Handbook of Structural Steel Connection Design and Details

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Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-1-25-958552-4 MHID: 1-25-958552-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-25958551-7, MHID: 1-25-958551-4 eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions 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Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill Education’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise CONTENTS Contributors Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Fasteners and Welds for Structural Connections Larry S Muir, P.E., William A Thornton, Ph.D., P.E., and Thomas Kane, C.Eng., M.I.Struct.E 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Bolted Connections 1.2.1 Types of Bolts 1.2.2 Washer Requirements 1.2.3 Pretensioned and Snug-Tight Bolts 1.2.4 Bearing-Type versus Slip-Critical Joints 1.2.5 Bolts in Combination with Welds 1.2.6 Standard, Oversized, Short-Slotted, and Long-Slotted Holes 1.2.7 Edge Distances and Spacing of Bolts 1.2.8 Installation 1.3 Welded Connections 1.3.1 Types of Welds 1.3.2 Welding Symbols 1.3.3 Welding Material 1.3.4 Welding Positions 1.3.5 Weld Procedures 1.3.6 Weld Quality 1.3.7 Methods for Determining Strength of Skewed Fillet Welds 1.3.8 Obliquely Loaded Concentric Fillet Weld Groups References Chapter 2 Design of Connections for Axial, Moment, and Shear Forces Larry S Muir, P.E., William A Thornton, Ph.D., P.E., and Thomas Kane, C.Eng., M.I.Struct.E 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Philosophy 2.1.2 General Procedure 2.1.3 Economic Considerations 2.1.4 Types of Connections 2.1.5 Organization 2.2 Axial Force Connections 2.2.1 Bracing Connections 2.2.2 Truss Connections 2.2.3 Hanger Connections 2.2.4 Column Base Plates 2.2.5 Splices—Columns and Truss Chords 2.3 Moment Connections 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Example: Three-Way Moment Connection 2.4 Shear Connections 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Framed Connections 2.4.3 Skewed Connections 2.4.4 Seated Connections 2.4.5 Beam Shear Splices 2.4.6 Extended Single-Plate Shear Connections (Shear Tabs) 2.5 Miscellaneous Connections 2.5.1 Simple Beam Connections under Shear and Axial Load 2.5.2 Reinforcement of Axial Force Connections 2.5.3 Extended Tab with Axial References Chapter 3 Welded Joint Design and Production Duane K Miller, Sc.D., P.E., and Michael D Florczykowski 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Welding Codes and Standards 3.2.1 AISC Specifications 3.2.2 AWS Specifications 3.3 Structural Steels for Welded Construction 3.3.1 AWS D1.1 Steel Listings 3.3.2 AISC Specification Treatment of Unidentified Steels 3.3.3 Welding Requirements for Specific Steels 3.4 Welding and Thermal Cutting Processes 3.4.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding 3.4.2 Flux Cored Arc Welding 3.4.3 Gas Metal Arc Welding 3.4.4 Submerged Arc Welding 3.4.5 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding 3.4.6 Arc Stud Welding 3.4.7 Electroslag Welding 3.4.8 Oxyfuel Cutting 3.4.9 Plasma Arc Cutting 3.4.10 Air Carbon Arc Cutting and Gouging 3.5 Welded Joint Design 3.5.1 CJP Groove Welds 3.5.2 PJP Groove Welds 3.5.3 Fillet Welds 3.6 Welding Procedures 3.6.1 Effects of Welding Variables 3.6.2 Purpose of Welding Procedure Specifications 3.6.3 Prequalified Welding Procedure Specifications 3.6.4 Guidelines for Preparing Prequalified WPSs 3.6.5 Qualifying Welding Procedures by Test 3.6.6 Approval of WPSs 3.7 Welding Cost Analysis 3.8 Welding Problems: Cracking and Tearing during Fabrication 3.8.1 Centerline Cracking 3.8.2 Underbead Cracks 3.8.3 Transverse Cracks 3.8.4 Lamellar Tearing 3.9 Welding Problems: Distortion 3.10 Welding on Existing Structures 3.10.1 Safety Precautions 3.10.2 Existing Steel Composition and Condition 3.10.3 Welding and Cutting on Members under Load 3.10.4 Modifications and Additions to Undamaged Steel 3.10.5 Repair of Plastically Deformed Steel 3.11 Welding on Seismically Resistant Structures 3.11.1 High Connection Demands 3.11.2 Stress Concentrations 3.11.3 Fracture Resistance 3.11.4 Demand Critical Connections and Protected Zones 3.11.5 Seismic Welded Connection Details 3.11.6 Filler Metal Requirements 3.11.7 Welder Qualification Tests 3.11.8 Nondestructive Testing 3.12 Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 Partially Restrained Connections Roberto T Leon 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Connection Classification 4.2.1 Connection Stiffness 4.2.2 Connection Strength 4.2.3 Connection Ductility 4.2.4 Derivation of M-θ Curves 4.2.5 Analysis 4.3 Design of Bolted PR Connections 4.3.1 Column Welded-Beam Bolted Connections 4.3.2 Column Bolted-Beam Bolted (T Stubs) 4.3.3 End-Plate Connections 4.4 Flexible PR Connections 4.5 Considerations for Analysis of PR Frames References Chapter 5 Seismic Design of Connections James O Malley and Raymond S Pugliesi 5.1 Special Design Issues for Seismic Design 5.2 Connection Design Requirements for Various Structural Systems 5.3 Design of Special Moment-Frame Connections 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Post-Northridge Developments in Connection Design 5.3.3 Toughened Connections 5.3.4 Strengthened Connections 5.3.5 Weakened Connections 5.4 Concentrically Braced Frames 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 Connection Design and Example 5.5 Eccentrically Braced Frames 5.6 Buckling Restrained Braced Frames 5.7 Special Plate Shear Walls 5.8 Other Connections in Seismic Frames References Chapter 6 Structural Steel Details David R Williams, P.E Reference Chapter 7 Connection Design for Special Structures Lawrence A Kloiber 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Lateral Load Systems 7.3 Long-Span Trusses 7.4 Space-Frame Structures 7.5 Examples of Connections for Special Structures 7.6 Building Information Model 7.7 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Quality Control and Quality Assurance Robert E Shaw, Jr., P.E 8.1 Principles of Quality Control and Quality Assurance 8.2 Standards for QC and QA 8.3 Fabricator ’s and Erector ’s QC Programs 8.3.1 Fabricator and Erector QC Activities 8.3.2 QC Inspection Personnel 8.3.3 Fabricator and Erector Approvals 8.4 Quality Assurance Programs 8.4.1 QA Inspection Activities 8.4.2 QA Inspection Personnel 8.4.3 Nondestructive Testing Personnel 8.5 Inspection of Bolted Connections 8.5.1 Scope of Inspections 8.5.2 Inspection prior to Bolting 8.5.3 Inspection during Bolting 8.5.4 Inspection after Bolting Preheating, 21, 22, 22t lamellar tearing, 180 transverse cracks, 180 underbead cracks, 180 welding inspection, 332 welding procedures, 172 Preinstallation verification testing, 318–319 Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications (AISC 358-16), 186, 246, 308 Prequalified joint geometry, 174 Prequalified steels, 145 Prequalified welding procedure specification (WPS), 174–175 Pretensioned, 3 Pretensioned bolts, 4, 320–325 Procedure qualification record (PQR), 175, 176 Production lot, 315 Protected zone, 187 PS connection See Partial strength (PS) connection PT See Penetrant testing (PT) Pulsed arc welding, 151 Pulsed spray transfer (GMAW-P), 151–152, 152f Pulsed welding, 151 Punching fastener holes, 6, 6t QA/QC See Quality control and quality assurance QCI See Quality control inspector (QCI) QST steels See Quenched and self-tempered (QST) steels Q&T steels See Quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels Qualifying welding procedures by test, 175 Quality assurance inspection, 327 Quality control and quality assurance, 307–337 AISC requirement, 307 bolted connections See Inspection of bolted connections definitions, 307 fabricator and erector approvals, 310 fabricator and erector QC activities, 308–309 NDT personnel, 312 QA inspection activities, 311 QA inspection personnel, 311–312 QC inspection personnel, 309–310 standards, 308 welded connections See Inspection of welded connections Quality control inspection, 327 Quality control inspector (QCI), 309–310 Quenched and self-tempered (QST) steels, 146–147 Quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels, 146 Radiographic testing (RT), 175, 335 RBS beam flange geometry See Reduced beam section (RBS) beam flange geometry RBS connections See Reduced beam section (RBS) connections RBS flange reduction See Reduced beam section (RBS) flange reduction RBS seismic moment diagram See Reduced beam section (RBS) seismic moment diagram RCSC Specification, 308 See also “Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts” (RCSC, 2014) Rectangular tubing dimensions, 371–375 Reduced beam section (RBS) beam flange geometry, 255f Reduced beam section (RBS) connections, 254–258 Reduced beam section (RBS) flange reduction, 258f Reduced beam section (RBS) seismic moment diagram, 255f Reheat cracking, 184 Reinforcement of axial force connections, 132–134 Relative ductility index, 197 Relubrication of fastener components, 317 Request for information (RFI), 296 Resistance heating (I2R heating), 171 Revit software, 295 RFI See Request for information (RFI) Rib connection detail, 303f Rigid connections, 197 Roof-truss-to-jack-truss connection, 294, 294f Rotational-capacity test, 315 Rotational distortion, 181f RT See Radiographic testing (RT) “S” dimension, 164 S-shape dimensions, 366 S1 certification, 310 SAW See Submerged arc welding (SAW) SCBF See Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF) SCWB See Strong column–weak beam (SCWB) SCWI See Senior certified welding inspector (SCWI) SDI Diaphragm Design Manual, 340 Seated connections, 116–120 Secant stiffness, 196 Second (s), 382 Secondary framing connections, 279, 280f Segregation-induced cracking, 179 Seismic design of connections, 241–269 See also Welding on seismically resistant structures AISC Seismic Provisions See AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Buildings basic design requirements (bolted connections), 244 basic design requirements (welded connections), 244 buckling restrained braced frames (BRBF), 245, 268 CBF See Concentrically braced frames connection design requirements, 244–246 ductility, 241–242 eccentrically braced frames (EBF), 245, 268 factors to consider, 242 general philosophy, 241 out-of-plane stability, 269 PR connections, 244 SMF connections See Special moment-frame (SMF) connections special plate shear walls (SPSW), 245–246, 268 special truss moment frame (STMF), 244 splice of seismic frame columns, 268–269 strength-based design approach, 242 “Seismic Design of Specially Concentrically Braced Frames: A Guide for Practicing Engineers” (NIST), 258 “Seismic Design of Steel Buckling Restrained Braced Frames: A Guide for Practicing Engineers” (NIST), 268 “Seismic Design of Steel Moment Frames: A Guide for Practicing Engineers” (NIST), 246 Seismic force resisting system (SFRS), 142 See also Welding on seismically resistant structures Self-drilling screws, 342 Self-shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-S), 149 Semiautomatic welding, 148 Semirigid construction, 193 See also Partially restrained (PR) connections Senior certified welding inspector (SCWI), 309 Senior welding inspector (SWI), 311 Service failures, 178 Service secant stiffness, 196 SFRS See Seismic force resisting system (SFRS) Shear connections, 112–126 beam shear splices, 120–123 economic considerations, 31 extended single plate connection, 123–126 framed connections, 112–113 moment connections, 108–112 seated connections, 116–120 “simple” connection, 112 skewed connections, 113–116 types, 112 Shear plates, 69–70 Shear studs, 343, 351t Shear-wall systems, 277 Sheet steel thickness, 376 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), 147–148 Shielding gas, 149 Shop check of subassembly, 304f Shop-welding, 281 Shoring, 183 Short arc welding, 151 Short-circuit GMAW (GMAW-S), 151, 151f Short-slot (SSL) holes, 6–7, 314, 314t SI metric conversion table, 381–382 Simple beam connections under shear and axial load, 126–132 Simpson Strong-Tie, 193 Single bevel-groove weld, 12, 12f, 164f, 168f Single J-groove weld, 166f, 170f Single-letter symbols (nomenclature), 383–389 Single U-groove weld, 165f, 169f Single V-groove weld, 19, 160, 162f, 167f Skewed connections to beams, 113–114 eccentric end plate, 114, 115f end plate, 114, 114f single bent plate, 114, 114f single plate, 114, 114f Skewed connections to columns, 114–116 eccentric end plate, 115f eccentric shear end plate for high skew, 115, 116f eccentric shear plate gravity axis configuration, 115, 116f end plate, 115, 115f single bent plate—one beam framing to flange, 115, 117f single bent plate—two beams, 115–116, 117f single plate (extended shear tab), 115, 116f single plate (shear tab) gravity axis configuration, 115, 116f Skewed fillet welds, 24–25, 25f, 26f Skewed T-joints, 165 Slender beam theory, 43n Slenderness ratio, 103 Slip-critical bolts, 278, 279 Slip-critical connections, 3–4 Slope-detection method, 236 Slot weld, 13, 15 Slotted holes, 6–7, 314, 314t SMAW See Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) SMF See Special moment frame (SMF) SMF connections See Special moment-frame (SMF) connections Snug tight, 3 Snug-tight bolts, 4, 319–320 Soldier Field project, 295 Solid electrodes, 150 Space-frame bottom-chord connection, 290f, 291f Space-frame bottom-chord splice connection, 291f Space-frame connector, 281f Space-frame structures, 281–283 Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF), 245, 258, 259 Special moment frame (SMF), 197, 198f Special moment-frame (SMF) connections, 244, 246–258 beam seismic moment diagram, 248f column continuity plates, 250 cover-plated connections, 250–252 deformation capacities, 248 design requirements, 244 flange-plate connection, 252, 252f haunched connections, 252–254 load capacities, 247–248 NIST Technical Brief, 246 one-sided moment frame connection, 246f post-Northridge developments, 249 reduced beam section (RBS) connections, 254–258 strengthened connections, 250–254 toughened connections, 249–250 vertical rib-plate connections, 254 weakened connections, 254–258 Special plate shear wall (SPSW), 245–246, 268 Special structures, 275–306 best force path, 305 BIM See Building information model (BIM) connection modifications, 276 engineer of record (EOR), 276 example (37-story mixed-use structure), 285–287, 288f example (42-story office building), 284 example (57-story office building), 285, 286f, 287f example (exhibition hall with lamella domes), 287–294 example (multi-use sports and events center), 294, 294f example (sports arena), 284–285, 284f fabricator, 276 fabricator ’s engineer, 275, 276 free-body diagram, 305, 306f lateral load systems, 276–278 long-span trusses, 278–280 need for modification, 275 predetail conference, 276 space-frame structures, 281–283 3D solid-modeling programs, 305–306 Special truss moment frame (STMF), 244 “Specification for Structural Joints Using Bolts” (RCSC, 2004), 3, 4 “Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts” (RCSC, 2014), 308 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, 2, 142, 283, 307 Splice, 91–103 beam shear, 120–123 chord, 279 column See Column splice seismic frame columns, 268–269 truss chord See Splices in truss chords Splices in truss chords, 98–103 50% requirement, 98 flange connection, 99–101 load path, 98 mid-panel points, 91, 98 tension chord, 98, 98f 2% requirement, 98 web connection, 101–103 Spray transfer, 150 SPSW See Special plate shear wall (SPSW) Square groove weld, 12, 12f, 18, 160, 161f, 167f Square tubing dimensions, 370–371 SSL holes See Short-slot (SSL) holes Staggered boles, 8f Standard (STD) holes, 6, 314, 314t Standardized weld seat connections, 118f STD holes See Standard (STD) holes Steel backing left in-place, 186, 186f, 188 Steel deck connections, 339–353 accessories, 346, 347f burn holes, 344 composite beam details, 350f floor deck cantilevers, 352f frame connection layouts, 344f joist bearing details, 348f joist bearing on joist girders, 349f negative bending information, 352f openings, 348 optional hanger accessories, 353f pour stops, 348, 353f self-drilling screws, 342 shear and uplift strengths, 340–341, 340t shear studs, 343, 351t sheet-to-sheet welds between supports, 346f side-lap attachments, 343–344, 346f side-lap welds at supports, 346f stitch screws, 343 tack welding, 346 tensile strength of arc spot (puddle welds), 340, 340t uplift values for screwed deck, 345t weld quality control check, 342f weld shear strengths (diaphragm calculations), 341, 341t weld washers, 341, 343t Steel Deck Institute (SDI), 340 Steel joist bearing and connection, 348, 348f, 349f Steel raker with precast seating, 297f Stick welding, 146 Stickout, 171, 317 Stiffened seat connection, 117, 118f, 237f Stiffeners, 104–106 Stitch connections, 343 Stitch screws, 343 STMF See Special truss moment frame (STMF) Strain aging, 184 Strength-based design approach, 243 Strengthened connections, 250–254 Strong column–weak beam (SCWB), 248 Structural Bolting Handbook, 10 Structural design drawings, 275 Structural engineer, 275 Structural shape size groupings, 357–358 Structural stability, 182 Structural steels, 144–147, 273 Structural tubing dimensions, 370–375 Subarc welding, 152 Subassembly shoring, 304f Submerged arc welding (SAW), 152–153 Subpunched/subdrilled holes, 6 Support 3D node, 302f Surface profile-induced cracking, 179 SW See Arc stud welding (SW) SWI See Senior welding inspector (SWI) Systematic tightening, 320 T-stub connection See also Column bolted-beam bolted (CB-BB) connections component model, 199f cyclic performance, 194f design, 217 limitations to strength of connection, 217 mechanistic model, 199f prying action, 216f strength, stiffness, ductility, 217 welded T stubs, 217 yielding and fracture mechanisms, 204f Tack weld, 11, 22, 346 Tapered gusset plate with stiffeners, 261f TC bolt, 9–10 TCF Field, University of Minnesota, 296–297, 298f Tearout See Bearing and tearout Tee framing connection, 126 Tee joint, 11f Tekla Corporation’s Xsteel, 295–297 Temporary welds, 22 Thermal cutting processes, 147, 155–157 Thermal stress relief, 184–185 Thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP), 146 Thornton Tomasetti, 295, 299, 300 Threads excluded from shear planes, 5 Threads included in shear planes, 5 Three-way moment connection, 103–112 3D coordinate system, 305f 3D solid-modeling programs, 295, 305–306 Through-thickness Charpy test, 291 Through-thickness reduction, 291 Through-thickness strains, 281 TIG welding, 153 TMCP See Thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP) Top-and-seat angle, 202, 203t, 235 Top chord web crippling, 80 Top chord web yield, 79 Top flange cover plate, 253f “Torque and rotation” method, 325 Toughened connections, 249–250 Transverse cracks, 180 Transverse shrinkage, 181 Travel speed, 171 Trial joint assembly, 280f Triple-grade steel, 146 Truss chord tension splice, 98, 98f See also Splices in truss chords Truss connections, 72–83 generalized uniform force method, 74, 74f gusset-to-top-chord interface, 78, 79–80 gusset-to-truss vertical interface, 78, 80–82 KISS method, 74, 75f, 76f lower bound theorem, 76 truss vertical-to-top-chord connection, 82–83 uniform force method, 76, 77f Truss gusset plate, 279f, 280f Truss vertical flange, 81 Truss vertical-to-top-chord connection, 82–83 Turn-of-the-nut method, 9, 321–322, 322t Twist-off bolt, 322 Twist-off-type tension control bolt method, 9–10, 322–323 2% requirement, 98 TWPS, 175 Type 3 construction, 194–195 See also Partially restrained (PR) connections U-groove weld, 12, 12f, 162–163, 165f, 169f UFM See Uniform force method (UFM) Ultimate secant stiffness, 196 Ultrasonic testing (UT), 175, 334–335 Unbacked complete-joint-penetration welds, 283 Underbead cracks, 179–180 Undercutting, 23, 23f, 24, 24f Unfinished bolt, 2f, 3 Unidentified steels, 145 Uniform force method (UFM): bracing connections, 36, 36f, 37f, 45, 57, 69f, 70, 72f generalized, 74, 74f nonconcentric work points, 70, 72f truss connections, 76, 77f University of Minnesota, TCF Field, 296–297, 298f Unlisted steels, 145 Unstiffened weld seat connection, 117, 118f, 119f, 121f U.S Bank Stadium, 299, 300, 302f UT See Ultrasonic testing (UT) V-brace, 259f V-groove weld, 12, 12f, 19, 160, 162f, 163f, 167f Ventilation, 183 Verification inspection, 327 Vertical bracing arrangements, 32f Vertical position, 20 Vertical rib-plate connections, 254 Vierendeel framing system, 286f Vierendeel verticals, 287f Visual testing (VT), 333–334 Visual Weld Acceptance Criteria, NP-5380, 337 Voltage drop, 171 von Mises (distortion energy) yield criterion, 130 VT See Visual testing (VT) W-shape dimensions, 359–365 Warren-style panel, 278 Washers, 4, 4t, 317–318, 341, 343t Washington Ave Bridge, Minneapolis, 298–299, 300f WCSB See Weak column–strong beam (WCSB) Weak column–strong beam (WCSB), 248 Weakened connections, 254–258 Weathering steels, 145–146 Web crippling: gusset-to-beam connections, 39, 54, 66 gusset-to-column connections, 53 gusset-to-top-chord interface, 80 hanger connections, 89 Web shear: gusset-to-beam connections, 54, 66 gusset-to-column connections, 53 Web yielding: gusset-to-beam connections, 39, 54, 66 gusset-to-column connections, 53 gusset-to-top-chord interface, 79 hanger connections, 88 Weld See Welded connections Weld acceptance criteria, 336–337 Weld metal fracture toughness, 189 Weld metal volumes, 158–159t Weld procedures, 21–23 See also Welding procedures Weld quality, 23–24 Welded connections: advantages/disadvantages, 10 convexity, 23, 23f, 24f, 24t deformation, 15 “form ever follows function” criteria, 141 inspection See Inspection of welded connections interpass temperature, 22, 22t joist bearing details, 348f minimum plate thickness, 14t number of passes, 13, 13t, 14f obliquely loaded concentric filled weld groups, 25–28 overlap, 23, 23f, 24f peening, 22 porosity, 23 preheating, 21, 22, 22t seismic design, 244 selection of welds, 13–15 skewed fillet welds, 24–25, 25f, 26f types of welds, 11–13 undercutting, 23, 23f, 24, 24f weld procedures, 21–23 weld quality, 23–24 welded material, 20 welding positions, 20 welding symbols, 16–20 Welded joint design, 157–168 Welded joint design and production, 141–190 air carbon arc cutting and gouging, 157, 157f AISC Specification, 142 arc stud welding (SW), 154, 154f AWS D1.1 steel listings, 145 AWS specifications, 142–144 centerline cracking, 178–179 CJP groove welds, 160–163, 164f, 165f, 166f cost analysis, 176–178 cracking and tearing, 178–180 distortion, 181–182 electroslag welding (ESW), 154–155 existing structures See Welding on existing structures fillet welds, 165, 168 flux cored arc welding (FCAW), 148–149 gas metal arc welding (GMAW), 149–152 gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), 153–154 hot/cold cracks, 178 lamellar tearing, 180 material shrinkage, 181 multigrade steels, 147 oxyfuel cutting, 155–156 PJP groove welds, 163–165, 167f, 168f, 169f, 170f plasma arc cutting (PAC), 156–157 procedure See Welding procedures quenched and self-tempered (QST) steels, 146–147 quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels, 146 seismically resistant structures See Welding on seismically resistant structures shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), 147–148 structural steels, 144–147 submerged arc welding (SAW), 152–153 transverse cracks, 180 underbead cracks, 179–180 unidentified steels, 145 weathering steels, 145–146 weld metal volumes, 158–159t welded joint design, 157–168 Welded lap joint, 11f Welder qualification tests, 189 Welder qualifications, 327–328 Welding and thermal cutting processes, 147–157 Welding codes and standards, 141–144 Welding consumables, 332 Welding cost analysis, 176–178 Welding inspection See Inspection of welded connections Welding inspector, 309, 311 Welding on existing structures, 182–185 asbestos, 183 AWS documents, 182 categories, 182 fire and explosions, 182–183 lead-based paint, 183 loading condition, 183–184 modifications and additions to undamaged steel, 184 other hazardous material, 183 reheat cracking, 184 repair of plastically deformed steel, 184–185 safety precautions, 182–183 shoring, 183 steel composition and condition, 183 strain aging, 184 structural stability, 182 thermal stress relief, 184–185 ventilation, 183 Welding on seismically resistant structures See also Seismic design of connections AISC Seismic Provisions See AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings CVN toughness, 188–189 demand-critical welds, 187 filler metal requirements, 188–189 fracture resistance, 186–187 high connection demands, 185–186 nondestructive testing (NDT), 185–186, 189 protected zone, 187 seismic welded connection details, 187–188 steel weld backing, 187–188 stress concentrations, 186 weld access holes, 188 weld tabs, 188 welder qualification tests, 189 Welding positions, 20 Welding procedure specification (WPS) See also Welding procedures approval, 176 contents, 168–169 prequalified WPS, 174–175 procedure qualification record (PQR), 176 purpose, 172–173 welding inspection, 330–331 Welding procedures, 168–176 See also Welding procedure specification (WPS) amperage, 170 arc blow, 172 arc length, 170 arc voltage, 170–171 constant current (CC) system, 169, 170 constant voltage (CV) system, 169, 170 contact tip to work distance (CTWD), 171 current density, 172 electrode diameter, 172 heat-affected zone (HAZ), 172 heat input, 172 polarity, 172 preheat/interpass temperature, 172 procedure qualification record (PQR), 175, 176 qualifying welding procedures by test, 175 resistance heating (I2R heating), 171 travel speed, 171 voltage drop, 171 welding variables, 169–172 wire-feed speed, 171 Welding symbols, 16–20, 377–380 Whitmore section: brace-to-gusset connections, 35, 48–50 column splice, 97–98 gusset plates, 46 hanger connections, 86 Whitmore width, 224 Whitmore’s method, 266 Wide-flange beam, 277 Wide-flange dimensions, 359–368 Wire-feed speed, 171, 173 WSP Cantor Seinuk, 295 X-brace, 259f Xsteel program, 295–297 Yield-line theory, 305 Z-loss factor, 165 Zipper column, 259, 259f ... The need for the Handbook of Structural Steel Connection Design and Details with an LRFD approach was recognized at the time the Steel Design Handbook: LRFD Method was published This handbook was developed to serve as a comprehensive reference source for the design. .. Tamboli has also published three engineering handbooks with McGraw-Hill, including Tall and Supertall Buildings: Planning and Design and Steel Design Handbook: LRFD Method, and contributed chapters to McGraw-Hill’s Standard Handbook for Civil... The editor wishes to extend his thanks and appreciation to his wife, Rounkbi, and his children, Tahira, Ajim, and Alamgir, for their patience and understanding during the preparation of this handbook CHAPTER 1 FASTENERS AND WELDS FOR STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS