167 Singapore, 166, 169 Singapore Ministerial, 354 Singer–Prebisch, 332 Singer–Prebisch theory, 330 Sinopec, 169 Sir Arthur Lewis, 328 Six Days War, 127 soft power, 159 Solomon Islands, 167 South Africa, 136 South Korea, 169 South–South alliance, 96–98, 109 South–South bilateral trade agreements, 32 South–South collaboration, 375, 383, 385, 386, 387, 390 South–South Cooperation (SSC), 95–98, 101, 106, 109, 111, 116, 127, April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: 416 b1433-index Index 153, 162, 169, 170, 172, 176, 251, 272, 273, 278, 283–285, 300, 313, 349, 371, 373, 384–386 South–South health biotechnology collaboration, 378 South–South investments, 32 South–South migration, 283, 285–288, 294 Southeast Asia, 251 Southeast Asia growth triangle, 273 Southern Philippines, 230 southward, 235 Sovereign Wealth Funds, 166 Soviet Union, 157 Spain, 3, 22, 24 Spanish conquests, 16, 21 Special Forces, 214 Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM), 367 Sri Lanka, 169 SSC, 31 SSC framework, 185 Star Agricultural Development Company, 165 Stiglitz, 274, 278 Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs), 340 sub-imperialism, 56, 57, 59 Sudan, 127, 165–167 Sultan bin Taimur’s, 156 Sunni, 236 Suring Pitsuan, 164 sustainable development, 251, 252 sustainable tourism, 249 Syria, 127, 130, 214, 238 terrorist, 213, 216–225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 235, 236, 239, 240, 242, 243 terrorist attacks, 214, 219, 224 Thailand, 169 The Brundtland Commission, 269 The Earth Summit at Rio, 255 The Rio Declaration, 255, 256 The World Development Report of 2004, 265 The World Ecotourism Summit 2002, 257 Third World, 29, 32, 34, 36, 39, 41 Thomas Malthus, 333 Thomas Sankara, 132 threat, 215, 222, 229, 238, 244 Tokyo Round, 350, 357 Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA), 250 Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 350, 351–355, 357, 358, 360, 364 Trans-Sahel Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI), 222 transnational, 217–220 transnational Muslim, 220 transnational terror, 218 Travel and Tourism Agenda 21 (TT Agenda 21), 275 triple bottom line, 253 Tripoli Charter, 129 Tripolitania, 128 T S Eliot, 278 Tunisia, 128, 213, 220, 229 Turkey, 33, 48, 214, 231, 232, 242, 244 Taiwan, 166 Talal bin Abdul Aziz, 158 Taliban, 233–236, 241, 244 Tanzania, 160, 166 Tenochtitl´ an, 9, 10 terms of trade, 331 terror threats, 226 terrorism, 214–219, 222–227, 229, 230, 232, 241, 242–244 Uganda, 127 UK, 214, 219, 229, 220, 243, 244 Ummah, 220 UN Conference on Environment and Development, 255 UN Conference on Human Environment, 254 UN Conference on Trade and Development, 263 April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: Index UN Millennium Declaration, 257 Unasur, 76, 77 UNDP, 259 unilateralism, 31, 45 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 153, 157, 158, 169 United Arab Republic, 127 United National Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 324 United States of the Sahel, 133 United States Trade Act of 1974, 353 unwinnable wars, 216, 242 UNWTO, 248, 250, 261, 265–269, 275, 278 Uruguay Round, 350–355, 357, 360, 362–364 US, 46–48, 50, 52, 54, 58, 213–215, 218, 219, 221–226, 230, 234–238, 244 US conditionalities, 46 US counter-insurgency, 224 US counter-terrorism, 224 US Department of Defense, 223 US foreign policy, 222 US policy, 214 US threat, 215 USAID, 223 Venezuela, 33, 48, 58 Vietnam, 169 volume of trade, 193 Wallerstein, 30, 34, 35, 37, 39, 49, 56, 175, 176 War, 215, 220, 224, 225, 237–239, 243, 244 War on Terrorism, 243 b1433-index 417 Warfare, 216, 221, 232, 244 Warlord, 233, 234 Washington, 235, 242, 244 Washington Consensus, 162 West Asia, 161 West Pakistan, 214 West Sahara, 135 West’s, 36, 216 West’s Unwinnable Wars, 213 Western, 214–216, 218, 220, 221, 229, 233, 240, 241 Western security, 215 Western states, 216 World Assembly of Muslim Youth, 159 World Bank, 233, 252, 253, 258–260, 264, 265, 270, 276–278, 324 world economy, 30, 34, 37, 41 World Food Programme, 164 World Heritage Sites, 267 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 352 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), 256, 257 world system, 30–32, 35, 36, 40, 43, 56, 175 World Systems Analysis, 30 world trade, 192 World Trade Organization (WTO), 269, 349 yellow imperialism, 50 Yemen, 167, 169, 214 Zanzibar Revolution, 160 Zimbabwe, 136 .. .The rise of the GlObal South Philosophical, Geopolitical and Economic Trends of the 21st Century 8430_9789814397803_tp.indd 15/4/13 11:31 AM April 16, 2013 8:52 9in x 6in Rise of Global South: ... catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL SOUTH Philosophical, Geopolitical and Economic Trends of the 21st Century Copyright © 2013 by World Scientific... this collection of chapters will provide the reader with the breadth and depth of two interrelated themes, the growing economic and geopolitical clout of the Global South and the deepening interrelationships