Traffic Engineering Handbook, 7th Edition

Cẩm nang dành cho Kỹ Sư chuyên ngành - Kỹ thuật giao thông, Phiên bản thứ 7

Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Preface Editorial Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Introduction to the Traffic Engineering Handbook and Its Role in Evolving Practice I Background II The Vision for This Edition III Organization of the Handbook References Chapter 2: Probability and Statistical Analyses Techniques for Traffic Engineering Performance Measurement I Introduction II Descriptive Statistics III Probability IV Probability Distributions V Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing VI Regression Modeling VII Financial Analysis and Engineering Economics VIII Fundamental Concepts in Engineering Economics IX Before-and-After Studies References Chapter 3: Road Users I Introduction II Basics III Types of Road Users IV PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE V Case Studies VI EMERGING TRENDS VII Further Information References Chapter 4: Traffic Engineering Studies I Introduction II Basic Principles and Guidance Resource III Professional Practice: Common Traffic Study Procedures IV Emerging Trends References Chapter 5: Level of Service Concepts in Multimodal Environments I Introduction II Basics: Conceptual Foundations of Level of Service III Approaches to Level of Service and Performance Measures for Different Modes IV Multimodal Environments V Types of Multimodal Environments VI Multimodal Level of Service Analysis VII Challenges to Using MMLOS VIII Case Studies IX Emerging Trends References Chapter 6: Forecasting Travel Demand I Introduction and Approach II Basic Principles III Professional Practice IV Case Studies V Emerging Trends References Chapter 7: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities I Introduction: Characterizing Traffic Flow for Analysis II Basics: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Performance Measurement III Professional Practice: Measuring Traffic Characteristics IV Traffic Flow Relationships for Uninterrupted Flow V Traffic Shock Waves VI Measuring Traffic Characteristics at Bottlenecks VII Quality of Service on Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities VIII Case Studies References Chapter 8: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas I Basic Principles and Reference Sources II Professional Practice III Case Studies IV Emerging Trends References Chapter 9: Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas I Introduction II Basic Principles III Professional Practice IV Case Studies V Emerging Trends References Chapter 10: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections I Basic Principles II Professional Practice III Case Studies IV Emerging Trends V Conclusions References Further Information Chapter 11: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections I Basic Principles F Professional Practice III Case Studies IV Emerging Trends References Chapter 12: Access Management I Introduction II Basic Principles III Benefits of Access Management IV Professional Practice V Case Studies VI Emerging Trends VII Conclusion References Chapter 13: Parking I Introduction II Basic Principles and Fundamentals III Professional Practice IV Case Studies V Emerging Trends References Chapter 14: Traffic Calming I Basic Principles and Reference Sources II Professional Practice III Toolbox IV Case Studies V Emerging Trends References Further Information Chapter 15: Work Zone Maintenance of Traffic and Construction Staging I Basic Principles II Professional Practice III Implementing the Transportation Management Plan IV Other Practice Issues V Case Studies VI Emerging Trends References Chapter 16: Traffic Management for Planned, Unplanned, and Emergency Events I Basic Principles II Professional Practice III Current Practice IV Common Pitfalls V Case Studies VI Emerging Trends References Index End User License Agreement List of Illustrations Chapter 2: Probability and Statistical Analyses Techniques for Traffic Engineering Performance Measurement Figure 2.1 Histogram of Spot Speeds Figure 2.2 Sample Percentile (or Quartile) Speed Values (mph) Figure 2.3 Relationships in Probability and Inferential Statistics Figure 2.4 Sample Tree Diagram Figure 2.5 Normal Distribution Figure 2.6 Area under a Normal Distribution Figure 2.7 Simplification of Cash Flow Diagram Figure 2.8 Standard Cash Flow Figure 2.9 Maintenance Expenses Cash Flow Diagram with G and A Factors Figure 2.10 Cash Flow Diagram with G Factor Figure 2.11 Cash Flow Diagram with A Factor Figure 2.12 Incremental B/C Analysis Process Figure 2.13 Breakeven Analysis Figure 2.14 Decision Tree Figure 2.15 Cash Flow Diagram Figure 2.16 Breakeven Analysis Figure 2.17 Regression to the Mean and Bias Chapter 3: Road Users Figure 3.1 The Relationship between Viewing Distance and Image Size Figure 3.2 Useful Field of View Figure 3.3 Percent of Fixation Time by Location as a Function of Trials for Open Driving (One Subject) Figure 3.4 Percent of Fixation Time by Location as a Function of Trials for Car Following (One Subject) Figure 3.5 From Bie Lo, & Wong (2008) Figure 3.6 Perceived Risk of an Accident and Speed Figure 3.7 Example of Bad Practice in Delineation of Road Path: View 740 ft (225 m) South of Area of Impact Figure 3.8 Sign Placement Considerations Figure 3.9 Lateral Peripheral Pavement Markings Chapter 4: Traffic Engineering Studies Figure 4.1 Urban Intersection Figure 4.2 Departure Sight Triangles for Stop-Controlled Intersection (AASHTO, 2011) Figure 4.3 Pedestrian Actions—Crossing at a Crosswalk in Foreground and Midblock in the Background Figure 4.4 Regression-to-the-Mean and Regression-to-the-Mean Bias Chapter 5: Level of Service Concepts in Multimodal Environments Figure 5.1 Substituting Livability for Vehicular Service Figure 5.2 Appropriate Domain for MMLOS Analysis Figure 5.3a through 5.3d Auto LOS Chapter 6: Forecasting Travel Demand Figure 6.1 Four-Step Trip-Based Travel Demand Modeling Process Figure 6.2 Conceptual Mode Choice “Nest” Figure 6.3 Hierarchy of Models Chapter 7: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities Figure 7.1 FHWA Vehicle Classification Scheme Figure 7.2 5-Minute Volume Variation and Relation to Flow Rates Figure 7.3 Hourly Volume by Time of Day and Day of Week Figure 7.4 Volume Variation by Day of Week Figure 7.5 Variations in Daily Traffic as Percentage of Weekly Traffic Figure 7.6 Variation of Hourly Volumes as Percentage of Daily Volume for Rural Routes Figure 7.7 Volume Variation by Month of the Year Figure 7.8 2013 AADT Map for Southern Brazos County, Texas Figure 7.9 Illustration of Four Methods for Measuring Traffic Characteristics Figure 7.10 Flow-Speed-Density Relationships for the Greenshields Model Figure 7.14 Speed–Density Relationship for Edie Hypothesis Figure 7.11 Greenshields Speed–Density Relationship Plotted Against Actual Speed and Density Data Figure 7.20 Variation of Volume, Speed, and Occupancy Over 24 Hours Figure 7.21 Shock Wave at Freeway Incident Figure 7.22 Impact of Location on Capacity Figure 7.23 Effect of Location on Measurement and Analysis Figure 7.24 Space–Time Illustration of Example Shock Wave Analysis Figure 7.25 HCM LOS for Basic Freeway Segments Chapter 8: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas Figure 8.1 Ball-Bank Indicator Figure 8.2 Horizontal Curve Components Figure 8.3 Example Superelevation Transition Profile Figure 8.4 Vertical Curve Components Figure 8.5 Scaling and Recording Sight Distances on Plans Figure 8.6 Typical Rural Medians Figure 8.7 Clear Zone Distance Curve Figure 8.8 Common Interchange Forms Figure 8.9 Interchange Selection Process Matrix Figure 8.10 General Types of Ramps Figure 8.11 Minimum Ramp Spacing Guidelines Figure 8.12 Road Safety Management Process Figure 8.13 Crash Diagram for a Roadway Segment Figure 8.14 Typical Regulatory Signs Figure 8.15 Typical Warning Signs Figure 8.16 Typical Guide Signs Figure 8.17 Typical Motorist Information Signs Figure 8.18 Horizontal Alignment Warning Signs Figure 8.19 Curve Warning Sign Used Where Advisory Speed Is 35 mph or Higher Figure 8.20 Views of RSA Site (Oklahoma DOT RSA) Figure 8.21 Example of DCM Graphical Output for a Roadway Segment Chapter 9: Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas Figure 9.1 Elevated Urban Freeway Segment Figure 9.2 Conceptual Design of a Dual-Divided Urban Freeway Figure 9.3 Shared-Use Path Parallel to I-5 near Olympia and Lacey, Washington Figure 9.4 Diamond Interchange Configurations Common to the Urban Context Figure 9.5 Paired Roundabouts at Diamond Interchange Figure 9.6 Diverging Diamond Interchange Figure 9.7 Partial Cloverleaf Interchanges Common in the Urban Context Figure 9.8 Example of Grade-Separated Ramps Figure 9.9 Typical Examples of Lane Balance Figure 9.10 Common Weaving Configurations Figure 9.11 Open Priced Dynamic Shoulder Lane Figure 9.12 Typical Section of WA US 2 Dynamic Shoulder Lane Figure 9.13 Peak Hour Travel Speed Before-and-After Shoulder Operation Figure 9.14 DDI at I-494 and 34th Avenue South in Bloomington, Minnesota Figure 9.15 LRT Blankout Signs at DDI Crossover Intersection—Bloomington, Minnesota Figure 9.16 Lane Configurations Before and After CD Lanes Figure 9.17 Interstate 20 Collector–Distributor Lanes, DeKalb County, Georgia Figure 9.18 Summary of Project Interchange Types Evaluated Figure 9.19 Interstate 5 ATM Corridor in Seattle, Washington Figure 9.20 Interstate 5 ATM Electronic Sign Bridges Figure 9.21 Original Interchange at I-70 and Pecos Street Figure 9.22 Improved Interchange with Roundabouts Figure 9.23 Improved Pedestrian Crossing with Hybrid Beacon Figure 9.24 Cloverleaf of I-93 and I-95 in Woburn, Stoneham, and Reading, Massachusetts Figure 9.25 Rendering of Alternative HS-OS for Improved I-93/I-95 Interchange Figure 9.26 I-95 in South Florida with 95 Express Lanes Figure 9.27 Travel Speed Profiles for Express Lane Build and No-Build Alternatives Chapter 10: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections Figure 10.1 Intersection Physical and Functional Areas (TRB, 2003) Figure 10.2 Example of Roundabout from City of Lee Summit, Missouri Figure 10.3 Functional Intersection Distances Figure 10.4 Parallel and Tapered Offset Turn Lanes Figure 10.5 Bicycle Boxes Figure 10.6 Two-Stage Turn Queue Boxes in Portland, Oregon Figure 10.7 Intersection Realignment Alternatives Figure 10.8 Lane and Movement Group Designation Figure 10.9 Ring Barrier Diagram Figure 10.10 Lead–Lead Left-Turn Phasing Ring Barrier Diagram Figure 10.11 Lag–Lag Left-Turn Phasing Ring Barrier Diagram Figure 10.12 Lead–Lag Left-Turn Phasing Figure 10.13 Typical Components of a Signal Timing Plan's Phases Figure 10.14 Dilemma or Indecision Zone Figure 10.15 Signalized Intersection Flow Rate as a Function of Time Figure 10.16 Deterministic Queue Representation at an Unsaturated Signalized Intersection Approach Figure 10.17 Turning Movements at Median U-Turn Intersections Figure 10.18 Continuous Flow Intersection Chapter 11: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections Figure 11.1 Modal Hierarchy Figure 11.2 Speed and Focus Figure 11.3 Speed Reduction Mechanisms Figure 11.4 Functional Classification Figure 11.5 Arterial Examples Figure 11.6 Truck Circulation Figure 11.7 Process Stages descriptive statistics for in engineering economics hypothesis testing with probability distributions for probability in regression modeling of statistical analysis for Traffic engineering studies field data collection in function intersection studies in MTES on need for traffic signals procedures for safety studies selecting techniques for speed studies trends in conducting volume studies Traffic events See also Emergency events; Planned events; Unplanned events defined impacts on transportation system of scale, preparedness and government involvement in Traffic flow See also Uninterrupted traffic flow at bottlenecks characteristics of density in interrupted macroscopic vs microscopic analysis of measuring characteristics of in parking facilities in performance measurement shock waves in at signalized intersections speed in for uninterrupted flow facilities volume in Traffic flow theory Traffic impact analyses (TIAs) Traffic incident management (TIM) Traffic Incident Management Handbook Update (FHWA) Traffic management research Traffic operations, road safety audits of Traffic reduction ordinances Traffic shock waves Traffic signals See also Signal phasing; Signal timing in access management for bicyclists and pedestrians coordination of defined delay at intersections with in HCM 2010 Urban Streets MMLOS identification of progression and coordination of sight distance at intersections with smart traffic signal systems spacing and operation of temporary as traffic control devices traffic flow measures at intersections with on urban streets Traffic Signal Timing Manual (P Koonce) Traffic signal warrants Traffic simulation modeling: case study of congestion for rural areas Traffic volume, see Volume, traffic Trail corridors Training personnel: in TTC zones in work zones Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual Transit facilities, in freeway medians See also Bus stops Transit improvements (as TO strategy) Transition areas, on temporary roadways Transition slopes Transition zones, slowing drivers in Transit-oriented developments Transit priority streets Transit quality of service Transit vehicles: and access management in HCM 2010 Urban Streets MMLOS performance measures for separation of pedestrians and bicyclists from Transportation analysis zones (TAZs) Transportation and Land Development (Stover and Koepke) Transportation Conformity Rule Transportation demand management (TDM): case study forecasting impacts on and forecasting travel demand managing demand with Transportation engineering, travel demand forecasting in Transportation Impact Assessment Guidelines (Ottawa, Canada) Transportation management plans (TMPs): development of implementation of temporary traffic control strategies in for work zones Transportation networks: resiliency of in trip-based travel demand modeling Transportation operations (TO) strategies Transportation planning Transportation Planning for Planned Special Events (USDOT) Transportation Research Board of the National Academies (TRB) See also Highway Capacity Manual; specific NCHRP Reports on access management on context-sensitive design Transportation systems: access management’s role in automobile LOS and objectives of collaboration of emergency management service and defined environmental hazards to impact of traffic events on networks vs road users in Transverse markings Travel demand Travel demand forecasting applications of forecasts best practices case studies commercial vehicles in econometric models in externally-based trips in importance of process for regulation of and TDM measures terminology for traffic impact analyses in transportation engineering trends Traveled way Travel lane(s): in rural areas shoulder as Travel models, hierarchy of Travel speed Travel-time delay TRB, see Transportation Research Board of the National Academies Trees, in streetside design Trip assignment Trip attraction equations Trip-based travel demand modeling Trip distribution Trip generation Trip production equations Trip purpose, parking facility users’ Trip stage, functional roadway category and Trucks, circulation of Truck drivers Truck lanes Truck-mounted attenuators Truck restrictions True active advance warning signs (TAAWS) TTC plans, see Temporary traffic control plans -tests Turning bays, in two-way parking Turning roadways, in rural areas Turning vehicles See also Left turns; U-turns in access management pedestrian accidents with Turn lanes See also Left-turn lanes and crashes right-turn for vehicle queue storage Turnover, parking facility user Turn restrictions Tuscon, Arizona Two-regime model for uninterrupted traffic flow Two-stage turn queue boxes, for bicycles 2009 Presidential Inauguration\hb Regional After-Action Report\hb Summary 2010 ADA Standards Two-way left turn lanes (TWTLs) Two-way traffic flow: off-street parking with in rural areas staging construction with TWTLs (two-way left turn lanes) TxDOT (Texas Department of Transportation) Type I error Type II error Tysons, Virginia UFOV, see Useful field of view Uncontrolled intersections Underground parking facility Ungated parking facilities Unified Command structure Uniform series cash flows Uninterrupted flow facilities See also Road segments and interchanges in rural areas; Road segments and interchanges in urban areas case studies interrupted vs quality of service on traffic characteristics at bottlenecks in traffic flow relationships for traffic shock waves in Uninterrupted traffic flow: actual representation of Greenshields model for interrupted vs two-regime model for University Place, Washington Unplanned events See also Emergency events challenges with current practice for defined key stakeholder relationships during modeling and simulation for operational strategies in planned and emergency events vs regulations on traffic incident management for traffic management research on Unsaturated intersection approach Unusual events See also Emergency events; Planned events; Unplanned events UPRAISED HAND signal Upstream functional distance Urban areas See also Road segments and interchanges in urban areas in access classification system defined externally-based trips in traffic calming in traffic engineering in warrants for left-turn lanes in Urban arterials Urban collectors Urban major street spacing Urban Street Design Guide (NACTO) Urban streets: automobile LOS for bike LOS for case studies context zones for design controls and criteria for interrupted traffic flow on intersection design and operations for midblock crossings in MMLOS methodology for modal priority multiway boulevards pedestrian LOS for selecting performance measures for streetside design for transit LOS for trends U.S Access Management Manual (TRB) U.S Census Bureau U.S Department of Transportation (USDOT) U.S National Environmental Policy Act U.S Traffic Calming Manual (American Planning Association) USDOT, see U.S Department of Transportation Useful field of view (UFOV) User-perceived quality of service (QOS) measures User perspective on levels of service Users, see Road users US Route 2 (Washington state) US Route 60 (Osage County, Oklahoma) US Route 62 (Hamburg, New York) US Route 75 (Dallas, Texas) US Route 301 Waldorf Transportation Improvements project U-turns: median U-turn intersections operational impact of safety of direct left turns vs Valencia, Spain Valet parking Variables Variable work hours Variance Variation, in traffic volume VDOT, see Virginia Department of Transportation VDRPT (Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation) Vehicle, design, see Design vehicle Vehicle extension, in signal timing plan Vehicle operating costs Vehicle queue storage, at intersections Vehicular service, livability and Vertical alignment: coordination of horizontal and in multimodal intersections in rural areas for temporary roadways in urban areas Vertical clearance: in parking ramps in rural areas Vertical curves, in rural areas Vertical grades, see Grade(s) Vertical speed control measures Video-image processing systems Viewing distance Virginia, no-notice evacuation simulation in See also specific cities Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation (VDRPT) Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) Virginia Railway Express (VRE) Virginia State Police (VSP) Vision: community peripheral of road users VISSIM Visual acuity Visual search Volume, traffic in access classification system in actual uninterrupted flow adjustment factors for and collision rate rankings and Edie hypothesis of uninterrupted flow and Greenshields model of uninterrupted flow identifying hazardous locations from in level of service determination and signal spacing and time headway variation in Volume control measures Volume counts: at bottlenecks classification of duration of method of taking typical conditions for Volume studies Volume to capacity ratio VRE (Virginia Railway Express) VSP (Virginia State Police) Walkability Checklist Walking distance, to parking facilities WALKING PERSON signal Walking speed Walk interval, in signal timing plan WALK signals Warnings: dynamic queue in work zones Warning signs Warrants: for grade separations and interchanges for left-turn lanes for traffic signals Washington, D.C.: M Street Southeast/Southwest Transportation Planning Study Barack Obama’s inauguration in traffic calming in Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA) Washington State, temporary use of shoulder in See also specific cities Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) Water-filled barriers Wayfinding Weak link analysis Weaving sections Weekend restrictions Weighted average Weighting, in composite/prioritized level of service measures West Jefferson Streestscape Project (North Carolina) West Memphis, Arkansas Wheels, volume counts based on Wheel stops Whole community approach Width: clear lane shoulder WMATA (Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority) Worksite Trip Reduction model Work zones bicycle accommodation in case studies contingency plans in detour planning and operations in geometrics of temporary roadways in implementing transportation management plans in incident management in motorcyclists in MUTCD on pedestrian accommodation in public communication and outreach strategies for public information strategies in roadway design in safety, mobility, and constructability issues in speed management and enforcement in staging construction in traffic control devices in traffic control plans in traffic volume measurements near training of personnel in transportation management plans for transportation operations strategies in trends Work Zone Safety and Mobility Rule (FHWA) Wrapped parking WSDOT, see Washington State Department of Transportation XDL (crossover displaced left-turn) intersections Yellow change interval Yellow signal, duration of Yellow trap Yield-controlled intersections Yield point YIELD signs Yield streets Yoked comparisons Young bicyclists Young passengers Zegeer, Charles V Zipper merges Zone definitions z tests WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley's ebook EULA ... many decades, the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) has provided traffic engineering professionals with a comprehensive resource of fundamental traffic engineering concepts, as well as state-of-the-art practices, through the Traffic Engineering Handbook (TEH or... and contribute to revitalized city centers that facilitate urban economic growth II The Vision for This Edition As one of the definitive technical resources in traffic engineering for nearly 70 years and 6 prior editions, the ITE Traffic Engineering Handbook has served as a concise yet... Introduction to the Traffic Engineering Handbook and Its Role in Evolving Practice Anurag Pande Ph.D and Brian Wolshon Ph.D., P.E., PTOE I Background Traffic engineering is the subdiscipline of transportation engineering that addresses the