Đặc điểm sinh học, sinh thái và biện pháp phòng chống một số sâu hại chính trên cây na tại miền bắc việt nam tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ********************* NGUYEN VAN DAN THE BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL MEASURES OF SOME MAJOR INSECT PESTS ON CUSTARDAPPLE IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF VIET NAM Specialization: Plant protection Code: 62 01 12 SUMMARY OF THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURE Hanoi - 2019 This thesis was completed at Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences Scienticfic Supervisors: Prof Dr Pham Van Lam Dr Nguyen Van Liem Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis will be defended in front of the academy-level thesis examination Council of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences At o’clock day month year 201 The copy of this thesis maybe found at: National Library of Viet Nam Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences Library of Plant Protection Research Institute INTRODUCTION Rationale There are very few studies on custard-apple’s insect pests in Vietnam In reality, the custard-apple production of Vietnam needs to have guidelines to management insect pests damaging custardapple To contribute to bases for developing effective control measures of insect pests on custard-apple in order to satisfy the requirements on production Therefore, the thesis is conducted with the title “The biological and ecological characteristics and control measures of some major insect pests on custard-apple in the Northern provinces of Vietnam” Purposes and requirements of thesis 2.1 Purposes Determine the species composition, major spieces of insect pests on custard-apple and study on biological and ecological characteristics of one or two major species of insect pests as the bases for proposing the effective and environmental friendly control measures for major insect pests on custard-apple in the North of Vietnam 2.2 Requirements - To determine the species composition and major species of insect pests on custard-apple in some provinces in the North of Vietnam - To determine the biological and ecological characteristics of the Citrus Mealybug, P citri, Oriental Fruit Fly, B dorsalis as major insect pests on custard-apple in the research areas - To survey seasonal population dynamic and factors affecting the density of Citrus Mealybug, P citri, Oriental Fruit Fly, B dorsalis on custard-apple in the research areas - To propose the effective and environmental friendly control measures of Citrus Mealybug, P citri, Oriental Fruit Fly, B dorsalis on custard-apple Scientific and practical meanings of thesis 3.1 Scientific meanings The thesis provides supplemental new scientific data on species composition of insect pests damaging custard-apple in Vietnam, biological and ecological characteristics of Citrus Mealybug, P citri, Oriental Fruit Fly, B dorsalis as major insect pests of custard-apple and the efficiency of control measures to these insect pests in the research areas 3.2 Practical meanings The findings of thesis as scientific bases for proposing the control measures of P citri, B dorsalis on custard-apple with high efficiency, satisfy the economic requirements in the direction of being friendly to customers, producers and environment Object and scope of thesis 4.1 Object of thesis The insect pests on custard-apple, P citri and B.dorsalis 4.2 Scope of thesis It researches the species composition and determine the major insect pests To researche the biological and ecological characteristics of two major insect pests and control measures for two major insect pests on custard-apple in the North of Vietnam New contributions of thesis - At least 27 insect pest species damaging custard-apple in the North of Vietnam was recorded, of which 12 species are added into list of insect pests on custard-apple and species are new record for entomofauna of Vietnam - It is the systematic research work on P citri in Vietnam and provides new scientific data on biological characteristics, impacts of temperature, foods, life table, and the population dynamic of P citri on custard-apple in the research areas - It provides the supplemental scientific data on biological and ecological characteristics of B dorsalis damaging custard-apple in the research areas - It provides new scientific data on efficiency of control measures of P citri, B dorsalis damaging on custard-apple Structure of thesis The thesis has 123 pages, including the introduction,3 chapters of content, conclusion and suggestion, 28 data tables and 23 figures There are 114 reference documents, including 36 documents in Vietnamese and 78 documents in foreign languages and from internet Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW AND SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND OF THESIS 1.1 Scientific backgound of thesis The species composition and control measures of insect pests on custard-apple in Vietnam have their own specific characteristics The knowledge on species composition of insect pests, biological and ecological characteristics of major pests in specific conditions will become the scientific bases to develop effective control measures of major insect pests damaging custard-apple in order to produce safe custard-apple 1.2 The status of custard-apple production 1.2.1 The status of custard-apple production in the world The custard-apple are planted in the tropical areas of Northern and Southern Hemispheres and the subtropical area Since the 16th century, the custard-apple has been planted commercially in many countries over the world such as Dominica, Florida, Middle East, Malaysia, Thailand and etc (Crane and Campbell, 1990) 1.2.2 The status of custard-apple production in Vietnam In Viet Nam, the growing area of custard-apple increased 200 900 in each year from 2013 to 2017 The productivity of custardapple in 2013 reached 87.1 quintals/hectare, in 2017 it reached 99.1 quintals/ha (General Statistics Office of Viet Nam, 2013, 2017) 1.3 Oversea studies on insect pests of custard-apple 1.3.1 Species composition of insect pests The species composition of insect pests on custard-apple has been researched in many countries (George et al., 2015; Naik, 2016; Pena and Bennett, 1995;…) 1.3.2 Studies onbiological and ecological characteristics of major insect pests on custard-apple The biological and ecological characteristics of major insect pests on custard-apples can be found in many publications (CastanedaVildozola et al., 2010; George et al., 2015;…) 1.3.3 Studies on control measures of insect pests on custard-apple Serveral control measures of insect pests on custard-apple have been studied (Kapadia et al., 2009; Sunil et al., 2017,…) 1.4 Study on insect pests of custard-apple in Vietnam 1.4.1 Species composition of insect pests on custard-apple The species composition of insect pests on custard-apple in Vietnam has been studied (Pham Van Lam et al., 2013; Plant Protection Research Institute, 1999b;…) 1.4.2 Studies onbiological and ecological characteristics of main insect pests on custard-apple There are very few studies on biological and ecological characteristics of insect pests on custard-apple in Vietnam (Hoang Thi Dung et al., 2009) 1.4.3 Studies on control measure of insect pests on custard-apple There is no intensive study on control measures of insect pests on custard-apple in Vietnam Chapter MATERIALS, CONTENT AND METHOD TO STUDY 2.1 Location and time of studies 2.1.1 Location The laboratory of Plant Protection Research Institute Several major custard-apple growing areas in some Northern provinces such as Ha Nam, Lang Son, Bac Giang and ect 2.1.2 Time of studies The thesis was conducted from 2014 to 2017 2.2 Materials and tools The chemicals for collecting and sampling, pesticides Equipments for serving experiments in laboratory and in the fields 2.3 Study contents - Survey and identify the species composition and major species of insect pests on custard-apple in several provinces planting custardapple in the North of Vietnam - Conduct studies on biological and ecological characteristics of two major insect pests (Citrus Mealybug, P citri, Oriental Fruit Fly, B dorsalis) on custard-apple - Study on population dynamic, factors affecting the population densities of two major insect pests (Citrus Mealybug, P citri, Oriental Fruit Fly, B dorsalis) on custard-apple in the research areas - Study on control measures of two major insect pests (Citrus Mealybug, P citri, Oriental Fruit Fly, B dorsalis) on custard-apple in the research areas 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Methods for surveying the species composition of insect pests and identifying main insect pests on custard-apple Survey was conducted according to method of Plant Protection Research Institute (1997) and instruction described in QCVN 0138:2010/BNNPTNT issued by Ministry of Agricuture and Rural Development The scientific name of scale insects damaging custardapple was identified followed by keys classified scale insects (Williams, 2004; Williams and Watson, 1990;…) and appraised by Dr Ellenrieder (US) The other scientific names of other insect pests were compared with original insect collections in Plant Protection Research Institute 2.4.2 Methods for studying on the morphological, biological and ecological characteristics of two major insect pests (Citrus Mealybug, P citri, Oriental Fruit Fly, B dorsalis) on custard-apple in laboratory Method for studying on the morphological, biological and ecological characteristics of P citri Preparing the source of P citri: In 2016, collected P citri on custard-apple in Kim Bang (Ha Nam), then reared them in laboratory (25-30oC, 70-75% RH) in screen cage (60x40x40 cm) by custardapple fruits (from gardens without pesticide application) Method for studying on the morphological characteristics: Describe the shape, color and external structure of P citri Measure the dimensions and take photographs of development phases under stereoscope (the number of observed samples for each phase n = 30) Method for studying on the biological and ecological characteristics: Implementing according to individual rearing method in ecological cabinet (labeled RGX-400E) in 25oC, 30oC with 80% RH and a photoperiod of 16L:8D The food source was used according to purposes of each experiment Monitor the development time of phases and life cycle, and etc The parameters of life table were calculated according to Birch (1948), Kakde et al (2014) Method for studying on the biological characteristics of B dorsalis The biological characteristics of B dorsalis were determined in laboratory conditions (21-23oC, 81-83% RH) according to common entomological stuady method (Walker et al., 1996) 2.4.3 Method for studying on population dynamic, factors affecting the population densities of major insect pests on custardapple in the research areas It was conducted according to the method of Plant Protection Research Institute (1997) 2.4.4 Method for studying on control measures of two major insect pests Citrus Mealybug, P citri, Oriental Fruit Fly, B dorsalis) on custard-apple in the research areas To compare the degree of custard-apples infested by B dorsalis in orchards with or without application of packing fruits by specialized bags at different times (30, 45, 60 and 90 days after pollinating) To compare the degree of custard-apples infected by B dorsalis in treatments with or without application of spraying Ento-pro 150 DD, hanging ME traps and sanitary fields at the different times The efficacy of insecticides was evaluated in laboratory with second instar nymphs of P citri in petri dishes Each insecticide (Anisaf SH-01 SL, Mosflannong 300SC, Marshal 200SC) was a treatment, in comparison with spraying water treatment as a control with replicates The dosage of used insecticide was guided by Manufacturer The efficacy of insecticide was calculated according to formula of Abbott The efficacy of insecticides for P citri on custard-apple was evaluated in small scale field trial (with replicates) and in large scale field trial (without replicates) Each insecticide was a treatment, in comparison with case of without spraying insecticide The dosage of used insecticide was guided by Manufacturer The efficacy of insecticides tested was calculated according to formula of Henderson-Tilton 2.5 Data analysis Experimental dada were processed by Excel software and statistical software of Statistix Window, IRRISTAT 4.0 program Chapter RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Species composition and major insect pests on custard-apple in the North of Viet Nam 3.1.1 Species composition of insect pests on custard-apple Surveys were conducted periodically from 2014 to 2016 on custardapple in Chi Lang (Lang Son), Kim Bang (Ha Nam) and supplementary surveys were conducted in Quang Ninh, Bac Giang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau At least 27 insect pest species have been recorded on custard-apple They belonging to insect orders Among them, 12 species were added into the list of insect pests on custard-apple in Vietnam and species of scale insects as Coccus longulus, Paraputo errabundus, Pseudococcus odermatti were new records for entomofauna of Vietnam 3.1.2 Major insect pests on custard-apple in the research areas The species P citri, P dischidiae, Aspidiotus destructor, Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus and B dorsalis were major insect pests on custard-apple with high frequency of appearance (>50%) 3.1.3 Main morphological characteristics of three species of scale insects new-recorded for entomofauna of Vietnam Details of the morphological characteristics of species of scale insects (as C longuslus, P errabundus, P odermatti) recorded for the first time in Vietnam were described 3.2 The biological and ecological characteristics of the Citrus Mealybug and Oriental Fruit Fly under lab conditions 3.2.1 The Citrus Mealybug, P citri 3.2.1.1 Morphological characteristics of P citri A male of P citri had the body with length of 1.0 mm, with wing pair, pair of stout wax filaments at the end of body A female of P citri had the oval body (length 2.33 x width 1.32 mm), the back of body covered a very thick layer of white mealy wax and it had 18 pairs of stout wax filaments surrounding its body Its eggs had the brownish yellow color and oval form They were laid in wax bags The surface of egg bag was covered a layer of white wax The first instar nymph of P.citri had the straw yellow colour and oval form (length 0.48-0.49 x breadth 0.22 mm), the back of body covered a layer of white mealy wax, and it had short white stout wax filaments surrounding its body The second instar nymph of female sex was similar to first instar nymph, but it was bigger (length 0.77 x breadth 0.40 mm) The second instar nymph of male sex in had the cylinder shape (length 1.07 x breadth 0.51 mm), colour of straw yellow, pinkish, pink purple, and it had a pair of wax filaments at the end of body The third instar nymph of female sex was similar to second instar nymph of female sex, but it was bigger (length 1.33 x breadth 0.69 mm) The pre-pupa had many wax fibers formed a cylinder follicle (length 1.49 x width 0.38mm) The pupa had the cylinder shape (length 1.08 x width 0.37 mm), colour of brown purple or yellowish and wing-bud 3.2.1.2 Biological characteristics of P citri Habitat P citri lives on the lower side of mature leaves, leaf peduncle, fruit peduncle when the custard-apple has no fruit or young fruits P citri lives on slits on custard-apple fruit’s surface when the custard-apple fruits are mature and ready to ripen The females of P citri lay eggs in a wax bag The first instar nymphs move actively to find the nutritional source The females of P citri rarely move Metamorphosis The female of P citri has the style of incomplete metamorphosis and the male has the style of redundant incomplete metamorphosis This result was similar to those reported in many studies (Nguyen Van Liem, 2005; Asiedu et al., 2014; Goldasteh et al., 2009;…) Development times of phases and time of life cycle In 25oC and 30oC, the developmental time of the first instar male nymph of P citri was longer than those of the second instar male nymph (were 9.1 - 9.37 and 7.27 - 8.37 days, respectively) In 25oC, the developmental time of the first instar female nymph was longer than those of the second and third instar female nymphs (were 11.07, 6.30 and 6.27 days, respectively) In 30oC, the developmental time of third instar female nymph was longer than those of the first and the second instar female nymphs (were 10.73; 9.73 and 9.13 days, respectively) In two temperatures tested, the difference between developmental time of all instar male nymphs, the first instar female nymphs had no statistical meaning Meanwhile, the difference between developmental time of the second and third instar female nymphs was significant with a confidence level of P