Water Science and Engineering While most books examine only the classical aspects of hydrology, this three-volume set covers multiple aspects of hydrology, and includes contributions from experts comprising more than 30 countries It examines new approaches, addresses growing concerns about hydrological and ecological connectivity, and considers the worldwide impact of climate change It also provides updated material on hydrological science and engineering, discussing recent developments as well as classic approaches Published in three books, Fundamentals and Applications; Modeling, Climate Change, and Variability; and Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, the entire set consists of 87 chapters and contains 29 chapters in each book The chapters in this book contain information on • Long-term generation of scheduling of hydro plants, check dam selection procedures in rainwater harvesting, and stochastic reservoir analysis • Ecohydrology for engineering harmony in the changing world, concepts, and plant water use • Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water • Hydrologic and hydraulic design in green infrastructure • Data processing in hydrology, optimum hydrometric site selection and quality control, and homogenization of climatological series • Cold region hydrology, evapotranspiration, and water consumption • Modern flood prediction and warning systems and satellite-based systems for flood monitoring and warning • Catchment water yield estimation, hydrograph analysis and base flow separation, and low flow hydrology • Sustainability in urban water systems and urban hydrology Students, practitioners, policy makers, consultants, and researchers can benefit from the use of this text Fundamentals and Applications Fundamentals and Applications Eslamian Handbook of Engineering Hydrology Handbook of Engineering Hydrology K15214 ISBN: 978-1-4665-5241-8 90000 781466 552418 K15214_COVER_final.indd 2/3/14 1:00 PM Handbook of Engineering Hydrology Fundamentals and Applications Handbook of Engineering Hydrology Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Fundamentals and Applications, Book I Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Modeling, Climate Change, and Variability, Book II Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, Book III Handbook of Engineering Hydrology Fundamentals and Applications Edited by Saeid Eslamian MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc and is used with permission The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20140114 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-5244-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface vii Editor xi Contributors xiii Catchment Water Yield Cold Region Hydrology 23 Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Water in a Semiarid Hard-Rock Terrain 41 Jim Griffiths Ove Tobias Gudmestad Shrikant Daji Limaye Data Processing in Hydrology 53 Ecohydrology for Engineering Harmony in the Changing World 79 Ecohydrology Concepts 97 Ecohydrology: Plant Water Use 131 Evapotranspiration and Water Consumption 147 Fundamentals of Hydrodynamic Modeling in Porous Media 167 10 Green Infrastructure: Hydrological and Hydraulic Design .189 11 Groundwater Exploration: Geophysical, Remote Sensing, and GIS Techniques 207 David Stephenson Maciej Zalewski Neil A Coles Lixin Wang and Matthew F McCabe Sadiq Ibrahim Khan, Yang Hong, and Wenjuan Liu Shaul Sorek Sandeep Joshi Satyanarayan Shashtri, Amit Singh, Saumitra Mukherjee, Saeid Eslamian, and Chander Kumar Singh v vi Contents 12 Groundwater Hydrology: Saturation Zone .221 13 Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions .251 14 Hydrogeology of Hard Rock Aquifers 281 15 Hydrograph Analysis and Basef low Separation 311 16 Hydrology–Ecology Interactions 329 17 Isotope Hydrogeology 345 18 Karst Hydrogeology 379 19 Long-Term Generation Scheduling of Hydro Plants 411 20 Low-Flow Hydrology 433 21 Modern Flood Prediction and Warning Systems 455 22 Optimum Hydrometric Site Selection 471 23 Procedures for Selection of Check Dam Site in Rainwater Harvesting 485 24 Quality Control and Homogenization of Climatological Series .501 25 Satellite-Based Systems for Flood Monitoring and Warning 515 26 Stochastic Reservoir Analysis .531 27 Sustainability in Urban Water Systems 549 28 Urban Hydrology 563 29 Wetland Hydrology 581 Giovanni Barrocu Saeid Eslamian, Saeid Okhravi, and Faezeh Eslamian Patrick Lachassagne, Bent Dewandel, and Robert Wyns Hafzullah Aksoy, Hartmut Wittenberg, and Ebru Eris Tadanobu Nakayama Adam Porowski Pierre-Yves Jeannin Mônica de Souza Zambelli, Secundino Soares Filho, Leonardo Silveira de Alburqueque Martins, and Anibal Tavares de Azevedo Mehdi Vafakhah, Saeid Eslamian, and Saeid Khosrobeigi Bozchaloei Zheng Fang, Antonia Sebastian, and Philip B Bedient Jonathan Peter Cox, Sara Shaeri Karimi, and Saeid Eslamian Saumitra Mukherjee José A Guijarro Reza Khanbilvardi, Marouane Temimi, Jonathan Gourley, and Ali Zahraee Khaled H Hamed Saeid Eslamian and Seyed Sajed Motevallian Miguel A Medina, Jr Shafi Noor Islam, Rezaul Karim, Ali Noor Islam, and Saeid Eslamian Index 607 Preface Hydrological and ecological connectivity is a matter of high concern All terrestrial and coastal ecosystems are connected with water, which includes groundwater, and there is a growing understanding that “single ecosystems” (mountain forest, hill forest, mangrove forest, freshwater swamp, peat swamp, tidal mudflat, and coral reef) that are actually the result of an artificial perception and classification can, in the long term, only be managed by a holistic vision at the watershed level It is essential to investigate ecosystem management at the watershed level, particularly in a changing climate In general, there are two important approaches: Adaption to hydrological events such as climate change, drought, and flood Qualitative and quantitative conservation of water, thereby optimizing water consumption The Handbook of Engineering Hydrology aims to fill the two-decade gap since the publication of David Maidment’s Handbook of Hydrology in 1993 by including updated material on hydrology science and engineering It provides an extensive coverage of hydrological engineering, science, and technology and includes novel topics that were developed in the last two decades This handbook is not a replacement for Maidment’s work, but as mentioned, it focuses on innovation and provides updated information in the field of hydrology Therefore, it could be considered as a complementary text to Maidment’s work, providing practical guidelines to the reader Further, this book covers different aspects of hydrology using a new approach, whereas Maidment’s work dealt principally with classical components of hydrologic cycle, particularly surface and groundwater and physical and chemical pollution The key benefits of the book are as follows: (a) it introduces various aspects of hydrological engineering, science, and technology for students pursuing different levels of studies; (b) it is an efficient tool helping practitioners to design water projects optimally; (c) it serves as a guide for policy makers to make appropriate decisions on the subject; (d) it is a robust reference book for researchers, both in universities and in research institutes; and (e) it provides up-to-date information in the field Engineers from disciplines such as civil engineering, environmental engineering, geological engineering, agricultural engineering, water resources engineering, natural resources, applied geography, environmental health and sanitation, etc., will find this handbook useful Further, courses such as engineering hydrology, groundwater hydrology, rangeland hydrology, arid zone hydrology, surface water hydrology, applied hydrology, general hydrology, water resources engineering, water resources management, water resources development, water resources systems and planning, multipurpose uses of water resources, environmental engineering, flood design, hydrometeorology, evapotranspiration, water quality, etc., can also use this handbook as part of their curriculum vii viii Preface This set consists of 87 chapters divided into three books, with each book comprising 29 chapters This handbook consists of three books as follows: Book I: Fundamentals and Applications Book II: Modeling, Climate Change, and Variability Book III: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management This book focuses mainly on the basic concepts of surface and groundwater hydrology and hydrometeorology, water resources, ecohydrology, and hydroecology in addition to hydrological data processing, flood monitoring, warning, and prediction in urban systems The second book covers climate and hydrologic changes and estimation, mathematical modeling, risk and uncertainty, spatial and regional analysis, statistical analysis The third book includes groundwater management, purification, sanitation and quality modeling, surface water management, wastewater and sediment management, water law and water resources management The chapters in this book can be classified as follows: • Dam, reservoir, and hydroelectric: Long-term generation of scheduling of hydro plants, check dam selection procedures in rainwater harvesting, and stochastic reservoir analysis • Ecohydrology: Ecohydrology for engineering harmony in the changing world, concepts, and plant water use • Groundwater hydrology: Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water in a semiarid, hard-rock terrain; fundamentals of hydrodynamic modeling in porous media; groundwater exploration: geophysical, remote sensing, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques; and groundwater hydrology: saturation zone, groundwater–surface water interactions, hydrogeology of hard-rock aquifers, isotope hydrogeology, and karst hydrogeology • Hydroecology: Hydrologic and hydraulic design of green infrastructure, hydrology–ecology interactions, and wetland hydrology • Hydrological data: Data processing in hydrology, optimum hydrometric site selection and quality control, and homogenization of climatological series • Hydrometeorology: Cold region hydrology and evapotranspiration and water consumption • Monitoring, warning, and prediction: Modern flood prediction and warning systems and satellitebased systems for flood monitoring and warning • Surface hydrology: Catchment water yield estimation, hydrograph analysis and baseflow separation, and low flow hydrology • Urban systems: Sustainability in urban water systems and urban hydrology About 200 authors from various departments and across more than 30 countries worldwide have contributed to this book, which includes authors from the United States comprising about one-third of the total number The countries that the authors belong to have diverse climate and have encountered issues related to climate change and water deficit The authors themselves cover a wide age group and are experts in their fields This book could only be realized due to the participation of universities, institutions, industries, private companies, research centers, governmental commissions, and academies I thank several scientists for their encouragement in compiling this book: Prof Richard McCuen from the University of Maryland, Prof Majid Hassanizadeh from Utrecht University, Prof Soroush Sorooshian from the University of California at Irvine, Profs Jose Salas and Pierre Julien from Colorado State University, Prof Colin Green from Middlesex University, Prof Larry W Mays from Arizona State University, Prof Reza Khanbilvardi from the City College of New York, Prof Maciej Zalewski from the University of Łódź, Poland, and Prof Philip B Bedient from Rice University ix Preface In addition, Research Professor Emeritus Richard H French from Las Vegas Desert Research Institute, who has authored the book Open Channel Hydraulics (McGraw-Hill, 1985), has encouraged me a lot I quote his kind words to end this preface: My initial reaction to your book is simply WOW! Your authors are all well known and respected and the list of subjects very comprehensive It will be a wonderful book Congratulations on this achievement Saeid Eslamian Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan, Iran MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc For product information, please contact: The MathWorks, Inc Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA Tel: 508-647-7000 Fax: 508-647-7001 E-mail: info@mathworks.com Web: www.mathworks.com ... Seyed Sajed Motevallian School of Civil Engineering College of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran, Iran Saumitra Mukherjee Remote Sensing and Geology Laboratory School of Environmental Sciences... Engineering Rice University Houston, Texas Amit Singh School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi, India Chander Kumar Singh School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru... Patrick Lachassagne Danone Waters Evian Volvic World Sources Evian-les-Bains, France Yang Hong School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences The University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma