Điện tử viễn thông ref 4 technologies and systems for access and transport networks khotailieu

Technologies and Systems for Access and Transport Networks For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book Technologies and Systems for Access and Transport Networks Jan A Audestad artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-299-9 Cover design by Igor Valdman © 2008 ARTECH HOUSE, INC 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved Printed and bound in the United States of America No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark 10 To my wife Synnøve Contents Preface CHAPTER Introduction xv 1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications 1.2 What Is Important Knowledge: Generic Technologies or Detailed System Overviews? 1.3 Composition of the Text CHAPTER Networks and Services 2.1 Access, Transport, and Platform 2.1.1 Transport of Bits 2.1.2 Routing 2.1.3 Mobility 2.2 Types of Networks 2.2.1 Transport (or Backbone) Network 2.2.2 Access Networks 2.3 Stupid and Intelligent Networks 2.3.1 Concept 2.3.2 A Note on the Protocol Structure of the Internet 2.3.3 The Line of Demarcation Between Network and Application in the Internet 2.3.4 Network Neutrality 2.3.5 The Commercial Life Below the Demarcation Line 2.3.6 Is There Any Business for the Network Operator Above the Demarcation Line? 2.4 Overlay Access 2.5 Domains and Interworking 2.6 Heterogeneity 2.7 Real-Time and Nonreal-Time Systems 2.8 Backward Compatibility 2.8.1 Commercial Reasons 2.8.2 Technological Reasons 2.8.3 Political Reasons 9 10 10 11 11 11 13 13 14 16 18 19 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 30 vii viii Contents 2.9 Standards 2.10 Access to the Common: Regulation of the Utilization of the Frequency Spectrum CHAPTER Synchronization 3.1 Definitions 3.1.1 Synchronous 3.1.2 Asynchronous 3.1.3 Plesiochronous 3.1.4 Isochronous 3.1.5 Anisochronous 3.2 Reality Is Not So Simple: Bits, Words, Envelopes, and Frames 3.3 How to Acquire Synchronism: Phase-Locked Loop 3.3.1 Description of the Loop 3.3.2 Applications 3.4 Synchronization in Synchronous Networks 3.4.1 What Type of Synchronization Is Required? 3.4.2 Clock Hierarchies 3.4.3 Master-Slave (Link-by-Link) Synchronization 3.4.4 Signal Restoration: Elastic Store 3.5 Interconnection of Plesiochronous Networks: Application of Elastic Store 3.6 Synchronization of Envelopes of Constant Length 3.6.1 Direct Acquisition and Tracking of Envelopes 3.6.2 Acquisition and Tracking Using Error Detection: ATM Synchronization 3.7 Synchronization of Radio Systems 3.7.1 General Synchronization Sequences in TDMA and Random Access Systems 3.7.2 GSM: Timing Advance Procedure 3.7.3 Wireless LAN: Finding the Information in Sporadically Transmitted Frames 3.7.4 Satellite Systems: Managing Long Delays 3.7.5 Application of Scrambling and Interleaving 30 33 37 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 43 43 45 50 50 51 52 53 54 55 55 57 60 60 62 66 67 71 CHAPTER Multiplexing 73 4.1 Multiplex Structures 4.2 Static Multiplexing: Frequency Division Multiplexing 4.2.1 Principle 4.2.2 Translation of Channels 4.2.3 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 4.2.4 Distortion in FDM and WDM Systems: Intermodulation 4.2.5 Frequency Division Multiplexing in ADSL 4.3 Static Multiplexing: Time Division Multiplexing 4.3.1 Principle 73 74 74 74 77 78 80 82 82 Contents 4.3.2 Interleaving Patterns 4.3.3 European First-Order Multiplex 4.3.4 Higher-Order Multiplex 4.3.5 TDM Frame Alignment in Higher-Order Systems 4.4 Static Multiplexing: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 4.4.1 Background 4.4.2 Multiplexing Structure 4.4.3 Compromise: Large Overhead Versus Flexibility 4.4.4 Pointer Mechanisms and Floating Payloads 4.4.5 Rate Adjustment of Plesiochronous Signals 4.4.6 Control Headers 4.5 Statistical Multiplexing 4.5.1 Invariant Frame Structure 4.5.2 Delimitation by Frame-Length Indicators 4.5.3 Delimitation by Flags CHAPTER Multiple Access 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Multiple Access Techniques Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Slow Frequency Hopping Code Division Multiple Access Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access 5.5.1 Coding Gain 5.5.2 Autocorrelation Properties 5.5.3 Composition of a DS-CDMA Transceiver 5.5.4 Interference and Channel Capacity 5.5.5 Power Control 5.5.6 Autocorrelation, Acquisition, and Tracking 5.5.7 Multipath Diversity 5.5.8 Application of DS-CDMA 5.6 Fast Frequency Hopping CDMA 5.7 Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and DS-CDMA 5.8 Space Division Multiple Access 5.9 Random Access: Basic Theory and Applications 5.9.1 Aloha Techniques 5.9.2 Application of Simple Aloha Techniques: INMARSAT and GSM 5.9.3 Application of Carrier Sense Multiple Access: Ethernet 5.9.4 Application of Carrier Sense Multiple Access: WLAN 5.10 Random Access: Stochastic Behavior and Dynamic Control Procedures 5.10.1 Stochastic Behavior 5.10.2 Control Procedures 5.10.3 Application of the Control Procedures ix 82 83 85 86 87 87 88 89 90 93 94 94 95 96 99 101 101 102 104 106 109 109 111 112 113 114 115 116 116 116 117 118 119 119 121 124 125 127 127 131 132 x Contents CHAPTER Switching 6.1 Switched Networks 6.1.1 Terminology and Definitions 6.1.2 Switching Services 6.1.3 Circuit Switching 6.1.4 Connection-Oriented Packet Switching 6.1.5 Connectionless Packet Switching 6.1.6 General System Requirements 6.1.7 Number Analysis and Routing 6.1.8 Signaling Systems 6.2.2 Connectionless Networks 6.2 Switching Technologies 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Space-Division Switching: Crossbar Switches 6.2.3 Space-Division Switches Using Buffers for Cross-Connect 6.2.4 Time-Division Switching 6.2.5 Particular Switching Networks: Clos-Benes Networks 6.2.6 Particular Switching Networks: Application of Binary Switching Element 6.2.7 Construction of Switching Systems CHAPTER Elements of Protocol Theory 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Introduction Purpose of the Protocol Layer Services and Protocol Data Units Specification of Primitives Layering Hardcoding or Softcoding of the Protocol Data Unit 7.6.1 Hardcoding 7.6.2 Softcoding 7.7 Example 1: Layering and Encapsulation in the Internet 7.7.1 Layering 7.7.2 Network Layer: Encapsulation and Tunneling 7.8 Example 2: Protocol Structure of SS7 7.8.1 Signaling Network Architecture 7.8.2 Protocol Stack 7.8.3 Signaling Data-Link Layer (Layer 1) 7.8.4 Signaling Link Control (Layer 2) 7.8.4 Signaling Network Layer (Layer 3) 7.8.5 User Parts and Applications 7.8.6 Performance Requirements 7.9 Example 3: Protocol Structure of the Mobile Network 7.9.1 General Radio Interface 135 135 135 136 138 142 144 144 146 150 151 152 152 152 156 157 159 160 167 171 171 171 173 178 180 184 185 186 188 188 190 191 191 193 193 193 195 196 198 199 199 312 Acronyms CEPT CERN CES CI CLP CORBA CPS-PDU CPU CSMA CSMA/CA CSMA/CD CTS DAMA dc DS-CDMA DSS.1 DTAP ECMA EDFA EDGE EIRP EMI ETSI FAMA FDD FDM FDMA FEC FFH-CDMA FIB FIFO FISU FSN GEO GGSN GPRS GSM GTW HDLC HEC Conférence Européenne des Postes et Télécommunication Conceil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire Coast Earth station Connection identifier Cell loss priority Common object request broker architecture Common part sublayer protocol data unit Central processing unit Carrier sense multiple access Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance Carrier sense multiple access wit collision detection Clear-to-send Demand assignment multiple access Direct current Direct sequence code division multiple access Digital subscriber line no Direct transfer application part European Computer Manufacturer Association Erbium doped fiber amplifier Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution Equivalent isotropic radiated power Electromagnetic interference European Telecommunications Standardization Institute Fixed assigned multiple access Frequency division duplex Frequency division multiplexing Frequency division multiple access Forward error control Fast frequency hopping code division multiple access Forward indicator bit First in, first out Fill-in signaling unit Forward sequence number Geostationary orbit Gateway GPRS support node General packet radio service Global system for mobile communications (originally Groupe Spécial Mobile) Gateway exchange High-level data link control Header error correction Acronyms 313 HLR HSS html http I IAM ICMP ICT IEEE IETF IGMP IMEI IMSI IN IP IPv4 IPv6 ISDN ISO ISP ISUP ITU LAN LAP LEO LES LLUB LSSU MAC MAN MAP MEO MEMS MMS MS MSC MSU MTP MUE MVNO NAP Home location register Home subscription server Hypertext Markup Language Hypertext Transfer Protocol Information frame Initial address message Internet Control Message Protocol Information and communication technology The Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Group Management Protocol International mobile equipment identity International mobile subscriber identity Intelligent network Internet Protocol Internet Protocol version Internet Protocol version Integrated services digital network International Organization for Standardization Internet service provider ISDN user part International Telecommunication Union Local area network Link access protocol (often with a suffix B, D, Dm, and so on) Low Earth orbit Land Earth stations Local loop unbundling Link status signal unit Media access control Metropolitan area network Mobile application part Medium Earth orbit Microelectromechanical system Multimedia messaging service Mobile station Mobile services switching center Message signal unit Message transfer part Mobile user equipment Mobile virtual network operator Network access point 314 Acronyms NCS NMT OA&M OBAN OMG OSPF PA PABX PAN PBX PC PCM PCU PDA PDH PDU PKI PLCP PLL PLMN PSK PSTN PTI PVC O&M QoS RA RBOC REJ RFID RNC RNR RO RPC RR RSVP RTS RX SABM SACCH SAP Network control station Nordic mobile telephone system Operation, administration, and maintenance Open broadband access network Object Modeling Group Open shortest path first Preassigned Public automatic branch exchange Personal area network Public branch exchange Personal computer Pulse code modulation Packet control unit Personal digital assistant Plesiochronuous digital hierarchy Protocol data unit Public key infrastructure Physical layer convergence protocol Phase-locked loop Public land mobile network Phase shift keying Public switched telephone network Payload type identifier Permanent virtual circuit Operations and management Quality of service Random access Regional Bell operating company Reject Radio frequency identification Radio network controller Receive not ready Remote operations Remote procedure call Receive ready Resource reservation protocol Request-to-send Receiver Set asynchronous balanced mode Slow associated control channel Service access point Acronyms 315 SCCP SCP SCPC SCTP SDCCH SDH SDMA SES SFT SFH-CDMA SGSN SIF SIM SIO SIP SMS SOLAS SS7 SSB SSN SSP STM STS SVC TACS TCAP TCH TCP TDD TDM TDMA TMSI TT&C TTP TU TUG TUP TX UA UDP UMA Signaling connection control part Service control point Single channel per carrier Stream control transmission protocol Standalone dedicated control channel Synchronous digital hierarchy Space division multiple access Ship Earth station Simple file transfer Slow frequency hopping code division multiple access Serving GPRS support node Signaling information field Subscriber identity module Service information octet Session Initiation Protocol Short message service Safety of life at sea Signaling system no Single sideband Subsystem number Service switching point Synchronous transport modus Synchronous transmission signal Switched virtual channel Total access system Transmission control application part Traffic channel Transmission control protocol Time division duplex Time division multiplexing Time division multiple access Temporary mobile subscriber identity Telemetry, tracking, and control Trusted third party Tributary unit Tributary unit group Telephone user part Transmitter Unnumbered acknowledgment User datagram protocol Unlicensed mobile access 316 Acronyms UMTS UP USO UTRAN UW VC VCI VCO VLR VNO VoIP VPI VSAT WAN WARC WDM WLAN WP-CDMA WWW xDSL XML Universal mobile telecommunications service User part Universal service obligation UMTS terrestrial radio access network Unique word Virtual circuit Virtual channel identifier Voltage-controlled oscillator Visitor location register Virtual network operator Voice over IP Virtual path identifier Very small aperture terminal Wide area network World Administrative Radio Conference Wavelength division multiplexing Wireless local area network Wideband packet CDMA World Wide Web Digital subscriber line of type x Extensible Markup Language Bibliography Bing, B., High-Speed Wireless ATM and LAN, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2000 Black, U., Emerging Communications Technologies, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997 Blanchard, A., Phase-Locked Loops: Application to Coherent Receiver Design, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976 Borella, Michael S., et al., “Optical Components for WDM Lightwave Networks,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 85, No 8, August 1997 Campanella, S J., “Satellite Communications,” in Encyclopedia of Telecommunications, R A Meyer (ed.), New York: Academic Press, 1989 Comer, D E., Computer Networks and Internets with Internet Applications, 4th ed., Boston, MA: Pearson Education International, 2004 Do, van Thanh, (ed.), “Future Mobile Phones,” Telektronikk, No 3/4, 2005 Elbert, B R., Introduction to Satellite Communication, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1999 Freeman, R L., Fundamentals of Telecommunications, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999 Forouzan, B A., Data Communication and Networking, 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2007 Goncalves, M., and K Niles, IPv6 Networks, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998 Halsall, F., Computer Networking and the Internet, 5th ed., Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2005 Hipponen, M., “Malware Goes Mobile,” Scientific American, November 2006 Inoue, Y., M Lapierre, and C Mosotto, (eds.), The TINA Book: A Co-Operative Solution for a Competitive World, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999 Izzo, P., Gigabit Networks: Standards and Schemes for Next-Generation Networking, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000 Jain, B N., and A K Agrawala, Open Systems Interconnection: Its Architecture and Protocols, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993 Kleinrock, L., and S S Lam, “Packet Switching in a Multiaccess Broadcast Channel: Performance Evaluation,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol COM-23, No 4, April 1975 Lam, S S., and L Kleinrock, “Packet Switching in a Multiaccess Broadcast Channel: Dynamic Control Procedures,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol COM-23, No 9, September 1975 Lee, J S., and L E Miller, CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1998 Mouly, M., and M B Pautet, The GSM System for Mobile Communication, published by the authors, 1992 Noll, J., and E Buracchini, “Software Radio-A Key Technology for Adaptive Access,” in Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol 2, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002, pp 789–798 317 318 Bibliography Ohmori, S., H Wakana, and S Kawase, Mobile Satellite Communications, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1998 Olsson, A., Understanding Changing Telecommunications: Building a Successful Telecom Business, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003 Perros, H G., An Introduction to ATM Networks, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001 Proakis, J G., and D G Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications, 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall International, 1996 Prasad, R., W.Mohr, and W Konhäuser, (eds.), Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2000 Redl, S M., M K Weber, and M W Oliphant, An Introduction to GSM, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1995 Rheingold, H., Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution, New York: Basic Books, 2002 Schiller, J., Mobile Communication, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2000 Siwiak, K., Radio Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1998 Smith, C., and D Collins, 3G Wireless Networks, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002 Stallings, W., Business Data Communications, 5th ed., Boston, MA: Pearson Education International, 2005 Stallings, W., ASDN and Broadband ISDN with Frame Relay and ATM, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995 Vince, J., and R Earnshaw, (eds.), Digital Media: The Future, New York: Springer, 2000 Walker, J., (ed.), Advances in Mobile Information Systems, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1998 Wilkinson, N., Next Generation Network Services: Technologies and Strategies, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002 Yang, S C., CDMA RF System Design, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1998 Zouganeli, E., (ed.), “Optical Communication,” Telektronikk, No 2, 2005 About the Author Jan A Audestad holds an M.S in theoretical physics from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1965 He has worked in various fields of telecommunications since 1967 to 1971 in Telenor first as a researcher and research manager and later as advisor for the corporate management Work includes domestic satellite communications to oil installations in the North Sea and for connecting the artic island Spitzbergen to the mainland telecommunications network, maritime satellite communications leading up to the establishment of INMARSAT, development of specifications related to the network aspects of GSM, standardization and implementation of intelligent networks, and the introduction of distributed processing platforms in the telecommunications network One major activity has been development of new signaling protocols for various telecommunications systems As an advisor for the corporate management of Telenor, his major work has been in the fields of techno-economic strategy, business development, and postgraduate education programs Since 1993 Professor Audestad has been adjunct professor in distributed processing at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) where he has been teaching several courses in distributed processing, protocol theory, access and transport networks, and telecommunications business strategy Since 2003 he has also been adjunct professor in information security at the University College of Gjøvik, Norway, where he has been teaching subjects such as the effects of ICT on the vulnerability of society, non-repudiation, and the economy of information security He has chaired or cochaired several international groups, particularly in ITU, ETSI and ESA in satellite communications, land mobile communications, and intelligent networks Professor Audestad has produced more than 100 papers published in scientific journals or presented at scientific conferences 319 Index 321 Recent Titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series John Walker, Series Editor 3G CDMA2000 Wireless System Engineering, Samuel C Yang 3G Multimedia Network Services, Accounting, and User Profiles, Freddy Ghys, Marcel Mampaey, Michel Smouts, and Arto Vaaraniemi 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility, Anand R Prasad, Neeli R Prasad Advances in 3G Enhanced Technologies for Wireless Communications, Jiangzhou Wang and Tung-Sang Ng, editors Advances in Mobile Information Systems, John Walker, editor Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks, Y Jay Guo Applied Satellite Navigation Using GPS, GALILEO, and Augmentation Systems, Ramjee Prasad and Marina Ruggieri CDMA for Wireless Personal Communications, Ramjee Prasad CDMA Mobile Radio Design, John B Groe and Lawrence E Larson CDMA RF System Engineering, Samuel C Yang CDMA Systems Capacity Engineering, Kiseon Kim and Insoo Koo CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook, Jhong S Lee and Leonard E Miller Cell Planning for Wireless Communications, Manuel F Cátedra and Jesús Pérez-Arriaga Cellular Communications: Worldwide Market Development, Garry A Garrard Cellular Mobile Systems Engineering, Saleh Faruque The Complete Wireless Communications Professional: A Guide for Engineers and Managers, William Webb EDGE for Mobile Internet, Emmanuel Seurre, Patrick Savelli, and Pierre-Jean Pietri Emerging Public Safety Wireless Communication Systems, Robert I Desourdis, Jr., et al The Future of Wireless Communications, William Webb Geographic Information Systems Demystified, Stephen R Galati GPRS for Mobile Internet, Emmanuel Seurre, Patrick Savelli, and Pierre-Jean Pietri GPRS: Gateway to Third Generation Mobile Networks, Gunnar Heine and Holger Sagkob GSM and Personal Communications Handbook, Siegmund M Redl, Matthias K Weber, and Malcolm W Oliphant GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation, Gunnar Heine GSM System Engineering, Asha Mehrotra Handbook of Land-Mobile Radio System Coverage, Garry C Hess Handbook of Mobile Radio Networks, Sami Tabbane High-Speed Wireless ATM and LANs, Benny Bing Interference Analysis and Reduction for Wireless Systems, Peter Stavroulakis Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications, Second Edition, Juha Korhonen Introduction to Communication Systems Simulation, Maurice Schiff Introduction to Digital Professional Mobile Radio, Hans-Peter A Ketterling Introduction to GPS: The Global Positioning System, Ahmed El-Rabbany An Introduction to GSM, Siegmund M Redl, Matthias K Weber, and Malcolm W Oliphant Introduction to Mobile Communications Engineering, José M Hernando and F Pérez-Fontán Introduction to Radio Propagation for Fixed and Mobile Communications, John Doble Introduction to Wireless Local Loop, Second Edition: Broadband and Narrowband Systems, William Webb IS-136 TDMA Technology, Economics, and Services, Lawrence Harte, Adrian Smith, and Charles A Jacobs Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks, Amitava Mukherjee, Somprakash Bandyopadhyay, and Debashis Saha Mobile Data Communications Systems, Peter Wong and David Britland Mobile IP Technology for M-Business, Mark Norris Mobile Satellite Communications, Shingo Ohmori, Hiromitsu Wakana, and Seiichiro Kawase Mobile Telecommunications Standards: GSM, UMTS, TETRA, and ERMES, Rudi Bekkers Mobile Telecommunications: Standards, Regulation, and Applications, Rudi Bekkers and Jan Smits Multiantenna Digital Radio Transmission, Massimiliano “Max” Martone Multiantenna Wireless Communicatio ns Systems, Sergio Barbarossa Multipath Phenomena in Cellular Networks, Nathan Blaunstein and Jørgen Bach Andersen Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals, Piero Castoldi OFDMA for Broadband Wireless Access, Personal Wireless Communication with DECT and PWT, John Phillips and Gerard Mac Namee Practical Wireless Data Modem Design, Jonathon Y C Cheah Prime Codes with Applications to CDMA Optical and Wireless Networks, Guu-Chang Yang and Wing C Kwong QoS in Integrated 3G Networks, Robert Lloyd-Evans Radio Engineering for Wireless Communication and Sensor Applications, Antti V Räisänen and Arto Lehto Radio Propagation in Cellular Networks, Nathan Blaunstein Radio Resource Management for Wireless Networks, Jens Zander and Seong-Lyun Kim Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications, Third Edition, Kazimierz Siwiak and Yasaman Bahreini RDS: The Radio Data System, Dietmar Kopitz and Bev Marks Resource Allocation in Hierarchical Cellular Systems, Lauro Ortigoza-Guerrero and A Hamid Aghvami RF and Baseband Techniques for Software-Defined Radio Peter B Kenington RF and Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Communications, Lawrence E Larson, editor Sample Rate Conversion in Software Configurable Radios, Tim Hentschel Signal Processing Applications in CDMA Communications, Hui Liu Smart Antenna Engineering, Ahmed El Zooghby Software Defined Radio for 3G, Paul Burns Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems for Wireless Communications, Savo G Glisic and Branka Vucetic Technologies and Systems for Access and Transport Networks, Jan A Audestad Third Generation Wireless Systems, Volume 1: Post-Shannon Signal Architectures, George M Calhoun Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks, Toni Janevski Transmission Systems Design Handbook for Wireless Networks, Harvey Lehpamer UMTS and Mobile Computing, Alexander Joseph Huber and Josef Franz Huber Understanding Cellular Radio, William Webb Understanding Digital PCS: The TDMA Standard, Cameron Kelly Coursey Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications, Second Edtion, Elliott D Kaplan and Christopher J Hegarty, editors Understanding WAP: Wireless Applications, Devices, and Services, Marcel van der Heijden and Marcus Taylor, editors Universal Wireless Personal Communications, Ramjee Prasad WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Tero Ojanperä and Ramjee Prasad, editors Wireless Communications in Developing Countries: Cellular and Satellite Systems, Rachael E Schwartz Wireless Communications Evolution to 3G and Beyond, Saad Z Asif Wireless Intelligent Networking, Gerry Christensen, Paul G Florack, and Robert Duncan Wireless LAN Standards and Applications, Asunción Santamaría and Francisco J López-Hernández, editors Wireless Technician’s Handbook, Second Edition, Andrew Miceli For further information on these and other Artech House titles, including previously considered out-of-print books now available through our In-Print-Forever® (IPF®) program, contact: Artech House Artech House 685 Canton Street 46 Gillingham Street Norwood, MA 02062 London SW1V 1AH UK Phone: 781-769-9750 Phone: +44 (0)20 7596-8750 Fax: 781-769-6334 Fax: +44 (0)20 7630-0166 e-mail: artech@artechhouse.com e-mail: artech-uk@artechhouse.com Find us on the World Wide Web at: www.artechhouse.com ... 4. 3.3 European First-Order Multiplex 4. 3 .4 Higher-Order Multiplex 4. 3.5 TDM Frame Alignment in Higher-Order Systems 4. 4 Static Multiplexing: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 4. 4.1 Background 4. 4.2... Multiplexing Structure 4. 4.3 Compromise: Large Overhead Versus Flexibility 4. 4 .4 Pointer Mechanisms and Floating Payloads 4. 4.5 Rate Adjustment of Plesiochronous Signals 4. 4.6 Control Headers 4. 5 Statistical... of GSM 8 .4. 4 Location Management and Call Handling in GSM 8 .4. 5 Architecture of GPRS 8 .4. 6 All-IP UMTS 8 .4. 7 Mobile IP, Location Updating, and Packet Transfer in GPRS and All-IP UMTS 8 .4. 8 Paging,