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WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA WATER QUALITY AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA Editor-in-Chief Jay Lehr, Ph.D Senior Editor Jack Keeley Associate Editor Janet Lehr Information Technology Director Thomas B Kingery III Editorial Staff Vice President, STM Books: Janet Bailey Editorial Director, STM Encyclopedias: Sean Pidgeon Executive Editor: Bob Esposito Director, Book Production and Manufacturing: Camille P Carter Production Manager: Shirley Thomas Senior Production Editor: Kellsee Chu Illustration Manager: Dean Gonzalez Editorial Program Coordinator: Jonathan Rose WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA WATER QUALITY AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Jay Lehr, Ph.D Editor-in-Chief Jack Keeley Senior Editor Janet Lehr Associate Editor Thomas B Kingery III Information Technology Director The Water Encyclopedia is available online at http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eow/ A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright  2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008 Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Lehr, Jay Water Encyclopedia: Water Quality and Resource Development ISBN 0-471-73686-4 ISBN 0-471-44164-3 (Set) Printed in the United States of America 10 CONTENTS Preface Contributors ix xi Trace Element Contamination in Groundwater of District Hardwar, Uttaranchal, India Iron Bacteria Cartridge Filters for Iron Removal Irrigation Water Quality in Areas Adjoining River Yamuna At Delhi, India Water Sampling and Laboratory Safety Municipal Solid Waste Landfills—Water Quality Issues Land Use Effects on Water Quality Monitoring Lipophilic Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment using the SPMD-TOX Paradigm Use of Luminescent Bacteria and the Lux Genes For Determination of Water Quality Water Quality Management Water Quality Management and Nonpoint Source Control Water Quality Management in an Urban Landscape Water Quality Management in the U.S.: History of Water Regulation Water Quality Management in a Forested Landscape Trace Metal Speciation Metal Ion Humic Colloid Interaction Heavy Metal Uptake Rates Among Sediment Dwelling Organisms Methemoglobinemia Microbial Activities Management Microbial Dynamics of Biofilms Microbial Enzyme Assays for Detecting Heavy Metal Toxicity Microbial Forms in Biofouling Events Microbiological Quality Control in Distribution Systems Water Quality Models for Developing Soil Management Practices Water Quality Modeling—Case Studies Field Sampling and Monitoring of Contaminants Water Quality Models: Chemical Principles Water Quality Models: Mathematical Framework Environmental Applications with Submitochondrial Particles Interest in the Use of an Electronic Nose for Field Monitoring of Odors in the Environment Oil-Field Brine Oil Pollution Indicator Organisms pH Perchloroethylene (PCE) Removal A Primer on Water Quality Overview of Analytical Methods of Water Analyses With Specific Reference to EPA Methods for Priority Pollutant Analysis Source-Water Protection Protozoa in Water Water Quality Control Acid Mine Drainage—Extent and Character The Control of Algal Populations in Eutrophic Water Bodies Arsenic Compounds in Water Arsenic Health Effects Background Concentration of Pollutants Waterborne Bacteria Water Assessment and Criteria Physiological Biomarkers and the Trondheim Biomonitoring System Biomarkers, Bioindicators, and the Trondheim Biomonitoring System Active Biomonitoring (ABM) by Translocation of Bivalve Molluscs Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Other Organic Pollution Measures Biodegradation Bioluminescent Biosensors for Toxicity Testing Biomanipulation Genomic Technologies in Biomonitoring Macrophytes as Biomonitors of Trace Metals Biosorption of Toxic Metals Bromide Influence on Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Formation Activated Carbon: Ion Exchange and Adsorption Properties Activated Carbon—Powdered Chlorination Chlorination By-Products Classification and Environmental Quality Assessment in Aquatic Environments Coagulation and Flocculation in Practice Colloids and Dissolved Organics: Role in Membrane and Depth Filtration Column Experiments in Saturated Porous Media Studying Contaminant Transport Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase as an Indicator of PCB/Dioxin-Like Compounds in Fish Water Related Diseases Dishwashing Water Quality Properties Disinfection By-Product Precursor Removal from Natural Waters Alternative Disinfection Practices and Future Directions for Disinfection By-Product Minimization Water Quality Aspects of Dredged Sediment Management The Economics of Water Quality Understanding Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and the Need for Rapid Detection in Water Eutrophication and Organic Loading 15 18 20 24 28 29 33 37 41 45 50 58 64 68 74 79 86 88 91 94 98 99 103 106 111 112 115 118 122 127 136 142 v 143 149 152 155 161 163 169 170 172 176 184 189 193 199 202 205 211 219 223 228 233 239 243 248 255 263 269 273 278 281 284 290 292 294 299 301 304 311 313 vi CONTENTS Water Quality Water Quality Emerging and Recalcitrant Compounds in Groundwater Road Salt Review of River Water Quality Modeling Software Tools River Water Quality Calibration Salmonella: Monitoring and Detection in Drinking Water Lysimeter Soil Water Sampling Regulatory and Security Requirements for Potable Water A Weight of Evidence Approach to Characterize Sediment Quality Using Laboratory and Field Assays: An Example For Spanish Coasts Remediation and Bioremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Waters Shellfish Growing Water Classification Sorptive Filtration Quality of Water in Storage Quality of Water Supplies The Submitochondrial Particle Assay as a Biological Monitoring Tool Microscale Test Relationships to Responses to Toxicants in Natural Systems Toxicity Identification Evaluation Whole Effluent Toxicity Controls Development and Application of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Regulatory Purposes Algal Toxins in Water Ground Water Quality in Areas Adjoining River Yamuna at Delhi, India Chlorine Residual Source Water Quality Management Dose-Response of Mussels to Chlorine Metallothioneins as Indicators of Trace Metal Pollution Amphipod Sediment Toxicity Tests Ciliated Protists as Test Organisms in Toxicity Assessment SOFIE: An Optimized Approach for Exposure Tests and Sediment Assays Passive Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage (Wetlands) Biomarkers and Bioaccumulation: Two Lines of Evidence to Assess Sediment Quality Lead and its Health Effects Microbial Detection of Various Pollutants as an Early Warning System for Monitoring of Water Quality and Ecological Integrity of Natural Resources, in Russia Luminescent Bacterial Biosensors for the Rapid Detection of Toxicants Development and Application of Sediment Toxicity Test for Regulatory Purposes Eh 314 316 316 319 325 331 337 340 343 350 355 360 362 367 370 376 379 380 382 383 387 392 398 399 401 406 408 413 418 423 426 432 440 453 458 464 Water Resource Development and Management Water Resources Challenges in the Arab World Effluent Water Regulations in Arid Lands 470 475 California—Continually the Nation’s Leader in Water Use Lessons from the Rising Caspian Institutional Aspects of Water Management in China Will Water Scarcity Limit China’s Agricultural Potential? Water and Coastal Resources Water Use Conservation and Efficiency Conservation of Water The Development of American Water Resources: Planners, Politicians, and Constitutional Interpretation Water Markets: Transaction Costs and Institutional Options Averting Water Disputes Water Supply and Water Resources: Distribution System Research Drought in the Dust Bowl Years Drought Management Planning Drought and Water Supply Management Assessment of Ecological Effects in Water-Limited Environments Reaching Out: Public Education and Community Involvement in Groundwater Protection Integration of Environmental Impacts into Water Resources Planning The Expansion of Federal Water Projects Flood Control History in the Netherlands Food and Water in an Emergency Water Demand Forecasting Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Water Resources Globalization of Water Water Science Glossary of Terms Harvesting Rainwater Urban Water Resource and Management in Asia: Ho Chi Minh City Hydropower—Energy from Moving Water Water Markets in India: Economic and Institutional Aspects Water Resources of India Water Infrastructure and Systems Overview and Trends in the International Water Market Best Management Practices for Water Resources Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Management of Water Resources for Drought Conditions Water Resources Management NASA Helping to Understand Water Flow in the West Transboundary Water Conflicts in the Nile Basin Planning and Managing Water Infrastructure Application of the Precautionary Principle to Water Science Water Pricing Spot Prices, Option Prices, and Water Markets Water Managed in the Public Trust 478 480 484 488 489 489 495 498 499 501 509 511 514 515 516 518 520 522 524 526 529 531 536 541 548 552 554 555 559 567 568 570 574 576 586 587 590 594 595 603 606 608 CONTENTS Water Recycling and Reuse: The Environmental Benefits State and Regional Water Supply River Basin Decisions Support Systems Water Resource Sustainability: Concepts and Practices The Provision of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries Sustainable Management of Natural Resources Sustainable Water Management On Mediterranean Islands: Research and Education Meeting Water Needs in Developing Countries with Tradable Rights Water Use in the United States 610 613 619 624 630 633 638 643 645 vii How We Use Water in These United States Valuing Water Resources Water—Here, There, and Everywhere in Canada Water Conservation—Every Drop Counts in Canada Ecoregions: A Spatial Framework for Environmental Management Flood of Portals on Water Fuzzy Criteria for Water Resources Systems Performance Evaluation Participatory Multicriteria Flood Management Water Resources Systems Analysis 650 653 674 678 683 Index 689 656 660 667 668 PREFACE Cities, towns, states, and nations must manage their water resources wisely from both a quality and a quantitative perspective If we otherwise and manage them with a narrow perspective, the public’s needs will not be adequately met In this volume of the Water Encyclopedia, authors from around the world have described a myriad of problems relating to individual water bodies as well as to geographic water resources and their management dilemmas Humans and other living creatures contribute to our water quality problems Neither can be fully controlled Even the nature of contaminant sources and programs for their elimination can be difficult to design This volume contains the best and brightest ideas and case studies relating to the areas of water quality and resource management problems Quality problems deal with a diverse suite of subjects ranging widely from acid mine drainage to biosorption, colloids, eutrophication, protozoa, and recalcitrant compounds Resource management features drought studies, flood control, river basin management, perennial overdraft, water banking, and a host of other subjects The perspective of scientists from nearly every continent of the world offers a truly catholic view of attitudes and biases harbored in different regions and how they affect scientific and regulatory outcomes The editors cannot imagine what has been left out, but we know of course that readers will at times come up short of finding an exact match to a problem they face We hope they will contact us at our website and allow us the opportunity of adding additional subjects to our encyclopedia At the same time, the reader will understand that many subjects in the area of water quality may have been addressed in our Surface Water category It was often difficult to determine where an investigator would be more likely to look for a piece of information (The complete index of all five volumes appears in the Ground Water volume as well as on our website.) We trust all users of this encyclopedia will find it detailed, informative, and interesting Not only are a wide range of subjects treated, but authors choose varying approaches to presenting their data to readers who may be professionals, students, researchers, as well as individuals simply satisfying their intellectual curiosity We hope we are successfully serving all of these populations in some useful way Jay Lehr Jack Keeley ix CONTRIBUTORS Joanna Davies, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom, The Control of Algal Populations in Eutrophic Water Bodies Maria B Davoren, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland, Luminescent Bacterial Biosensors for the Rapid Detection of Toxicants T.A Delvalls, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Cadiz, ´ Spain, Biomarkers and Bioaccumulation: Two Lines of Evidence to Assess Sediment Quality, A Weight of Evidence Approach to Characterize Sediment Quality Using Laboratory and Field Assays: An Example For Spanish Coasts Nicolina Dias, Centro de Engenharia Biol´ogica, Braga, Portugal, Ciliated Protists as Test Organisms in Toxicity Assessment Galina Dimitrieva-Moats, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, Microbial Detection of Various Pollutants as an Early Warning System for Monitoring of Water Quality and Ecological Integrity of Natural Resources, in Russia Halanaik Diwakara, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, Water Markets in India: Economic and Institutional Aspects Francis G Doherty, AquaTox Research, Inc., Syracuse, New York, The Submitochondrial Particle Assay as a Biological Monitoring Tool Antonia A Donta, University of Munster, ă Centre for Environmental Research, Munster, ă Germany, Sustainable Water Management On Mediterranean Islands: Research and Education Timothy J Downs, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, Field Sampling and Monitoring of Contaminants, State and Regional Water Supply, Water Resource Sustainability: Concepts and Practices Hiep N Duc, Environment Protection Authority, NSW, Bankstown, New South Wales Australia, Urban Water Resource and Management in Asia: Ho Chi Minh City Suzanne Du Vall Knorr, Ventura County Environmental Health Division, Ventura, California, Regulatory and Security Requirements for Potable Water Sandra Dunbar, Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Bioluminescent Biosensors for Toxicity Testing Diane Dupont, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada, Valuing Water Resources Michael P Dziewatkoski, Mettler-Toledo Process Analytical, Woburn, Massachusetts, pH Energy Information Administration—Department of Energy, Hydropower—Energy from Moving Water Environment Canada, Water—Here, There, and Everywhere in Canada, Water Conservation—Every Drop Counts in Canada Environmental Protection Agency, Water Recycling and Reuse: The Environmental Benefits M Eric Benbow, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, Road Salt Teresa W.-M Fan, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, Remediation and Bioremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Waters Federal Emergency Management Agency, Food and Water in an Emergency Huan Feng, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, Classification and Environmental Quality Assessment in Aquatic Environments ´ N Buceta Fernandez, Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas, Madrid, Spain, A Weight of Evidence Approach to Characterize Sediment Quality Using Laboratory and Field Assays: An Example For Spanish Coasts Peter D Franzmann, CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, Australia, Microbial Activities Management Christian D Frazar, Silver Spring, Maryland, Biodegradation Rajiv Gandhi Chair, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, Oil Pollution Suduan Gao, USDA–ARS, Parlier, California, Eh Horst Geckeis, Institut fur ă Nukleare Entsorgung, Karlsruhe, Germany, Metal Ion Humic Colloid Interaction Robert Gensemer, Parametrix, Corvallis, Oregon, Effluent Water Regulations in Arid Lands ´ Mario Abel Goncalves, ¸ Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisoba, Lisoba, Portugal, Background Concentration of Pollutants Neil S Grigg, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Planning and Managing Water Infrastructure, Drought and Water Supply Absar Alum, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Water Quality Management in the U.S.: History of Water Regulation Mohammad N Almasri, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine, Best Management Practices for Water Resources Linda S Andrews, Mississippi State University, Biloxi, Mississippi, Shellfish Growing Water Classification, Chlorine Residual Hannah Aoyagi, University of California, Irvine, California, Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase as an Indicator of PCB/Dioxin-Like Compounds in Fish ă Industrie Service GmbH, Munchen, Robert Artinger, TUV ă Germany, Column Experiments in Saturated Porous Media Studying Contaminant Transport Mukand Singh Babel, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Conservation of Water, Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Mark Bailey, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology–Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Bioluminescent Biosensors for Toxicity Testing Shimshon Balanson, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, Macrophytes as Biomonitors of Trace Metals Christine L Bean, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, Protozoa in Water Jennifer Bell, Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Bioluminescent Biosensors for Toxicity Testing Lieven Bervoets, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Active Biomonitoring (ABM) by Translocation of Bivalve Molluscs J.M Blasco, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucı´a, Cadiz, ´ Spain, A Weight of Evidence Approach to Characterize Sediment Quality Using Laboratory and Field Assays: An Example For Spanish Coasts Ronny Blust, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Active Biomonitoring (ABM) by Translocation of Bivalve Molluscs Marta Bryce, CEPIS/PAHO, Delft, The Netherlands, Flood of Portals on Water Mario O Buenfil-Rodriguez, National University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, Water Use Conservation and Efficiency Jacques Buffle, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Colloids and Dissolved Organics: Role in Membrane and Depth Filtration Zia Bukhari, American Water, Belleville, Illinois, Understanding Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and the Need for Rapid Detection in Water John Cairns, Jr., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, Microscale Test Relationships to Responses to Toxicants in Natural Systems Michael J Carvan III, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Genomic Technologies in Biomonitoring M.C Casado-Mart´ınez, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Cadiz, ´ Spain, A Weight of Evidence Approach to Characterize Sediment Quality Using Laboratory and Field Assays: An Example For Spanish Coasts ´ ´ Angel Tomas Del Valls Casillas, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain, Amphipod Sediment Toxicity Tests, Development and Application of Sediment Toxicity Test for Regulatory Purposes Teresa A Cassel, University of California, Davis, California, Remediation and Bioremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Waters Augusto Cesar, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain, Amphipod Sediment Toxicity Tests K.W Chau, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Water Quality Models: Mathematical Framework Paulo Chaves, Water Resources Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan, Quality of Water in Storage Shankar Chellam, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, Bromide Influence on Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Formation X Chris Le, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Arsenic Compounds in Water Russell N Clayshulte, Aurora, Colorado, Water Quality Management in an Urban Landscape Gail E Cordy, U.S Geological Survey, A Primer on Water Quality Rupali Datta, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, Lead and its Health Effects xi ... of Water Quality Water Quality Management Water Quality Management and Nonpoint Source Control Water Quality Management in an Urban Landscape Water Quality Management in the U.S.: History of Water. .. 311 313 vi CONTENTS Water Quality Water Quality Emerging and Recalcitrant Compounds in Groundwater Road Salt Review of River Water Quality Modeling Software Tools River Water Quality Calibration... American Water Resources: Planners, Politicians, and Constitutional Interpretation Water Markets: Transaction Costs and Institutional Options Averting Water Disputes Water Supply and Water Resources: