Advances in water and wastewater treatment tủ tài liệu bách khoa

Treatment System Hydraulics Other Titles of Interest Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment, edited by Rao K Surampalli and K D Tyagi (ASCE Committee Report) State-of-the-art information on the application of innovative technologies for water and wastewater treatment with an emphasis on the scientific principles for pollutant or pathogen removal (ISBN 978-0-7844-0741-7) Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Operation in Wastewater Treatment Plants, by ASCE and WEF (ASCE Manual) Instructs readers in the theory, equipment, and practical techniques needed to optimize BNR in varied environments (ISBN 9780-0714-6415-4) Design of Water Resources Systems, by Patrick Purcell (Thomas Telford, Ltd.) Comprehensive coverage of the assessment, development, and management of water resources engineering infrastructure (ISBN 978-0-7277-3098-5) GIS Tools for Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Systems, by Uzair Shamsi (ASCE Press) Guidelines to developing GIS applications for water, wastewater, and stormwater systems (ISBN 978-0-7844-0573-4) Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction, Second Edition, edited by Paul Bizier (ASCE Manual) Theoretical and practical guidelines for the design and construction of gravity sanitary sewers (ISBN 978-0-7844-0900-8) Water Resources Engineering: Handbook of Essential Methods and Design, by Anand Prakash (ASCE Press) Practical methods to solve problems commonly encountered by practicing water resources engineers in day-to-day work (ISBN 978-0-7844-0674-8) Treatment System Hydraulics John Bergendahl, Ph.D., P.E Reston, VA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bergendahl, John Treatment system hydraulics / John Bergendahl p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-7844-0919-0 ISBN-10: 0-7844-0919-6 Pipelines Hydraulic engineering Fluid dynamics Sewage disposal plants—Design and construction Water treatment plants—Design and construction Water—Purification Sewage—Purification I Title TC174.B46 2008 628.1'4—dc22 2008006299 Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia 20191 www.pubs.asce.org Solutions to the end-of-chapter problems are available to instructors Requests should include your office mailing address and be submitted to Publications Marketing, ASCE (address above) or marketing@asce.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE The materials are for general information only and not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S Patent and Trademark Office Photocopies and reprints You can obtain instant permission to photocopy ASCE publications by using ASCE’s online permission service (http://pubs.asce.org/permissions/requests/) Requests for 100 copies or more should be submitted to the Reprints Department, Publications Division, ASCE (address above); email: permissions@asce.org A reprint order form can be found at http://pubs.asce.org/support/reprints/ Copyright © 2008 by the American Society of Civil Engineers All Rights Reserved ISBN 13: 978-0-7844-0919-0 ISBN 10: 0-7844-0919-6 Manufactured in the United States of America 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 Contents Preface vii Chapter Introduction to Treatment Systems and Hydraulics Chapter Objectives Problems 10 References 11 Chapter Fluid Properties 13 Chapter Objectives Density Relationship between Velocity Gradient and Shear Stress Surface Tension Symbol List Problems References Chapter 13 13 15 22 30 30 30 Fluid Statics 33 Chapter Objectives Fluid Pressure Defining Pressure Datums Variation of Pressure with Elevation in a Fluid Column Static Pressure Forces on Surfaces Pressure Forces on Curved Surfaces Symbol List Problems References 33 33 38 39 44 47 50 50 52 v TREATMENT SYSTEM HYDRAULICS vi Chapter Fundamentals of Fluid Flow 53 Chapter Objectives General Balances Mass Balances Equations of Motion Thermodynamics Symbol List Problems References Chapter 53 53 54 60 63 76 77 79 Friction in Closed-Conduit Fluid Flow 81 Chapter Objectives 81 Fluid Flow Phenomena 81 Laminar Flow 84 Turbulent Flow 91 Calculation of Friction Factors for Turbulent Flow 94 Boundary Layers and Transition Length 97 Friction Reduction with Polymer Addition 99 Flow through Noncircular Cross Sections 100 Friction Loss from Changes in Velocity Direction and Magnitude 100 Types of Fluid Flow Problems 109 Non-Newtonian Fluids 111 Symbol List 116 Problems 117 References 118 Chapter Pumps and Motors 119 Chapter Objectives General Pump Types Cavitation Fundamentals of Electric Motors Symbol List Problems References Chapter 119 124 143 148 156 157 158 Friction Loss in Flow through Granular Media 159 Chapter Objectives Granular Media Used in Treatment Systems Friction Loss in Granular Media Fluidization of Granular Media Symbol List 159 159 162 168 172 CONTENTS vii Problems 173 References 173 Chapter Valves 175 Chapter Objectives Valve Categories Types of Valves Recommended Valve Applications Valve Actuators Valve Materials Valve Flow Performance Symbol List Problems References Chapter Instrumentation 195 Chapter Objectives Pressure Measurement Flow Rate Measurement Symbol List Problems References Chapter 10 195 195 202 210 211 211 Piping Materials and Corrosion 213 Chapter Objectives Piping Material Corrosion Forms of Corrosion Reducing Corrosion Symbol List Problems References Chapter 11 175 176 176 183 186 188 189 192 192 193 213 213 215 221 224 227 227 227 Fluid Flow Transients 229 Chapter Objectives Unsteady Flow Pressure Waves Symbol List Problems References 229 230 234 245 245 246 TREATMENT SYSTEM HYDRAULICS viii Chapter 12 Open Channel Flow 247 Chapter Objectives The Manning Equation Specific Energy of Open Channel Flow Hydraulic Grade Lines Symbol List Problems References Appendix 247 247 252 259 260 260 261 Properties of Water 263 Index 269 Preface Treatment systems may consist of many physical, chemical, and biological processes coupled together to achieve some overall treatment goal These systems may be designed and operated for treating water for potable use, treating domestic and industrial wastewater prior to discharge, treating water for water reuse, purifying water for industrial purposes, etc There are many textbooks and courses that cover the fundamentals of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that make up these treatment systems Yet often the most challenging design, construction, and operational problems in treatment systems are due to the hydraulics of the system Will the pipe or channel achieve design flow? What is the proper valve to use for a certain application? How are pumps chosen? How is the system behavior controlled? What are the proper materials to use? Engineers involved with treatment systems have to know how to answer these types of hydraulics questions and many more Although there are a plethora of courses and textbooks that cover general fluid mechanics and general hydraulics, there is very little instruction at most engineering schools on hydraulics specifically for treatment systems This text was created for the author’s course at Worcester Polytechnic Institute on treatment system hydraulics when a suitable text could not be found that covered the salient hydraulics issues for treatment systems This text covers the “nuts and bolts” of treatment systems, which is what most entry-level engineers and many experienced engineering practitioners deal with on a day-to-day basis This text has chapters on the topics that should be of great utility for engineers in addressing hydraulics of treatment systems Chapter presents an introduction to treatment systems and hydraulics as background material The material in Chapter may already be familiar to those either with more experience in treatment process course work or with experience as an engineering practitioner in the field Chapters 2, 3, and cover material that is fundamental to subsequent chapters and is needed for understanding hydraulics design and troubleshooting Chapter is on fluid properties, Chapter reviews fluid statics, and Chapter covers fundamentals of fluid flow A significant part of the text that is of great importance to treatment system engineers is in Chapter on friction in closedconduit fluid flow, Chapter on pumps and motors, Chapter on fluid flow in granular media, and Chapter on valves Instrumentation provides much operational ix OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 257 specific energy, E, at constant flow rate as a function of y y subcritical flow flow depth, y Fr < D > Dc flow D c cal i = t i r c 1, D Fr = supercritical flow Fr > D < Dc specific energy, E Figure 12-5 Regions of subcritical and supercritical flow on the specific energy plot for flow in an open channel change in channel grade point of critical flow hydraulic jump Figure 12-6 Examples of large changes in flow depth with conditions near critical flow in an open channel Source: Adapted from Mays (2000) TREATMENT SYSTEM HYDRAULICS 258 of solids that can settle from the flowing stream unless the velocity is high enough to keep them suspended Sewers should be designed for a minimum of 0.6 m/s (2 ft/s) to keep solids that are organic in nature suspended To resuspend settled solids, a velocity of 0.8 to 1.1 m/s (approximately 2.5 to 3.5 ft/s) may “flush” out those solids To be effective, this velocity should be applied on a regular daily basis Sand and grit is kept suspended with a 0.8 m/s (2.5 ft/s) fluid velocity The cross-sectional area and slope of the channel or pipe should be chosen to keep within these recommended velocities Usually the channel should be designed for subcritical conditions, with a flow depth 10% to 15% above the critical depth This is of particular importance when pipes are more than 50% full Example Calculate the critical depth for a rectangular channel 7.5 ft wide with an 80 ft3/s flow rate Solution Critical flow occurs when Vc Fr ϭ gDc ϭ1 Because velocity is equal to flow rate divided by flow area, and the flow depth yc is equal to the hydraulic depth Dc, for a rectangular channel Vc ϭ Q T и yc Substituting in for Vc gives Q (T и yc ) gyc ϭ1 Rearranging leads to ⎛ Q ⎞ yc ϭ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎝ T g ⎟⎠ 2/3 ⎛ 80 ft /s ϭ⎜ ⎜⎝ 7.5 ft и 32.2 ft/s2 ⎞ ⎟ ⎟⎠ 2/3 ϭ1.5 ft OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 259 Hydraulic Grade Lines The total energy at any point in a flowing system may be quantified with Eq 12-19: Eϭ P V2 ϩ zϩ 2g ␳g (12-19) As a fluid flows through the channels, tanks, and other processes that make up a treatment system, energy is lost from friction So the total energy that the fluid has at the head of the treatment system is greater than the energy at the end Frictional losses may be calculated with the procedures presented in Chapter for closed-conduit flow and in this chapter for open channel flow, and therefore the energy at each point can be found This energy grade line (EGL) represents the total energy: the sum of the pressure head, static head, and velocity head as shown in Eq 12-19 (See Fig 12-2) Subtracting the velocity head energy from the total energy gives the hydraulic grade line (HGL) The HGL may be depicted on an elevation view of the system (see Fig 12-2 and Fig 12-7), showing the height that the fluid will rise along the system, a particularly important issue to prevent flooding in the system The HGL is generally above the top of the conduit in pressurized closed-conduit flow and below the top of the channel in open channel flow The distance from the HGL to the top of the channel in open channel flow is termed the freeboard A minimum freeboard of approximately 25 cm (ϳ12 in.) (AWWA and ASCE 1990) is usually considered acceptable with nonturbulent flow that is not near the critical point A greater freeboard should be called for in channels and tanks if splashing or turbulence is expected HGL at max flow rate 155.60 ozone contactors 120.50 reservoir 105.00 control valve clearwell control valve Figure 12-7 Example of a typical hydraulic grade line depicted on a simple water treatment system elevation view TREATMENT SYSTEM HYDRAULICS 260 Symbol List A C Cf D E Ff Fg Fr hL L n P Q R S0 Sf T V y ␥ ␳ ␪ ␶0 cross-sectional area Chezy coefficient flow frictional coefficient hydraulic depth energy friction force gravity force Froude number head loss length of control volume Manning’s roughness coefficient wetted perimeter; pressure volumetric fluid flow rate hydraulic radius channel bottom slope friction head loss, hL, per unit channel length channel top width (at water surface) fluid velocity liquid depth specific weight of fluid fluid density angle of inclination of channel bottom shear stress at wall Problems Wastewater is flowing at a velocity of m/s through a 1.75-m-wide open channel with a rectangular cross section The walls of the channel are covered with biological slime The channel bottom slope is 0.0008 m/m What is the flow depth? A 0.8-m-diameter cast iron pipe (of circular cross section) is flowing with water half-full on a slope of 0.001 m/m What is the water flow rate? Water flows at 6,800 gpm in a slime-coated triangular-shaped channel (90° included angle) on a slope of 0.008 ft/ft What is the water depth in the channel? Is the flow subcritical or supercritical? If the flow in Problem is supercritical, what could be done (keeping the same flow rate and slope) to keep the flow subcritical? Be specific Water must flow at 27,000 gpm through a finished concrete, open rectangular channel on a 0.002 slope What channel width will maintain a flow depth 15% greater than the critical depth? OPEN CHANNEL FLOW References Avallone, E A., and Baumeister, T., III, eds (1996) Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, McGraw-Hill, New York AWWA and ASCE (1990) Water Treatment Plant Design, McGraw-Hill, New York Chow, V T (1959) Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, New York Mays, L W (2000) Water Resources Engineering, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ 261 This page intentionally left blank APPENDIX Properties of Water 263 264 Properties of water—SI units Density [kg/m3] 0.01 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 999.84 999.94 999.97 999.94 999.85 999.70 999.50 999.25 998.95 998.60 998.21 997.77 997.30 996.79 996.24 995.65 995.03 994.37 993.69 992.97 992.22 991.44 990.63 989.79 988.93 988.04 Internal energy [kJ/kg] 0.0019 8.39 16.81 25.22 33.62 42.02 50.41 58.79 67.16 75.54 83.91 92.27 100.64 109.00 117.36 125.72 134.08 142.44 150.80 159.16 167.51 175.87 184.23 192.59 200.95 209.32 Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Speed of sound [m/s] Vapor pressure [kPa] Viscosity [cP] 0.10 8.49 16.91 25.32 33.73 42.12 50.51 58.89 67.27 75.64 84.01 92.37 100.74 109.10 117.46 125.82 134.18 142.54 150.90 159.26 167.62 175.98 184.33 192.70 201.06 209.42 1402.4 1412.2 1421.6 1430.6 1439.1 1447.3 1455.0 1462.4 1469.4 1476.0 1482.3 1488.3 1494.0 1499.3 1504.4 1509.2 1513.6 1517.8 1521.8 1525.5 1528.9 1532.1 1535.1 1537.8 1540.3 1542.6 0.6117 0.7060 0.8136 0.9354 1.0730 1.2282 1.4028 1.5990 1.8188 2.0647 2.3393 2.6453 2.9858 3.3639 3.7831 4.2470 4.7596 5.3251 5.9479 6.6328 7.3849 8.2096 9.1124 10.099 11.177 12.352 1.791 1.673 1.567 1.471 1.385 1.306 1.234 1.168 1.108 1.053 1.002 0.954 0.911 0.870 0.832 0.797 0.765 0.734 0.705 0.678 0.653 0.629 0.607 0.586 0.566 0.547 TREATMENT SYSTEM HYDRAULICS Temperature [C] 987.12 986.17 985.21 984.21 983.20 982.16 981.09 980.00 978.90 977.76 976.61 975.44 974.24 973.03 971.79 970.53 969.26 967.96 966.64 965.31 963.96 962.58 961.19 959.78 958.37 217.68 226.04 234.41 242.78 251.15 259.52 267.89 276.26 284.64 293.02 301.40 309.78 318.17 326.56 334.95 343.35 351.74 360.15 368.55 376.96 385.37 393.79 402.21 410.63 418.95 217.78 226.15 234.51 242.88 251.25 259.62 267.99 276.37 284.74 293.12 301.50 309.89 318.27 326.66 335.06 343.45 351.85 360.25 368.65 377.06 385.48 393.89 402.31 410.74 419.06 1544.7 1546.5 1548.2 1549.7 1551.0 1552.1 1553.0 1553.8 1554.3 1554.7 1555.0 1555.1 1555.0 1554.8 1554.4 1553.9 1553.3 1552.5 1551.5 1550.5 1549.2 1547.9 1546.5 1544.9 1543.2 13.631 15.022 16.533 18.171 19.946 21.867 23.943 26.183 28.599 31.201 34.000 37.009 40.239 43.703 47.414 51.387 55.635 60.173 65.017 70.182 75.684 81.541 87.771 94.390 101.320 0.529 0.512 0.496 0.481 0.466 0.453 0.440 0.427 0.415 0.404 0.393 0.383 0.373 0.363 0.354 0.346 0.337 0.329 0.322 0.314 0.307 0.301 0.294 0.288 0.282 APPENDIX—PROPERTIES OF WATER 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 99.974 Data from: E W Lemmon, M O McLinden, and D G Friend, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems,” in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, edited by P J Linstrom and W G Mallard, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (http://webbook.nist.gov) 265 266 Properties of water—US customary units Density [lbm/ft3] Internal energy [BTU/lbm] Enthalpy [BTU/lbm] Speed of sound [ft/s] Vapor pressure [atm] Viscosity [cP] 32 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 999.94 62.418 62.424 62.426 62.421 62.409 62.391 62.367 62.337 62.301 62.261 62.216 62.167 62.113 62.055 61.994 61.929 61.860 61.788 61.712 61.633 8.39 0.001 3.006 8.037 13.060 18.076 23.087 28.094 33.097 38.097 43.095 48.092 53.087 58.082 63.077 68.071 73.065 78.060 83.055 88.051 93.048 8.49 0.044 3.050 8.081 13.104 18.120 23.131 28.137 33.140 38.141 43.139 48.136 53.131 58.126 63.121 68.115 73.109 78.104 83.099 88.096 93.092 1412.2 4601.2 4628.0 4670.8 4710.8 4748.3 4783.2 4815.8 4846.2 4874.4 4900.5 4924.7 4947.0 4967.6 4986.4 5003.5 5019.1 5033.1 5045.7 5056.9 5066.7 0.7060 0.00604 0.00680 0.00828 0.01004 0.01212 0.01457 0.01745 0.02081 0.02473 0.02927 0.03453 0.04060 0.04757 0.05555 0.06468 0.07507 0.08687 0.10024 0.11534 0.13235 1.673 1.791 1.692 1.545 1.417 1.306 1.208 1.121 1.044 0.975 0.913 0.857 0.807 0.761 0.719 0.681 0.646 0.614 0.585 0.557 0.532 TREATMENT SYSTEM HYDRAULICS Temperature [F] 61.552 61.467 61.379 61.288 61.195 61.099 61.000 60.899 60.795 60.688 60.580 60.468 60.355 60.239 60.121 60.000 59.878 59.829 98.046 103.050 108.050 113.050 118.050 123.060 128.060 133.070 138.080 143.100 148.110 153.130 158.150 163.180 168.200 173.240 178.270 180.240 98.090 103.090 108.090 113.090 118.100 123.100 128.110 133.120 138.130 143.140 148.160 153.180 158.200 163.220 168.250 173.280 178.320 180.280 5075.2 5082.4 5088.5 5093.4 5097.1 5099.8 5101.4 5102.0 5101.6 5100.2 5097.9 5094.7 5090.7 5085.7 5080.0 5073.4 5066.0 5062.9 0.15147 0.17289 0.19686 0.22359 0.25335 0.28640 0.32303 0.36354 0.40826 0.45752 0.51167 0.57110 0.63620 0.70738 0.78508 0.86976 0.96187 1.00090 0.508 0.487 0.466 0.447 0.430 0.413 0.398 0.383 0.370 0.357 0.345 0.333 0.323 0.312 0.303 0.294 0.285 0.282 APPENDIX—PROPERTIES OF WATER 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 212 Data from: E W Lemmon, M O McLinden and D G Friend, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems,” in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, edited by P J Linstrom and W G Mallard, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (http://webbook.nist.gov) 267 This page intentionally left blank Index B Boundary layers and transition length, 97–98 boundary layer formation in closed conduits, 98 boundary layer on a flat plate, 97 zones of a typical boundary layer on a flat plate, 98 E Electric motors, fundamentals of, 148–157 electric motor torque, 151 motor efficiency, 153–155 motor features, 151–153 motor speed, 150 problems, 157 squirrel-cage induction motors, 148–149 symbol list, 156–157 synchronous motors, 149–150 variable-speed drives, 155–157 wound-rotor induction motors, 149 Engineered and natural water systems, Equations of motion, 60–63 equations of motions and the Navier-Stokes equations, 62–63 F Flow rate measurement, 202–211 flow rate in open channels, measuring, 207–211 flowmeters, comparison of, 206–207 magnetic flowmeters, 202 orifice plates, 202 problems, 211 symbols, 211 turbine and propeller meters, 206 ultrasonic flowmeters, 202–206 venturi meter, 202 Flow through noncircular cross sections, 100 Fluid flow phenomena, 81–83 flow through a closed conduit, 82 Fluid flow problems, types of, 109–111 Type approach, 109 solution, 109 Type approach, 109–110 solution, 109–110 Type approach, 110–111 example, 110 solution, 110 Fluid flow transients, 229–245 occurrence or damage from transients, minimizing, 243–246 pressure waves, 234–243 velocity, 238–243 problems, 245 symbol list, 245 unsteady flow, 230–234 Fluid flow, fundamentals of, 53–79 Fluid pressure, 33–38 Croton Dam, 34 gravitational force, Fg, 37 pipe end cap, internal pressure on a, 36 vertical component of the pressure force on plane c, Fp,y,(c), 37–38 vertical pressure force on plane a, Fp,y(a), 37 water storage tanks, 35 wedge-shaped fluid volume, pressure on a, 36 Fluid properties, 13–30 density, 13–15 Fluid statics, 33–51 Fluidization of granular media, 168–173 Friction in closed-conduit fluid flow, 81–118 Friction loss from changes in velocity direction and magnitude, 100–109 example, 106 269 INDEX 270 flow disruption through sudden enlargement, 101 resistance coefficients elbows, 103 fully open valves, 104 tee fittings, 103 typical fitting resistance coefficients, 102 Friction loss in flow through granular media, 159–173 Friction loss in granular media, 162–168 derivation of friction loss equation, 164–168 fluid flow in granular media, characteristics of, 163–164 Friction reduction with polymer addition, 99 friction reduction for dilute solutions of polyethylene oxide, 99 solution, 114–116 symbol list, 116–117 O Open channel flow, 247–259 hydraulic grade lines, 259–260 Manning equation, 247–252 example, 251–252 solution, 252 problems, 260 specific energy of open channel flow, 252–259 example, 258 solution, 258 Symbol list, 260 G P General balances, 53–54 Granular media used in treatment systems, 159–162 granular activated carbon contractors, 161–162 granular media filtration, 159–161 transport flow through a control volume, 54 M Mass balances, 54–55 macroscale mass balance, 57–58 fluid element for three-dimensional mass balance, 56 mass balances, summary of, 59–60 equalization tank, 59 microscale mass balance, 55–57 flow through two boundaries in a system, 57 N Non-Newtonian fluids, 111–116 example, 114 laminar flow, 84–91 example, 88 disk-shaped element in steady fluid flow in a closed conduit, 84 laminar flow profile for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, 113 solution, 88–91 velocity distribution in a closed conduit for laminar and turbulent flow, 86 Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid shear stress versus velocity gradient, 112 problems, 117–118 Piping materials and corrosion, 213–227 cement-based materials, 214 copper alloys, 213 corrosion principles, 215–218 corrosion scales, 218–221 ferrous materials, 213 forms of corrosion, 221 concentration cell corrosion, 223–224 localized corrosion, 223 galvanic corrosion, 221–223 uniform corrosion, 221 reducing corrosion, 224–223 thermoplastic materials, 214–215 problems, 227 symbol list, 227 Pressure datums, defining, 38–39 Pressure forces on curved surfaces, 47–51 Pressure measurement, 195–202 Bourdon tube, 196–197 diaphragms, 197–200 manometers, 200–201 Pressure waves, 234–244 occurrence or damage from transients, minimizing, 243–244 velocity of the pressure wave, 238–243 Pressure with elevation in a fluid column, variation of, 39–44 fluid on a cylinder, forces on, 40 two fluids on a manometer, 43 Pumps and motors, 119–157 cavitation, 143–145 centrifugal pumps, 125–137 axial flow centrifugal pumps, 126 centrifugal pump configurations, 127 mixed flow centrifugal pumps, 126 principles, 127–134 pump affinity laws, 134–136 INDEX radial flow centrifugal pumps, 126 net positive suction head, 145–147 example, 146–148 positive displacement pumps, 124–125 pump characteristic curves, 137–139 specific speed, 141–143 example, 143 system control, 139–141 S Static pressure forces on surfaces, 44–47 differential force on a surface, 45 Surface tension, 22–30 vapor pressure, 27–30 T Thermodynamics, 63–79 Bernoulli’s equation, 72–76 example, 74 problems, 77–79 solution, 74–76 symbol list, 76–77 energy balances, 69–72 general system for energy balance showing energy transfers, 70 energy forms, 64–67 internal energy, 64 kinetic energy, 64–65 other forms of energy, 67 potential energy, 65–67 energy transfer, 67–69 Treatment systems and hydraulics, Introduction to, 1–10 271 Turbulent flow, 91–93 calculation of friction factors for turbulent flow, 94–97 example, 95 solution, 95–96 pipe friction factors as a function of relative roughness, 93 velocity fluctuations in turbulent flow, 92 V Valve actuators, 186–188 Valve applications, recommended, 183–186 Valve categories, 176 Valve flow performance, 189–193 Valve materials, 188–189 Valves, 175–193 problems, 192–193 symbol list, 192 types, 176–183 ball valves, 177–178 butterfly valves, 180–181 check valves, 181–183 gate valves, 179–180 globe valves, 176–177 plug valves, 181–183 pressure relief valves, 183 Variation of pressure with elevation in fluid column, 39–44 Velocity gradient and shear stress, 15–22 Newton’s Law of Viscosity, 15–19 non-Newtonian fluids, 19–22 Bingham plastics, 19–20 dilatants, 21–22 pseudo plastics, 20–21 viscosity, dependence of, 22 ... Industry pretreatment Pump -and- Treat Remediation System Drinking Water Treatment Plant Wastewater Treatment Plant use e reus treatment wastewater raw water agriculture contamination plume Natural... overall treatment goal These systems may be designed and operated for treating water for potable use, treating domestic and industrial wastewater prior to discharge, treating water for water reuse,... 978-0-7277-3098-5) GIS Tools for Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Systems, by Uzair Shamsi (ASCE Press) Guidelines to developing GIS applications for water, wastewater, and stormwater systems (ISBN 978-0-7844-0573-4)