GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs Basic Form: Can: Diễn tả khả năng của con người ở hiện tại. I can play the trumpet. Yêu cầu, đề nghị, xin phép thân mật. Can I have another cup of coffee, please? Can’t: không thể làm gì hoặc diễn tả một sự việc không có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại. He can’t be hungry. He has just had dinner. Could: Khả năng trong quá khứ. Could you ride a bike when you were 6? – I couldn’t. Lời yêu cầu trịnh trọng. Could you turn down the sound a bit? MayMight: Dự đoán không chắc ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. You maymight get pregnant if you don’t wear this condom. Lời đề nghị, cho phép (lịch sự). May I see your ticket please? Must: Diễn tả mệnh lệnh. You must pay the fine by Friday. Sự bắt buộc từ người nói. I must have my hair cut. It is such a mess. Dự đoán chắc chắn ở hiện tại. You must like your job because you seem so happy. Mustn’t: không được phép = be not allowedpermitted to. You mustn’t use your phone during the test. Should = ought to = had better Diễn tả lời khuyên ở hiện tạitương lai. You should get married before it’s too late. Have to: Phải làm gì (yêu cầu từ người khác) You have to put on your seat belt now. Need: Need to Vinf: cần phải làm. Needn’t V: không cần = don’t haveneed to. You needn’t tell me who you went out with last night. You don’t haveneed to tell me who you went out with. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences. 1. When he was young, he _____ swim very well. He won medals and championships A. had to B. can C. could D. should 2. Its wet and windy outside today. You _____ go out without an umbrella. A. shouldnt B. wont C. mustn’t D. dont have to 3. I think that sign means we _____ enter the building. Look, theres a security guard too. A. wont B. have to C. mustnt D. needn’t 4. You _____ use your mobile phone during the test. Its against the rules. A. mightnt B. mustnt C. oughtnt D. neednt 5. Im not sure, but Tony _____ probably get that demanding job. A. must B. need C. ought D. might 6. All students _____ hand in their assignments by Friday at the latest. A. ought B. might C. must D. may 7. You _____ pass the exam in order to graduate from high school. A. must B. can C. may D. might 8. Tom watches all the Liverpool games. He _____ be one of their biggest fans. A. couldnt B. has got C. must D. shouldn’t 9. Will your plane we late this afternoon? It _____. The airport was closed this morning. A. couldnt be B. may be C. mustn’t be D. cannot be 10. My sister ____ come back from London tonight, but I’m not sure. A. may B. ought to C. must D. needn’t
Trang 1UNIT 10: ENDANGERED SPECIES GLOSSARY
- Word Bank
§ Jeopardize
học
§ Set up
§ Found
- Collocations/Idioms
- Practice
Exercise 1: Match each of the word in A with its definition in B
Trang 2Exercise 2: Complete each of the following sentences with a word from Exercise 1
1 Only thinking of their own _, many people are seriously destroying the
environment without any hesitation
2 Those small factories are causing a lot of environmental _ with all their
waste and smoke
3 These animals are now on the verge of _ because of overhunting
4 It is our responsibility to help _ the forest and stop its destruction
5 The host country can take conservation measures to build up or maintain its
_
6 The organization was set up to protect _ species from extinction
7 To save endangered animals from extinction, we should _ wildlife habitat
reserves
8 The main threat to the survival of these creatures comes from their loss of _
Exercise 3: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences
1 Many plant and animal species are now in danger of _
2 What should be done to protect _ animals?
3 _ is the act of preventing something from being lost, wasted, damaged or destroyed
4 Conservation is the protection of the _ environment
5 Many nations have laws offering protection to these species, such as forbidding hunting,
restricting land development or creating _
6 _ is the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species living in their natural
environment
7 If an area is _, all the trees there are cut down or destroyed
8 It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species' declines and habitat _
and degradation are the leading threats
9 Chemical wastes from factories are _ that cause serious damage to species habitats
10 _ is one of the main causes of species extinction
Exercise 4: Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable preposition
1 We all will benefit _ protecting our environment from being polluted
2 The Ozone layer is a layer of gas high above the surface of the earth that helps to protect it
_ the sun’s ultraviolet radiation, which can damage our skins and cause cancer
3 We are now depending heavily _ fossil fuels for energy
4 The forest has been so heavily logged that it is _ danger of disappearing
5 It was feared that the break-up of the oil tanker would result _ further pollution
6 Due to overexploitation, many species of plants and animals are _ the verge of dying out
7 The animals in this area are highly vulnerable _ climate change
8 Water can be harmful _ organisms and plants which live in the water
9 Land pollution also brings _ natural disasters such as flash floods and landslides
Trang 310 Thousands of lives will be _ stake if the extreme heat doesn’t decrease
Exercise 5: Match each of the words in A with a word in B to make meaningful phrases
Exercise 6: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences
1 Air pollution contributes to the greenhouse effect which can _ a series of environmental
problems
2 Deforestation results _ climate change, global warming, extreme floods and erosion
3 The giant panda is _ because its habitat is being destroyed
4 They are investigating the _ global warming will have on us over the next 50 years
5 Animals are dying _ far more often than you might think
6 Different activities should be carried out to raise people’s _ about the matter of pollution
7 The habitats for endangered animals are being _ damaged and polluted
8 Government should take measures to stop people from doing _ to the environment
9 There are a number of _ that should be taken to protect endangered animals
10 Probability of extinction depends _ both the population size and fine details of the
population demography
11 15,589 species (7,266 animal species and 8,323 plant species) are now considered _ risk
_ extinction
12 Many nations _ laws offering protection to these species, such as forbidding hunting,
restricting land development or creating reserves
13 The disappearance of forests _ a lot of bad changes to the habitats of many species
14 We should take actions to _ the remaining species on the Red List from extinction
15 It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species' declines and habitat _
and degradation are the leading threats
A destroy B destructive C destructor D destruction
16 Clearing forests for timber has resulted the loss of biodiversity
A with B at C in D for
Trang 417 Toxic chemicals from factories are one of the serious factors that leads wildlife to the
of extinction
18 Although we are aware _ the importance of environment, we still overexploit it
19 Whales are one species that is _ danger of extinction
20 In this forest, there is a wide _ of floras and faunas
Exercise 7: Choose the word(s) that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s)
1 Water is this well cannot be drunk It’s contaminated
2 Humans depend on species diversity to provide food, clean air and water, and fertile soil for
agriculture
A raise B produce C supply D reserve
3 Many schools provide environmental education to increase students' awareness of
conservation needs
4 Being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species
more desirable for collectors and poachers
5 An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct
PRONUNCIATION
The pronunciation of ‘EA’
EA
Sweat …
[i:] East, Easy, Heat, Beam, Dream, Breathe, Creature, Eat, Seat, Clean,
Lean, Bean …
[ə:] Learn, Earth, Heard, Pearl …
[eə] Bear, Pear, Swear, Wear …
[iə] Tear, Clear, Beard, Dear …
[ei] Great, Break, Steak …
Choose the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation
GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs
Basic Form:
- Can:
Ø Diễn tả khả năng của con người ở hiện tại
§ I can play the trumpet
Ø Yêu cầu, đề nghị, xin phép thân mật
§ Can I have another cup of coffee, please?
Trang 5Ø Can’t: không thể làm gì hoặc diễn tả một sự việc không có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại
§ He can’t be hungry He has just had dinner
- Could:
Ø Khả năng trong quá khứ
§ Could you ride a bike when you were 6? – I couldn’t
Ø Lời yêu cầu trịnh trọng
§ Could you turn down the sound a bit?
- May/Might:
Ø Dự đoán không chắc ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
§ You may/might get pregnant if you don’t wear this condom
Ø Lời đề nghị, cho phép (lịch sự)
§ May I see your ticket please?
- Must:
Ø Diễn tả mệnh lệnh
§ You must pay the fine by Friday
Ø Sự bắt buộc từ người nói
§ I must have my hair cut It is such a mess
Ø Dự đoán chắc chắn ở hiện tại
§ You must like your job because you seem so happy
Ø Mustn’t: không được phép = be not allowed/permitted to
§ You mustn’t use your phone during the test
- Should = ought to = had better
Ø Diễn tả lời khuyên ở hiện tại/tương lai
§ You should get married before it’s too late
- Have to:
Ø Phải làm gì (yêu cầu từ người khác)
§ You have to put on your seat belt now
- Need:
Ø Need to V-inf: cần phải làm
Ø Needn’t V: không cần = don’t have/need to
§ You needn’t tell me who you went out with last night
§ You don’t have/need to tell me who you went out with
Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences
1 When he was young, he _ swim very well He won medals and championships!
2 It's wet and windy outside today You _ go out without an umbrella
3 I think that sign means we _ enter the building Look, there's a security guard too
4 You _ use your mobile phone during the test It's against the rules
5 I'm not sure, but Tony _ probably get that demanding job
6 All students _ hand in their assignments by Friday at the latest
7 You _ pass the exam in order to graduate from high school
8 Tom watches all the Liverpool games He _ be one of their biggest fans
9 Will your plane we late this afternoon?- It _ The airport was closed this morning
10 My sister come back from London tonight, but I’m not sure
Trang 6Modals In The Past
- Must haveV3: Chắc chắn đã làm
Ø The room smells do good He must have cleaned it
- Can’t/couldn’t have V3: Chắc chán đã không làm (Không dùng mustn’t have V3)
Ø Peter was punished by the teacher again He can’t have done his homework
- May/might/can/could (not) have V3: Có lẽ đã (không) làm gì
Ø Tom hasn’t arrived yet – He might have taken the wrong train
- Should (not)/ought (not) to have V3: Lẽ ra đã (không) nên làm
Ø The teacher was really angry You shouldn’t have behaved so impolitely
- Needn’t have V3: Lẽ ra đã không cần (nhưng đã làm rồi)
Ø These flowers are for you sweet heart – Thanks! You needn’t have bought them
Cấu trúc tương đương với modal verbs
Surely
Certainly
I’m sure
I’m certain
I know that
Must + Infinitive Can’t + Infinitive
Must have V3 Can’t have V3
You are not allowed to
You are obliged to
It is compulsory
Must (not) infinitive
Perhaps
Maybe
I’m not sure
It be possible/likely
It be careless/wrong to
I suggest that
It be a good idea
Wish
There be no need to
It be (un)necessary to
It be (not) essential to
Choose the option that best completes each of the following sentences
1 Peter has been working for 10 hours He _ be very tired now
2 I am not deaf You _ shout
3 We have plenty of time for doing the work We _ be hurried
4 Susan _ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly
5 Jane often wears beautiful new clothes She _ be very rich
6 _ I have a day off tomorrow? - Of course not We have a lot of things to do
7 You _ take your umbrella along with you today It _ rain later on this afternoon
8 I do not mind at all You _ apologize
9 _ you play the piano when you were a child?
Trang 710 _ I borrow your dictionary?
11 I'm not sure but Jane _ come to visit me this afternoon
12 Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table He _ it here last night
13 John failed again He _ harder
14 I wonder who drank all the milk yesterday It _ have been Mary because she was out all
day
15 You _ introduce me to Dr Gray We have already met
Choose the sentence that is CLOSEST in meaning to the sentence printed before it
1 Sally paid for her travel in advance, but it wasn’t necessary
A Sally needn't have paid for her travel in advance
B Sally might not have paid for her travel in advance
C Sally may not have paid for her travel in advance
D Sally couldn’t have paid for her travel in advance
2 .I am sure he did not know that his brother graduated with flying colors
A He should not have been envious of his brother’s achievement
B He cannot have known that his brother graduated with very high marks
C That his brother graduated with flying colors must have been appreciated by him
D He may not know that his brother is flying gradually up in a colorful balloon
3 I‘m sure Luisa was very disappointed when she failed the exam
A Luisa must be very disappointed when she failed the exam
B Luisa must have been very disappointed when she failed the exam
C Luisa may be very disappointed when she failed the exam
D Luisa could have been very disappointed when she failed the exam
4 I really believe my letter came as a great surprise to John
A John might be very surprised to receive my letter
B John might have been very surprised to receive my letter
C John must be very surprised to receive my letter
D John must have been very surprised to receive my letter
5 It’s possible that the plane has been delayed because of the bad weather
A It’s certainly the bad weather which has resulted in the plane’s being late
B It may be the bad weather that has caused the plane to be delayed
C The weather must have been very bad, or else their plane wouldn’t have been delayed
D The obvious reason for the plane’s being delayed for so long is the bad weather
6 It’s likely that I’ll have left the party before she shows up
A I would like to have left the party before she arrives
B She won’t be able to find me at the party when she finally arrives
C By the time she arrives at the party, I may well have already gone
D Once she has got to party, I will probably leave
7 I’m not sure that the Aziz Nesin Theatre Group’s version of The Idiot appeals to me, even if
my brother can babysit
A Had my brother been able to babysit, I might have gone to see the Aziz Nesin Theatre
Group’s version of The Idiot
B If my brother agrees to babysit, we can go to the Aziz Nesin Theatre Group’s version of
The Idiot, which I think you might enjoy
C I probably wouldn’t have enjoyed Aziz Nesin Theatre Group’s version of The Idiot, but
my brother couldn’t babysit for us anyway
Trang 8D My brother might be able to babysit, but even so, I’m not convinced that the Aziz Nesin
Theatre Group’s version of The Idiot is something I would enjoy
8 I certainly won’t be lending Bruce any books again any time soon
A I may be lending some books to Bruce this time, but I probably won’t do so anymore
B It’s certain that I won’t let Bruce borrow any books for such a long time again
C Bruce definitely won’t be returning any books that he borrowed from me soon
D It’ll definitely be a long time before I allow Bruce to borrow any more books
Rewrite each of the following sentences without changing the meaning
1 I’m sure that he didn’t attend the Conference on Wildlife Protection yesterday
2 I’m certain that he buried something in the garden
3 I'm sure she thinks I'm stupid
4 I’m sure that he has finished the exercise
5 We are certain that it was a disaster
6 It is necessary for all the students to take part in the course
7 You can give the tour guide a tip but it is not necessary
8 It is unnecessary for him to take a thick coat
9 It wasn’t necessary for them to have reserved the tickets
10 It is essential for students to buy a good dictionary
11 It wasn’t a good idea for us to ask the other couple to come with us
12 It was careless of him to go without checking the times
13 It was wrong of you to take money from my purse without asking
14 I think she's wrong to make promises which she doesn't keep
15 It was a mistake to sell the house I wish I hadn't
16 It’s possible the weather will be sunny tomorrow
17 Perhaps Mr Smith murdered his wife
18 It’s possible that Mr Smith committed a crime
19 It’s likely that he will be convicted of the offence
20 Maybe he won the lottery