This page intentionally left blank Terrorism and Torture Terrorism and torture are twin evils that have dominated news headlines – particularly since the horrifying events of 9/11 In this thought-provoking volume, scholars from a diverse range of disciplines examine the complex motivational and situational factors contributing to terrorist acts and state-sponsored torture, and the potential linkage between those two heinous human behaviors They also consider the strategies that might reduce the threat of future terrorist acts, and the perceived necessity to engage in morally reprehensible – and often illegal – torture practices With its integrated synthesis of contemporary theories and research on the complex dynamics of the terrorism–torture link, this is an authoritative source for scholars and students of psychology, criminal justice, law, media, communication studies, and political science It will also appeal to students of other disciplines with an interest in the study of terrorism and torture w er n er g k st r i tzk e is a clinical psychologist and Associate Professor in the School of Psychology at the University of Western Australia s t e p h a n l e wa n d ow s k y is a cognitive psychologist and Australian Professorial Fellow in the School of Psychology at the University of Western Australia dav i d d e n e m a r k is Professor of Political Science and International Relations at the University of Western Australia j o s e p h c l a r e is a cognitive psychologist, a criminologist and a Research Fellow in the Crime Research Centre at the University of Western Australia f r a n k m o rg a n is a criminologist and Director of the Crime Research Centre at the University of Western Australia Terrorism and Torture An Interdisciplinary Perspective Edited by Werner G. K Stritzke, Stephan Lewandowsky, David Denemark, Joseph Clare, Frank Morgan CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521898195 © Cambridge University Press 2009 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-58087-1 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-89819-5 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of figures page vii List of tables ix List of contributors xi Preface xiii 1 The terrorism–torture link: when evil begets evil 1 W er n er g k st r i tzk e a n d st eph a n l ewa n dowsky Torture, terrorism, and the moral prohibition on killing non-combatants alex j bellamy The equivalent logic of torture and terrorism: the legal regulation of moral monstrosity 18 44 ben sau l War versus criminal justice in response to terrorism: the losing logic of torture 63 cl a r k mccau l ey Reducing the opportunities for terrorism: applying the principles of situational crime prevention rona l d v cl a r k e a n d gr a em e r n ewm a n From the terrorists’ point of view: toward a better understanding of the staircase to terrorism fat h a l i m mogh a dda m If they’re not crazy, then what? The implications of social psychological approaches to terrorism for conflict management w i n n i f r ed r l ou is 86 106 125 v vi Contents The cycle of righteous destruction: a Terror Management Theory perspective on terrorist and counter-terrorist violence tom pyszcz y nsk i , z ach a ry rot hsch i l d , m at t mot y l , a n d a bdol hossei n a bdol l a h i Misinformation and the “War on Terror”: when memory turns fiction into fact st eph a n l ewa n dowsky, w er n er g k st r i tzk e , k l aus o ber au er , a n d m ich a el mor a l es 10 Icons of fear: terrorism, torture, and the media 154 179 204 joh n t u l l och 11 What explains torture coverage during war-time? A search for realistic answers 221 dor is gr a ber a n d gr eg ory holy k 12 Reversed negatives: how the news media respond to “our” atrocities 246 rodn ey t i f f en 13 Terrorism and TV news coverage of the 2001 Australian election 265 dav i d den em a r k 14 Terrorism, anxiety, and war l eon i e h u ddy, sta n l ey f el dm a n , 290 a n d er i n ca ssese 15 I’m right, you’re dead: speculations about the roots of fanaticism 313 ca r m en l aw r ence 16 Reducing terrorist risk: integrating jurisdictional and opportunity approaches 325 joseph cl a r e a n d f r a n k morga n Index345 Figures 1.1 Escalation of terrorism and torture through violation of the norm of non-combatant immunity. 1.2 War versus criminal justice and the role of torture in response to terrorism. 1.3 Situational crime prevention and reduction of opportunities for terrorism. 1.4 The role of torture in accelerating the climb up the “staircase to terrorism.” 5.1 The opportunity structure for terrorism. 6.1 Continuum showing a range of degrees of freedom from low to high. 9.1 Mean ratings of perceived truth of false/retracted (FR) items for respondents who affirmed memory for the original items and who were certain of the items’ retraction. 13.1 TV news coverage of all major issues; national bulletins: 2001 federal election campaign. 13.2 Issue of most concern in deciding how to vote: 2001 federal election. 13.3 Level of exposure to TV campaign news by voters’ political interest/information. 13.4 Interaction effects of exposure to TV election campaign news with timing of vote decision on considering international issues as the most important in the vote decision. 13.5 Interaction effects of exposure to 2001 TV election campaign news with timing of vote decision on TV agenda-setting. 16.1 Rose’s representation of risk distributions for heart attack: (a) pre-high-risk interventions, (b) ideal post-high-risk intervention, truncating 91 111 187 272 273 274 276 278 vii viii List of figures distribution of risk, and (c) ideal post-population targeted intervention, shifting the distribution of risk. 16.2 Increasing the difficulty of terrorist attack: (a) pre-immediate implementation opportunity reduction interventions, and (b) post-immediate implementation opportunity reduction interventions. 330 339 ... terrorist violence and counterviolence She argues that to understand terrorism one must come to an understanding of how human beings arrive at a point where they can torture and kill one another without... attacks and more pronounced in women The authors conclude that a more differentiated analysis of fear and anxiety is required to disentangle the effects of general anxiety about war and terrorism and. .. Islamic Azad University, Zarand Branch, and Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran a bdol hossei n a bdol l a h i a l e x j bel l a my Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University