ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY An Ghniomhaireacht urn Chaornhnü Comhshac WASTEWATER TREATMENT NL4NUALS PRIMARY, SECONDARY ANL TERTIARY TREATMENT document contains '3t pages WASTE WATER TREATMENT MANUALS PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY TREATMENT Environmental Protection Agency Ardcavan, Wexford, Ireland Telephone: +353-53-47120 Fax: +353-53-47119 © Environmental ProtectionAgency 1997 Parts of this publication may be reproduced without further permission, provided the source is acknowledged WASTE WATER TREATMENT MANUALS PRIMARY,SECONDARYand TERTIARY TREATMENT Publishedby the Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland ISBN 899965 46 Price Ir15 1/97/400 CONTENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii PREFACE ix ABBREVIATIONS x TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER 1.1 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER 1.2 LEGISLATION 1.3 OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT 1.4 ROLEOF THE PLANT OPERATOR 2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER 2.1 CHARACTERISTICSOF URBANWASTE WATER 2.2 PARAMETERSBY WHICH WASTEWATER IS MEASURED 2.3 LABORATORYACCREDITATION 2.4 PLANT LOADING 2.4.1 HYDRAULIC LOADING 2.4.2 ORGANIC LOADING 2.4.3 RETURN SLUDGE LIQUORS 2.5 INSTRUMENTATION 8 9 2.6 TELEMETRY 10 2.7 SCADA SYSTEMS 10 2.8 INSTRUMENTATIONAND CONTROL SYSTEMS 10 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS 13 3.1 WASTEWATER FLORA AND FAUNA 13 3.2 BACTERIALGROWTH 14 3.3 INHIBITION 16 PRIMARY TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER 19 4.1 PROCESSDESCRIPTION 19 4.2 PRIMARYSETTLEMENTTANKS 19 4.3 SEPTIC TANKS ANDIMHOFF TANKS 20 ii TREATMENT OFWASTE WATER 4.4 TUBE ANDLAMELLA SETTLERS 22 4.5 DISSOLVEDAIR FLOTATION 22 ACTIVATED SLUDGE(SUSPENDED GROWTH) PROCESSES 23 5.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 23 5.2 MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDEDSOLIDS 24 5.3 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTSANDTRANSFER 24 24 25 26 27 5.3.1 THEORY 5.3.2TYPESOFEQUIPMENT 5.3.3TRANSFER EFFICIENCY 5.3.4PRACTICAL APPLICATION 5.4 CLARIFICATIONOF MIXED LIQUOR 28 5.5 SLUDGESETTLEABILITY 28 5.6 RETURNACTIVATEDSLUDGE(RAS) 29 5.7 WASTEACTIVATEDSLUDGE(WAS) 30 5.8 PROCESS CONTROLIN THE ACTIVATEDSLUDGE SYSTEM 30 5.9 SOLIDS LOADINGRATE (FIM RATIO) 30 5.10 SLUDGEAGE 31 5.11 COMPARISONBETWEEN FIM RATIO ANDSLUDGEAGE 31 5.12 ADVANTAGES OF HIGH AND LOW FIM RATIOS 31 5.13 PROCESS VARIATIONSIN ACTIVATEDSLUDGE 33 5.13.1 CONVENTIONAL AERATION 5.13.2 EXTENDED AERATION 5.13.3 HIGHRATEACTIVATED SLUDGE 33 34 34 5.14 PROCESS CONFIGURATIONSIN ACTIVATEDSLUDGE 5.14.1 COMPLETELY MIXED 5.14.2 PLUGFLOW 5.14.3 TAPERED AERATION 5.14.4 STEP FEEDING 5.14.5 SLUDGE RE-AERATION 5.14.6 OXIDA1ION DITCH 5.14.7 SEQUENCING BATCHREACTORS 5.14.8 HIGH INTENSITY SYSTEMS 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 37 37 5.15 NUISANCE 39 5.16 FOAMING 39 5.17 SOLIDS WASHOUT 41 5.18 SLUDGE TYPES 41 5.18.1 RISING SLUDGE 41 iii CONTENTS 5.18.2ASHING 5.18.3 PIN-POINT FLOC 5.18.4 FILAMENTOUS BULKING 5.18.5 NON-FILAMENTOUS BULKING 5.18.6 STRAGGLER FLOC 42 42 42 43 43 5.19 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 43 5.19.1 MONITORING BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 43 5.20 ENERGY 45 5.21 LABORATORYEQUIPMENT 46 BIOFILM (A1TACHED GROWTH) PROCESSES 6.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 47 6.2 PERCOLATINGFILTERS 47 47 6.2.1 SHAPES ANDCONFIGURATIONS 6.2.2BIOLOGICAL SLIME 6.2.3MEDIA 6.2.4MASS TRANSFER ACROSS SLIME INTERFACES 6.2.5DISTRIBUTION OF FEED 6.2.6OUTFLOW COLLECTION (UNDERDRAINS) 6.2.7OXYGENSUPPLY 6.2.8FINALOR SECONDARY SETFLING 6.2.9RECIRCULATION 6.2.10 COLDTEMPERATURE OPERATION 6.2.11 CLASSIFICATION ANDCONFIGURATION OF FILTERS 6.2.12 COMMON OPERATING PROBLEMS 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 54 6.3 ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS 55 6.4 SUBMERGEDFILTERS 56 6.4.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 6.4.2 UPFLOW OR DOWNFLOW 6.4.3 MEDIA SELECTION 6.4.4 AERATION SYSTEM 6.4.5 LOADING RATES 6.4.6 BACKWASH REQUIREMENTS AIR SCOUR 6.4.7 OUTFLOW CHARACTERISTICS 6.4.8 RELATIONSHIP WITHOTHERUNITPROCESSES 6.4.9DISSOLVED OXYGENCONTROL 6.4.10 COMMONOPERATING PROBLEMS / 6.4.11 NUISANCE 56 57 57 57 57 59 60 60 60 61 61 NUTRIENT REMOVAL PROCESSES 63 7.1 DEFINITIONOF NUTRIENTREMOVAL 63 7.2 THE NEED FOR NUTRIENTREMOVAL 63 7.3 MECHANISMANDAPPLICATIONOFNITROGEN REMOVAL 63 7.3.1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL 7.3.2BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION AND DENTTRIFICATION 7.4 MECHANISMAND APPLICATIONOF PHOSPHORUSREMOVAL 63 64 66 iv TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER 66 67 7.4.1 CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 7.4.2BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 7.5 COMBINEDBIOLOGICAL N AND P REMOVAL 68 DISINFECTION 71 8.1 INTRODUCTION 71 8.2 CHLORINE DISINFECTION 71 8.3 OZONE DISINFECTION 71 8.4 ULTRA-VIOLETDISINFECTION 72 8.5 MEMBRANETECHNOLOGY 72 HYDRAULICS OF A WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT 73 9.1 INTRODUCTION 73 9.2 HEAD LOSSES 73 9.3 HYDRAULICPROFILES 74 9.4 PUMPS 76 10 CONTROL OF NUISANCE 79 10.1 INTRODUCTION 79 10.2 SOURCESOF NUISANCE 79 10.2.1 ODOURS 10.2.2 ODOUR CONTROL 10.2.3 SHORT TERM ODOURPREVENTION 79 80 81 81 10.3 NOISE 82 10.3.1 NOISE CONTROL 10.4 VISUALIMPACT 83 10.5 PESTS 83 11 PRETREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE 85 11.1 FLOW EQUALISATION 86 11.2 FATS, OILS ANDGREASE (FOG) 87 11.3 pH NEUTRALISATION 87 11.4 HEAVY METALS 11.5 ORGANICCONSTITUENTS 12 MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL 87 87 89 CONTENTS V 12.1 MANAGEMENTSYSTEMANDAUDIT SCHEME 89 12.2 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTALREVIEW 89 12.3 ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY ANDOBJECTIVES 90 12.4 ORGANISATIONANDPERSONNEL 90 12.5 ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS REGISTER 90 12.6 OPERATIONALCONTROL 90 12.7 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONANDRECORDS 90 12.8 THE AUDIT 90 12.9 SECTOR REPORTS 90 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 91 REFERENCES 93 GLOSSARY 95 APPENDICES 101 APPENDIXA: STANDARDFORMS 101 APPENDIXB: INDUSTRIALWASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS 106 APPENDIXC: INDUSTRIALDISCHARGES 107 APPENDIXD: SENSITIVEAREAS 110 APPENDIXE: MICROSCOPY EXAMINATIONFORM 111 USER COMMENT FORM 113 SELECTEDENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENCYPUBLICATIONS 115 vi TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER LiST OF TABLES Table2.1 Table2.2 Table3.1 Table5.1 Table5.2 Table5.3 Table5.4 Table5.5 Table5.6 Table5.7 Table5.8 Table5.9 Table5.10 Table5.11 Table5.12 Table5.13 Table6.1 Table6.2 Table6.3 Table7.1 Table7.2 Table 8.1 Table9.1 Table 10.1 Table 10.2 Table 10.3 Table 10.4 Table 10.5 Table 11.1 Table 11.2 Table 11.3 Physicaland chemical characteristics ofwaste water and their sources Typicalcharacteristics of urbanwastewater Reported inhibition thresholdlevels Typicalperformance data for selected aeration devices Comparison betweenFIM ratio and sludgeage Operating at a high FIM ratio (low sludge age) Operating at a low F/M ratio (high sludge age) Operational relationships betweenRAS and WAS Loadingand operational parameters for activatedsludge processes Applications of activated sludge process variations Whitefoam Excessivebrownfoams Black foams Classification of activated sludges Sizeof micro-organisms used in wastewater treatment Operating costsofKillarney wastewater treatment plantduring 1995 Classification of percolating filters Ponding on percolating filters Upflow or downflow submerged filters Chemical phosphorus removal performance Nutrient removal process selection and application Membrane type and application Typicalheadlosses acrossvarious treatmentunits Odourthresholds of common odourous gases Odourpotential from wastewatertreatmentprocesses A-weighting adjustments Conversion ofoctave levels to A-weighted levels Approximate range ofnoisereduction Reported inhibition thresholdlevels Technologies available for the pretreatment of industrial discharges Pretreatment optionsfor selected discharges 17 26 32 32 32 33 34 39 40 40 40 41 43 45 51 54 59 66 69 72 75 79 80 81 82 83 85 86 88 CONTENTS vii UST OF HGURES Figure 1.1 Figure2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Figure5.4 Figure5.5 Figure5.6 Figure5.7 Figure 5.8 Figure 5.9 Figure 5.10 Figure 5.11 Figure 5.12 Figure 5.13 Figure 5.14 Figure 5.15 Figure 5.16 Figure 5.17 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 Figure 6.3 Figure 6.4 Figure6.5 Figure6.6 Figure6.7 Figure6.8 Figure7.1 Figure7.2 Figure7.3 Figure7.4 Figure 7.5 Figure 7.6 Figure 7.7 Figure 7.8 Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2 Figure 9.3 Figure9.4 Figure9.5 Figure 11.1 Figure 12.1 Waste watertreatment plantoverview Growthrate of micro-organisms as a functionofpH Typicalcomposition of urbanwastewater Diurnaland seasonal flow variations to a treatment plant Metabolism and transportmechanisms in bacterial cells Examples ofprotozoa and rotifera Relativepredominance oforganismsused in wastewater treatment Bacterial growth curve Settling theory Circular radialflow settlement tank Rectangular horizontal flow settlement tank Imhofftank Inclined settlement system Dissolved air flotation Activated sludge process Aeration devices Comparison of aeration efficiency and depth ofimmersion ofaerators Settling velocity v time and initial MLSS concentration for goodsettlingmixed liquors Activated sludge growthcurve A-Bactivatedsludge process Completely mixed activated sludge system Plug flow activated sludge system Tapered aeration Step feed Pasveeroxidation ditch Carouseloxidation ditch Sequencing batchreactor Deep shaft activated sludge Predominance ofmicro-organisms in relationto operating conditions Powerrequirements as a function of mixed liquorDO Oxygenconsumption Percolating filter Transport mechanism acrossthe biofilm Diffusion across the biofilm Hydraulic effectofrecirculation on humustanks Configurations of percolating filters Rotating biologicalcontactor Sparge pipes for aeration Submerged biological aeratedfilters Biological pre-denitrification and the effectof recirculation ratio Biological post-denitrification Simultaneous biological nitrification and denitrification Dosing pointsforthe chemical precipitation ofphosphorus Illustration ofcell mechanism for Prelease and luxury uptake Phostripprocess ModifiedPhoredox, A2/O,3-stage Bardenpho process UCT,VIPprocess Sourceof pumpingheadlosses Pump systemhead curve Hydraulic profilefor a secondary waste water treatment plant Types ofpumpsand applications Centrifugal pumpperformance curves Methodsof flow balancing Management systemof a waste water treatment plant 14 14 15 15 19 20 21 21 22 22 23 25 26 28 34 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 38 38 44 45 45 48 49 49 50 52 56 57 58 65 65 65 67 67 68 69 69 73 74 75 77 77 87 89 102 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER SAMPLE ANALYSIS REPORT FORM SAMPLE ANALYSIS REPORT FORM Reportto: Name and addressof laboratory: Dateofreport: Sample/s from: Sample/s takenby: Received at Sampling date: Hours: / By: / Laboratory No: Sample Description Sample Time BODmg/102 COD mg/l 02 Suspended Solidsmgfl MLSS mg/l Temperature °C Ammoniamg/I N Total Nitrogenmg/I N Total Phosphorus mg/I P Comments: Signed: (PrintedName ofanalyst) APPENDICES SAMPLE MONITORING SHEET Nameand Address of Laboratory: EFFLUENT SAMPLING SHEET NameofPlant: Laboratory No: Container Marking: Sample Description: SamplingLocation: Temperature °C: Sample takenby: Personcontacted: GRAB SAMPLES: Sampling date: Sample Time: FLOWMEASUREMENT 0: Head (cm): Weir Width (cm): Head(cm): Flume Width (cm): Head(cm): Meterreading Units V-notch Angle COMPOSITE SAMPLE Date Time Flow meterreading Start Finish COMMENTS: Units 103 104 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER BOD DILUTION SCHEME Dilution Factor BODrange ml of To (ml) sample Dilution ml of No dilution To (ml) Dilution No 500 1:10 No.! 1:2 4-12 250 500 1:2 1:3 6-18 150 450 1:3 1:4 8-24 125 500 1:4 1:5 10-30 100 500 1:5 1:10 20-60 50 500 1:10 1:15 30-90 30 450 1:15 1:20 40- 120 25 500 1:20 1:25 50-150 20 500 1:25 1:30 60- 180 15 450 1:30 1:40 80-240 25 1000 1:40 1:50 100-300 20 1000 1:50 1:100 200-600 25 250 1:10 50 APPENDICES 105 LABORATORY SHEET FOR BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) Laboratory sheet for BiochemicalOxygenDemand Date Time Analyst Incubator temperature (°C) On Off Salinity (%) Dilution Dilution water Blank N/A* N/A* Deionised N/A* N/A* N/A* 1/50 Laboratory No DO0 DO5 DO6 mg/i 02 mg/I 02 mg/i 02 BOD mg/i 02 Duplicate Sample No water Blank QC Standard** *N/A - Not applicable ** Dry reagent grade glucose and reagentgrade glutamic acid at 103°C for hour Add 0.150g glucose and 150g glutamic acid to distilled water and diluteto litre(BODestimated@ 198± 0.5 mgfl) Prepare freshlybeforeuse and dilute 10 ml to 500 ml with dilutionwater for use as QC standard Acceptable level for duplicate samples = ± 25% 106 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER APPENDIX B: INDUSTRIAL WASTE Industry Flow BOD TE Total ARA COD tiR: C pH Nitrogen Phosphorus Suspended Solids Meat products Intermittent High - High high Milk handling Cheese products Intermittent Intermittent High- Neutral Present Present Acidalkaline Adequate Present Deficient Present Deficient Deficient Deficient Present extremely high extremely Average- Low - Average- high average high Extremely high Average- Extremely high Acid- High- Alkaline extremely alkaline high Alcoholic Beverages Intermittent High- Low - high extremely extremely high Soft drinks Low - high Averagehigh High High High alkaline Deficient Present Extremely Extremely high Acid - Adequate Deficient high Extremely high Continuous variable Low Average- Low Acidic Present Present Intermittent Average - Average- Acid - Deficient Deficient extremely Average extremely extremely alkaline high high high Average- Low - high Low high Neutral (mech pulping) Deficient Deficient Low- high High Acid - Deficient Deficient Average- Acid - high alkaline Intermittent Averagehigh Textiles Intermittent continuous Tanningand Intermittent finishing Metalfinishing Fruit and vegetables Paperand allied Continuous high Pharmaceutical products Continuous intermittent High Plastics and Continuous variable Averagehigh resins - extremely high products alkaline Low - high alkaline APPENDICES 107 APPENDIX C: INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES Parametersotherthan BOD, COD, Total Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, pH,andAmmonia which may be presentin an industrial discharge and which may affecttheoperation of secondary treatment plant RENDERING OF ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS • • Oils,Fats and Grease MineralOil (Interceptor) MANUFACTURE OF FISH MEALAND FISH OIL o Oils, Fats and Grease • MineralOil (Interceptor) BREWING, DISTILLING AND MALTING • Oils,Fats and Grease • MineralOil (Interceptor) MANUFACTURE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS • • • Oils, Fats and Grease MineralOil (Interceptor) ROASTING, SINTERING OR CALCINING OF METALLIC ORES (PRINCIPALLY LEAD, ZINC, IRON ORE) • • • • • • • Cadmium • Chromium VI • Total Chromium Mineraloil Mercury Lead Zinc Copper Nickel PRODUCTION,RECOVERY OR PROCESSING OF NON FERROUS METALS, THEIR COMPOUNDS OR OTHER MineralOil (Biological Treatment) MANUFACTURE OF COATING ALLOYS MATERIALS a Oil • • • • Organohalogens Zinc Chromium VI Total Chromium • EC list (76/464/EEC) TREATMENTOR PROTECTION OF WOOD WITH PRESERVATIVES • • • • • • • • • EC list (76/464/EEC) • • • • • Mineral oil Cadmium Mercury EC list (76/464/EEC) Nickel Silver a Lead • Chromium VI a Total Chromium • • • Tin Mineral Oil (Interceptor) • • Oils,Fats and Grease MineralOil (Interceptor) MineralOil (Biological Treatment) a Mineral Oil (Effluent) Oils, Fats and Grease • Thallium Chromium VI TotalChromium Organohalogens Phenols Arsenic Zinc Copper METAL MINING AND MINERAL QUARRYING 108 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER OPERATIONS INVOLVING COATING WITH ORGANO-TIN COMPOUNDS EC List (76/464/EEC) Organo-Tin Mercury Tin Mineral Oil Lead Metals Chromium VI REFRACTORY BRICKS, STONEWARE PIPES, FACING AND FLOOR BRICKS AND ROOF TILES * Mineral Oil • Suiphide Fluoride MELTING OR PRODUCTION OF IRON OR STEEL • • • MineralOil Cadmium Mercury EC List 1(76/464/EEC) Total Chromium Cadmium Zinc Copper Mineral Oil (Interceptor) Mineral Oil (Biological treatment) EC List (76/464/EEC) Benzene, Toluene and Xylene Genetically ModifiedOrganisms (S.I.No 345 of 1994) FELLMONGERING OF HIDES AND TANNING OF LEATHER Lead Oils, Fats and Grease Zinc MineralOil (Interceptor) Chromium VI EC List (76/464/EEC) TotalChromium Chromium VI Nickel TotalChromium PRODUCTION,RECOVERY, PROCESSING OR USE OF FERROUS METALS IN FOUNDRIES • Cyanide Copper COARSE CERAMICS INCLUDING • • • Organohalogens Phenols MineralOil Phenols • Cadmium • Mercury • EC List 1(76/464/EEC) Otherparameters depending on Resins and Binders MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS (INCLUDING OLEFINS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES, ORGANIC OR ORGANOMETALLIC, INORGANIC, FERTILISERS, PESTICIDES, PHARMACEUTICAL, VETERINARY, INTERMEDIATES, GLUES, BONDING AGENTS, VITAMINS INVOLVING HEAVY METALS) Oils, Fats, and Grease Sulphide Phenols DYEING, TREATMENT FIBRES OR TEXTILES OR FINISHING OF Oils, Fats and Grease Organohalogens Phenols Mercury Nickel Cobalt Lead EC List (76/464/EEC) Chromium VI TotalChromium Arsenic Cadmium APPENDICES 109 • • • • • • • • • • Zinc Copper MineralOil (Interceptors) MineralOil (Biological treatment) Organochionne pesticides Benzene, Toluene and Xylene Mothproofing agents(as Cl) Organophosphorus pesticides Aldrin,Dieldrin, Endrin, Isodrin Sulphide SLAUGHTERING a Tin • Lead ELECTROPLATING • Oils,Fats and Grease • • • • • Mineral Oil (Interceptor) Mineral Oil (Effluent treatment) Organohalogens Phenols a Mercury Nickel • Silver • Oils, Fats and Grease a Lead • MineralOil (Interceptor) a ChromiumVI • Total Chromium MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHETICFIBRES • Oils, Fats and Grease a Cadmium • • • • MineralOil (Interceptor) a Tin Phenols • Zinc Cyanide a Copper MineralOil (Biological treatment) a EC List (76/464/EEC) PROCESSING OF ASBESTOSOR MANUFACTUREOR PROCESSING OF ASBESTOSBASED PRODUCTS MANUFACTUREOF GLASS FIBRE OR MINERAL FIBRES, AND PRODUCTION OF GLASS • • • • • • MineralOil (Biological treatment) Phenols Lead Arsenic Fluoride EC List (761464/EEC) MANUFACTURE OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND PRINTEDCIRCUIT BOARDS • • • • • • • Oils, Fats and Grease MineralOil (Interceptor) Chromium VI TotalChromium Arsenic Fluoride Copper • Cyanide MANUFACTURE OF VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL OILS AND FATS a Oils, Fats and Grease a Mineral Oil (Interceptor) a Mineral Oil (Biological treatment) PROCESSING OF IRON AND STEEL IN FORGES, DRAWING PLANTS AND ROLLINGMILLS a Oils, Fats and Grease a Lead a Nickel a Zinc • Chromium VI a Total Chromium • • Copper MineralOil 110 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER APPENDIX 0: SENS 1VE AREAS Ten areas are designated as sensitive in the the Urban WasteWaterTreatment Regulations Article5(6) of the Urban WasteWaterTreatment Directive(9l/271IEEC)requiresthat the identification of sensitive areas is reviewed atintervalsofno more than four years River Boyne Co Meath River Camlin Co Longford River Castlebar Co Mayo 6.5 km section downstream of sewage treatment works outfall at Blackcastle, Navan,Co Meath River Liffey Downstream of Osberstown sewage treatment works reservoir, Co Kildare River Nenagh Downstream of sewage treatment works outfall in Nenagh to entry into Lough Derg Co Tipperary RiverTullamore Co Offaly Lough Derg From sewage treatment works at Longford to entry into the River Shannon Downstream of sewage treatment works outfall at Knockthomas to entry into LoughCullin 0.5 km section downstream Tullamore Wholelake on the River Shannon Lough Leane Wholelake Co.Kerry Lough Oughter Co Cavan Lough Ree Lonthe River Shannon Wholelake Wholelake to Leixlip of sewage treatment works outfall in APPENDICES 111 APPENDIX E: MICROSCOPY EXAMINATION FORM Date: Time: By: Temperature AM/PM °C Sample Location: Micro-organism Group Slide No Slide No Slide No Amoebae Flagellates Free swimmingciliates Stalked ciliates Rotifers Worms Relative predominance Method Record the date,time, temperature, and sample location Examinea minimum of threeslidesper samplewith one drop of mixed liquorper slide Randomly scan each slideand count the numberofeach typeofmicro-organism Determine the numberfrom each group and assess predominance Total 112 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER USERCOMMENT FORM 113 USER COMMENT FORM NOTE: Completedconmientsto be forwarded to: The Environmental Management and PlanningDivision, Environmental Protection Agency, Ardcavan, Wexford Document Title:Waste Water TreatmentManuals - Primary,secondary andtertiarytreatment CONTENTS: STYLE: INFORMATION: SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE EDITIONS: NAME ORGANISATION ADDRESS DATE PHONE FAX 114 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER SELECTED PUBLICATIONS 115 SELECTED EPA PUBLICATIONS UrbanWaste WaterDischarges in Ireland: A Report for 1994-1995 (1997) £10 Handbook on Urban Wastewater Treatment (1996) £15 NationalWasteDatabase - Reportfor 1995 (1996) £15 WasteCatalogue and Hazardous Waste List (1996) £5 Municipal Waste Characterisation (1996) £5 Landfill Manual investigations forLandfills (1995) £15 Landfill Manual Landfill Monitoring (1995) Stateofthe Environment Reportin Ireland (1996) £15 £30 a The Quality of Drinking Waterin Ireland A Reportfor the Year 1995and Review ofthe Period 1993-1995 (1997) £15 WaterTreatmentManual Filtration.(1995) £15 Waste WaterTreatment Manual Preliminary Treatment (1995) Dioxinsin the Irish Environment An assessment based on levels in cows' milk (1996) £15 LoughReeAn Investigation ofEutrophicationand its Causes Pesticides in Drinking WaterResultsofa PreliminarySurvey Dec '94-Dec '95 £20 Smoke & SulphurDioxide A Summary ofResults from LocalAuthorityMonitoring Networks £2 £5 £5 (1996) Afull list ofpublications is available on request (see below) AN GHNIOMHAIREACHT UM CHAOMHNU COMHSHAOIL ORDER FORM If you wish to order further copies of this publication or any of those listedabove, complete this order form and fax or post it to: EPA,Publications' Sales, St.Martin's House, Waterloo Rd., Dublin 4, (phone 016602511, fax 01-6605848) Payment by cheque/postal order, for the price quoted plus p&p of Irf1 for the firstitem ordered and Ir±0.50for each additionalitem No.ofCopies Publication Title Tick here to receiveafull list ofEPA publications(no charge) Name Addre Phone: Fax: U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ESTABLISHMENT practicesthrough,for example,the encouragement of the use The Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1992, was enacted on 23 April, 1992 and underthis legislation the ofenvironmental audits, the establishment of an eco-labelling scheme, the setting of environmental quality objectives and the issuing ofcodes of practiceon matters affecting the environment; Agency was formally established on 26 July, 1993 RESPONSIBILITIES The Agency has a wide range of statutory duties and powers underthe Act The main responsibilities of the Agency include the following: • • • • the licensing and regulation of all significant waste recovery activities, including landfills and the preparation and updating periodically of a national hazardous wasteplan for implementation by other bodies; • the monitoring of environmental quality, including the establishment ofdatabases to which the public will haveaccess, and the publication ofperiodic reportson the state of the environment; the promotion and co- ordination of environmental research; the licensing and regulation of large/complex industrial and other processes with significant polluting potential, on the basis of integrated pollution control (IPC) and the application of best available technologies for this purpose; • • • preparation and implementation of a national hydrometric programme for the collection, analysis and publication ofinformation on the levels, volumes and flows of water in rivers, lakes and groindwaters; and generally overseeing the performance by local authorities of their statutory environmental protection functions advising public authorities in respect of environmental functions and assistinglocal authorities in the performance oftheir environmental protection functions; STATUS the promotion of environmentally sound Independent is assured through the selection The Agency is an independent public body Its sponsor in Government is the Department of the Environment procedures for the Director Generaland Directorsand the freedom, as provided in the legislation, to act on its own initiative The assignment, under the legislation, of direct responsibility for a wide range offunctions underpins this independence Under the legislation, it is a specific offence to attemptto influence theAgency, or anyone acting on its behalf,in an improper manner ORGANISATION The Agency's headquarters are located in Wexford and it operates five regional inspectorates, located in Dublin,Cork, Kilkenny, Castlebar and Monaghan MANAGEMENT The Agency is managed by a full-time Executive board consisting of a Director General.and four Directors The Executive Board is appointed by the Government following detailedprocedures laid down in the Act ADVISORYCOMMITTEE The Agency is assisted by an Advisory Committee oftwelve members The members are appointed by the Ministerfor theEnvironment and are selected mainly from those nominated by organisations with an interest in environmental and developmental matters The Committee has beengiven a wide range of adiisory functions underthe Act, both in relation to theAgency and to the Minister ... solids UWWT urban wastewater treatment WAS waste activated sludge SSVI xi xii TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER 1 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER 1.1 TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER of the Environmental... x TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER 1.1 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER 1.2 LEGISLATION 1.3 OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT 1.4 ROLEOF THE PLANT OPERATOR 2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER. .. this manual FIGuRE1.1 WASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTOVERVIEW TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN WASTEWATER