Con đường tơ lụa trên biển thế kỷ 21 Con đường bình yên- 21st Century Maritime Silk Road A Peaceful Way Forward .

Springer Oceanography Chongwei Zheng Ziniu Xiao Wen Zhou Xiaobin Chen Xuan Chen 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: A Peaceful Way Forward Springer Oceanography The Springer Oceanography series seeks to publish a broad portfolio of scientific books, aiming at researchers, students, and everyone interested in marine sciences The series includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and conference proceedings It covers the entire area of oceanography including, but not limited to, Coastal Sciences, Biological/Chemical/Geological/Physical Oceanography, Paleoceanography, and related subjects More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10175 Chongwei Zheng Ziniu Xiao Wen Zhou Xiaobin Chen Xuan Chen • • 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: A Peaceful Way Forward 123 Chongwei Zheng College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense Technology Nanjing China Ziniu Xiao Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Xiaobin Chen No 92538 of People’s Liberation Army Dalian China Xuan Chen No 75839 of People’s Liberation Army Guangzhou China Wen Zhou School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China ISSN 2365-7677 ISSN 2365-7685 (electronic) Springer Oceanography ISBN 978-981-10-7976-4 ISBN 978-981-10-7977-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7977-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018934452 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2018, corrected publication 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Series Publications on the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road I II III IV V VI VII VIII 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: A Peaceful Way Forward 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Construction of Remote Islands and Reefs 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Wave Energy Resource Evaluation 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Wind Energy Resource Evaluation 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Location Choice of Marine New Energy 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Long-Term Trends of Oceanic Parameters 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Threat and Characteristics of Swell 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Early Warning of Wave Disasters Preface The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (shortened to “Maritime Silk Road” hereafter) proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping has received increasing attention from many countries and regions It represents China’s consistent theme of peace and development It is conducive to promoting economic prosperity and regional economic cooperation among countries, strengthening communication between civilizations, and promoting world peace and development The Maritime Silk Road will open a new chapter of human interconnection, cooperation and win-win scenarios, equality, and mutual assistance More than 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by ocean The ocean is not only an important regulator of the natural environment but also an important growth point for social and economic development It is the cradle of human life as well as a resource repository that will bring new opportunities for Chinese national rejuvenation and contributions to the sustainable development of human society However, challenges and opportunities often coexist The Maritime Silk Road links the South China Sea and the northern Indian Ocean, involving a large number of countries, a wide range, and long distances The challenging natural environment, scarcity of electricity and freshwater resources, different political and cultural bases, complex maritime rights disputes, and constant state of conflict greatly increase the difficulty of constructing the Maritime Silk Road For example, a storm surge in the Bay of Bengal in 1970 caused more than 300,000 deaths Obviously, understanding the characteristics of the marine environment is a prerequisite for the safe and efficient construction of the Maritime Silk Road However, relatively weak basic research and scarce marine data seriously restrict the full implementation of the Maritime Silk Road initiative and urgently need to be addressed Construction of the Maritime Silk Road includes not only traditional ocean navigation and freight transportation but also the development of marine new energy, island tourism, marine cultural exchange, maritime search and rescue, humanitarian relief, disaster prevention and reduction, anti-piracy escort, anti-terrorism cruises, and several other areas With the rapid development of human society, the demand for energy has increased accordingly, and along with this, increasingly serious energy and environmental crises have developed These vii viii Preface crises have attracted much attention in recent years With shortages of conventional energy such as coal and oil, we have begun to focus on new energy resources, researching which resource will be the best for coping with climate change and for mitigating the shortages of conventional energy This has been a common strategy adopted by several countries Marine resources will guarantee the survival and sustainable development of the twenty-first-century human society, which will also be a new highlight of the Maritime Silk Road construction The rational exploitation and utilization of wave energy, offshore wind energy, and other new energy sources will provide a positive contribution to ease the energy crisis of human society, improve the quality of life of residents along the Maritime Silk Road, and enhance the viability of remote islands and reefs There is an obvious need for “resource evaluation and planning in advance” in energy development Due to the difficulties of extremely scarce data, the huge amount of computation required, and the difficulty of using the appropriate technology, only a few detailed and systematic energy analyses have been conducted for the Maritime Silk Road, resulting in an insufficient reference for its construction An understanding of the characteristics of the marine environment is key to the safety of marine construction, while knowledge of the characteristics of marine energy is the basis of reasonable and efficient energy utilization In addition, legal counsel is helpful in protecting the rights, interests, and commitment of countries and regions that are participating in the construction of the Maritime Silk Road We are convinced that there is an urgent need for new insights into the field of coping with the challenging natural environment, the scarcity of electricity and freshwater resources, the different political and cultural bases, and the complex maritime rights disputes that may arise during the construction of the Maritime Silk Road Therefore, an in-depth study of the characteristics of the new marine energy, marine environment, remote islands and reefs construction, and legal escort is of great significance and urgently needs to be pursued in order to provide a scientific reference and decision-making support for the construction of the Maritime Silk Road This book first discusses the significance and opportunities of the Maritime Silk Road initiative, then analyzes the challenges involved in the construction of the Maritime Silk Road and provides corresponding countermeasures It then focuses on understanding the characteristics of the marine environment; marine resources and their current utilization; important routes, channels, and ports; and the Maritime Silk Road from the perspective of international law The book also aims to provide a reference to help solve practical problems, such as ocean engineering, marine energy development, remote islands and reefs construction, navigation, disaster prevention and reduction, and legal escort, and thus to contribute to the safe and efficient construction of the Maritime Silk Road In addition, this book proposes to construct a comprehensive application platform for the Maritime Silk Road that will be practical and convenient and will help decision-making The book is motivated by the urgent demands of coping with the challenging natural environment, the scarcity of electricity and freshwater resources, the different political and cultural Preface ix bases, and the complex maritime rights disputes that may arise during the construction of the Maritime Silk Road This book is written for national decision-makers, researchers, and marine engineering personnel related to the construction of the Maritime Silk Road Beijing, China December 2017 Chongwei Zheng Ziniu Xiao Wen Zhou Xiaobin Chen Xuan Chen The original version of the book was revised: Authors’ affiliations have been updated The erratum to the book is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7977-1_9 xi 156 Appendix (8) Rough Sea Occurrence (Occurrence of SWH Greater Than 2.5 m) (Jan) (Feb) (Mar) Appendix 157 (Apr) (May) (Jun) 158 Appendix (Jul) (Aug) (Sep) Appendix 159 (Oct) (Nov) (Dec) 160 Appendix (Annual) Appendix 161 (9) Ocean Current (Averaging from to 1000 m of the Under Water) (Jan) (Feb) (Mar) 162 Appendix (Apr) (May) (Jun) Appendix 163 (Jul) (Aug) (Sep) 164 Appendix (Oct) (Nov) (Dec) Appendix 165 (10) Upper Ocean Current (5 m of the Under Water) (Jan) (Feb) (Mar) 166 Appendix (Apr) (May) (Jun) Appendix 167 (Jul) (Aug) (Sep) 168 Appendix (Oct) (Nov) (Dec) Appendix 169 (11) Current Rose of Eluanbi Station (South of Taiwan Island) (Jan) NNW N NNE (Feb) NW NNW N NNE NW NE NE 20% 30% 20% WNW 15% WNW ENE ENE 10% 10% 5% W W E m/s WSW ESE SW SE SSW (Mar) NNW SSE S N - 1.2 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 E WSW ESE SW NW NNW SSE S N NNE NW NE NE 20% 20% 15% WNW 15% WNW ENE 5% 5% W W E WSW ESE SW SE (May) NNW SSE S N m/s >=1 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 NNE E m/s WSW ESE SW SE SSW (Jun) NW NE NNW SSE S N - 1.2 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 NNE NW 15% NE 20% 10% WNW ENE 10% 10% SSW - 1.2 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 SE SSW (Apr) NNE m/s ENE 15% WNW ENE 10% 5% 5% W E W E m/s WSW ESE SW SE SSW S SSE - 1.2 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 m/s WSW ESE SW SE SSW S SSE >=1 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 170 Appendix (Jul) NNW N NNE (Aug) NW NNW N NNE NW NE NE 30% 15% WNW WNW ENE 10% ENE 20% 10% 5% W W E E m/s WSW SW SE SSW NNW (Sep) SSE S N m/s >=1 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 ESE WSW ESE SW NNE (Oct) NW SE SSW NNW SSE S N NNE NW NE NE 20% 20% 15% WNW 15% WNW ENE ENE 10% 10% 5% 5% W W E E m/s WSW - 1.2 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 ESE SW SE SSW (Nov) NNW SSE S N WSW SE SSW (Dec) NE NNW SSE S N NE ENE 20% WNW 10% ENE 10% W E W E m/s WSW ESE SW - 1.2 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 SE (Annual) NNW SSE N m/s WSW NNE NW NE 20% 15% WNW ENE 10% 5% W E WSW ESE m/s SW SE SSW S >=1 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 30% 20% S m/s NNE NW 30% WNW ESE SW NNE NW SSW >=1 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 SSE >=1 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 ESE SW SE SSW S SSE - 1.2 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.2 ... laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate... complementarity and mutual benefits between China and the countries and regions along the Belt and Road At the same time, the countries and regions along the Belt and Road are rich in raw materials and low-cost... habits and customs of all the participating countries and regions Analyzing the customs, religious beliefs, and other relevant information along the Maritime Silk Road and establishing a standardized