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The Handbook of Highway Engineering Edited by T F Fwa Boca Raton London New York A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 1986_Discl.fm Page Thursday, August 18, 2005 8:51 AM Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1986-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1986-0 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005051480 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of highway engineering / edited by T.F Fwa p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8493-1986-2 (alk paper) Highway engineering Handbooks, manuals, etc I Fwa, T F TE151.H344 2006 625.7 dc22 2005051480 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This Handbook is dedicated to all highway engineers who have contributed significantly to human mobility and interaction © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface A safe and efficient land transportation system is an essential element of sustainable regional or national economy Roads have been and continue to be the backbone of the land transportation network that provides the accessibility for the required mobility to support economic growth and promote social activities As more and more advanced and speedy modes of transportation are developed over time, and as the economic activities of the human society grow in pace and sophistication, the roles of roads have multiplied and their importance increased At the same time, the potential adverse impacts of road development have also grown in magnitude, especially when proper planning, design, construction or management is not carried out To fully exploit the benefits of highway development and minimize possible adverse influences, the study of highway engineering must expand from merely meeting the basic needs of offering safe and speedy access from one point to another, to a field of study that not only covers the structural and functional requirements of highways and city streets, but also addresses the socio-economic and environmental impacts of road network development Traditional engineering curriculum does not adequately cover these somewhat “softer” aspects of highway engineering and the societal roles of highway engineers It is the intention of this Handbook to provide the deserved attention to these topics by devoting Part A with five chapters on issues related to highway planning and development Few professionals will disagree that the highway engineer today must have sufficient knowledge in the areas of highway financing, access management, environmental impacts, road safety and noise The five chapters should provide the necessary information on the social and environmental responsibilities of a highway engineer to the undergraduate student of civil engineering and the graduate research student in highway engineering In addition, the highway engineer and the general reader would find an in-depth up-to-date account of the trend toward privatization of highway development and financing of highway projects Parts B and C of the Handbook cover the more traditional core aspects of highway engineering Part B on the functional and structural design of highways is organized into chapters The chapters offer an extensive coverage on the technical issues of highway and pavement engineering The chapter contributors have made special efforts to explain the latest developments and comment on the future trends in their respective chapters These chapters adequately address the undergraduate and graduate curricular needs in understanding the principles and theories of highway and pavement engineering They also update the professional highway engineer on new concepts and ideas in the field of study The chapter on highway materials is especially timely in view of the experiences gathered since the mid 1990s from implementation of the Superpave technology in asphalt mix design and performance grading of asphalt cement The chapters on structural design of pavements and pavement overlay design also present the concepts of the new mechanistic-empirical design approaches advanced by the 2002 Design Guide which has yet to be adopted by AASHTO The chapter on design of concrete pavements introduces new vii © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC viii Preface closed-form solutions for deflection and stress computation of multi-slab systems, and easy-to-use software is provided with the Handbook The software is available on the CRC website Part C deals with construction, maintenance and management of highways While maintenance and management of highways are of primary concern in developed countries with an established highway network, it would be unwise for developing countries to ignore them in their highway network development programs where road construction activities are taking central stage Experience in both developing and developed countries has shown that a sustainable highway infrastructure development program must adopt a total highway management approach that takes into consideration the entire lifecycle needs of the road network This concept is well explained in the three chapters that address highway asset management, pavement management, and bridge management, respectively Equipment, tools and analytical techniques for condition surveys, and structural and safety performance evaluation in support of the total highway management are found in other chapters in Part C The chapter on pavement evaluation presents useful software for non-destructive pavement structural evaluation It contains closed-form backcalculation computer programs for both rigid and flexible pavements The software is found on the CRC website It should be highlighted that highway agencies have in the past decades begun to apply the concept of asset management to the development, operation and improvement of highway assets in a systematic manner The chapter on Highway Asset Management provides the reader with the background, concepts and principles involved Overall, this Handbook adopts a comprehensive and integrated approach, and offers a good international coverage It contains 22 chapters, covering the entire spectrum of highway engineering, from planning feasibility study and environmental impact assessment, to design, construction, maintenance and management The completion of this Handbook would not have been possible without the commitment by the chapter contributors, all experts in their respective fields The editor is most grateful to them for their efforts towards producing this meaningful Handbook, to the great benefit of the professional transportation engineers, undergraduate civil engineering students, and graduate research students specializing in highway engineering T F Fwa Editor Professor and Head Department of Civil Engineering National University of Singapore Republic of Singapore © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Editor T F Fwa is the head of the Department of Civil Engineering where he is also a professor and the director of the Centre for Transportation Research, National University of Singapore He received his BEng (First Class Honors) from the then University of Singapore (now known as the National University of Singapore), MEng from the University of Waterloo, Canada, and PhD from Purdue University, USA Dr Fwa’s research in the last 20 years covers all aspects of highway engineering, with special emphasis in the areas of pavement design, maintenance and management, and pavement performance evaluation and testing He has published more than 200 technical papers in journals and conference proceedings, with nearly 130 of them in leading international journals His work has led to three patents in nondestructive pavement testing and evaluation A widely respected researcher, Dr Fwa has been invited to lecture and make technical presentations in more than 15 countries, including keynote lectures at a number of international conferences and symposia He is currently the Asia Region Editor for the ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering He also serves on the editorial board of two other international journals: International Journal of Pavement Engineering, and International Journal of Road Materials and Pavement Design He has received a number of awards for his academic and research contributions, including 1985 Eldon J Yoder Memorial Award by Purdue University, USA, the 1992 Katahira Award by the Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australasia, the 1992 Arthur M Wellington Prize by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the 1995 Katahira Award by the Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australasia, the 2000 Engineering Achievement Award by the Institution of Engineers, Singapore, Innovation Award 2003 by the Ministry of Transport, Singapore, and the 2005 Frank M Masters Transportation Engineering Award by the American Society of Civil Engineers Dr Fwa is also active professionally in the area of international highway engineering He is currently vice president of the International Society for Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Transport Infrastructure, board member of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, and special advisor to the International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences He is the founding president of the Pavement Engineering Society (Singapore) and the Intelligent Transportation Society (Singapore) In the last 15 years, Dr Fwa has devoted a great deal of time promoting highway engineering professional activities and developments in Asia Pacific He has been responsible for bringing major international conferences and events in highway engineering to the region This has been a benefit to the large number of professionals in developing countries He heads the Executive Committee that manages ix © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC x Editor the International Conference on Road and Airfield Pavement Technology and the Asia Pacific Conference on Transportation and the Environment These are the two conference series that serve to raise professional awareness in the Asia Pacific region of the new knowledge and technologies in the area of highway engineering, and the importance of sustainable transportation development © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contributors M.A Aziz Pannapa Herabat Department of Civil Engineering National University of Singapore Republic of Singapore E-mail: creaziz@nus.edu.sg School of Civil Engineering Asian Institute of Technology Pathumthani, Thailand E-mail: pannapa@ait.ac.th John W Bull Zahidul Hoque School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences University of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K E-mail: john.bull@ncl.ac.uk R.L Cheu Department of Civil Engineering National University of Singapore Republic of Singapore E-mail: cvecrl@nus.edu.sg Anthony T.H Chin Department of Economics National University of Singapore Republic of Singapore E-mail: anthonychin@nus.edu.sg Kieran Feighan PMS Pavement Management Services Ltd Dublin, Ireland E-mail: kfeighan@iol.ie T.F Fwa Department of Civil Engineering National University of Singapore Republic of Singapore E-mail: cvefwatf@nus.edu.sg K.N Gunalan Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc Murray, UT, U.S.A E-mail: Gunalan@plsworld.com Pavement Specialist Melbourne, Victoria, Australia E-mail: zahidul_hoque@yahoo.com.au Yi Jiang Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A E-mail: jiang2@purdue.edu Ian Johnston Monash University Accident Research Centre Monash University, Clayton Campus Victoria, Australia E-mail: Ian-johnston@general.monash.edu.au Laycee L Kolkman Jacobs Engineering Las Vegas, NV, U.S.A E-mail: laycee kolkman@jacobs.com Khaled Ksaibati Wyoming Technical Transfer Center University of Wyoming Laramie, WY, U.S.A E-mail: khaled@uwyo.edu Arun Kumar RMIT University Melbourne, Australia E-mail: arun.kumar@rmit.edu.au; arunkumar@telstra.com.au xi © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xii Michael S Mamlouk Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, U.S.A E-mail: mamlouk@asu.edu Sue McNeil Urban Transportation Center University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, U.S.A E-mail: mcneil@uic.edu K Raguraman Department of Geography National University of Singapore Republic of Singapore E-mail: geokrk@nus.edu.sg Stephen Samuels TEF Consulting (Traffic, Environmental and Forensic Engineers) Sydney, Australia and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of New South Wales Cronulla, NSW, Australia E-mail: s.s@tefconsult.com au Kumares C Sinha School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A E-mail: sinha@ecn.purdue.edu © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contributors Weng On Tam Consultant Austin, TX, U.S.A E-mail: wengtam@gmail.com Mang Tia Department of Civil & Coastal Engineering University of Florida Gainesville, FL, U.S.A E-mail: tia@ce.ufl.edu Waheed Uddin Department of Civil Engineering Center for Advanced Infrastructure Technology University of Mississippi University, MS, U.S.A E-mail: cvuddin@olemiss.edu Ian van Wijk Africon Engineering International Pretoria, South Africa E-mail: ianvw@africon.co.za Derek Walker RMIT University, City Campus Graduate School of Business Melbourne, Victoria, Australia E-mail: derek.walker@rmit.edu.au Liu Wei Department of Civil Engineering National University of Singapore Republic of Singapore E-mail: cvelw@nus.edu.sg Contents Part A Highway Planning and Development Issues Financing Highways Anthony T.H Chin 1-1 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Financing Structure and Sources 1-3 1.3 Role of Donor Agencies .1-9 1.4 An Analysis of Highway Project Financing 1-10 1.5 “Template” for Successful Highway Financing 1-16 References 1-20 Further Reading 1-21 Access Management of Highways Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway Development Highway Safety Ian Johnston .4-1 K Raguraman and Kumares C Sinha .2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Principles of Access Management .2-2 2.3 Economic Impacts of Access Management and Public Participation 2-14 2.4 Conclusion 2-16 Acknowledgment .2-17 References 2-17 M.A Aziz .3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 EIA in Phases of Highway Development 3-6 3.3 EIA Activities in Highway Development 3-8 3.4 EIA Methodologies .3-14 3.5 Summary .3-21 References 3-22 Part A — Fundamental Concepts in Road Traffic Safety 4-2 4.1 Safe System Design Is Paramount .4-2 4.2 The Dimensions of the Road Traffic Injury Problem .4-3 4.3 Measuring Road Traffic Safety Performance 4-5 xiii © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ... up-to-date account of the trend toward privatization of highway development and financing of highway projects Parts B and C of the Handbook cover the more traditional core aspects of highway engineering. .. Traditional engineering curriculum does not adequately cover these somewhat “softer” aspects of highway engineering and the societal roles of highway engineers It is the intention of this Handbook. .. the principles and theories of highway and pavement engineering They also update the professional highway engineer on new concepts and ideas in the field of study The chapter on highway materials