WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SIMPLE SENTENCES IN ‘THE SCARLET SAILS’ BY ALEXANDER GRIN WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN TO NGA WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SIMPLE SENTENCES IN „THE SCARLET SAILS‟ BY ALEXANDER GRIN WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (TRẬT TỰ TỪ CÂU ĐƠN TIẾNG ANH TRONG TÁC PHẨM ‗CÁNH BUỒM ĐỎ THẮM‘ CỦA ALEXANDER GRIN CÓ LIÊN HỆ VỚI TƢƠNG ĐƢƠNG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Hanoi, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN TO NGA WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SIMPLE SENTENCES IN „THE SCARLET SAILS‟ BY ALEXANDER GRIN WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE (TRẬT TỰ TỪ CÂU ĐƠN TIẾNG ANH TRONG TÁC PHẨM ‗CÁNH BUỒM ĐỎ THẮM‘ CỦA ALEXANDER GRIN CÓ LIÊN HỆ VỚI TƢƠNG ĐƢƠNG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor name: Dr Nguyễn Thị Thu Hƣơng Hanoi, 2018 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled WORD ORDER IN SIMPLE ENGLISH SENTENCES IN ‗THE SCARLET SAILS‘ BY ALEXANDER GRIN WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi,2018 Nguyễn Tố Nga Approved by SUPERVISOR Dr Nguyễn Thị Thu Hƣơng Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương for her useful comments, remarks and recommendation through the process of completing this master thesis Furthermore, I would like to thank Dr Nguyễn Thị Vân Đông for introducing me to the topic as well for the support on the way In addition, my sincere gratitude goes to the teachers and students of Hanoi Open University, who have willingly spent their precious time during the process of interviewing Finally, I would like to thank my beloved family and friends, who have supported me throughout entire study, both by keeping me harmonious and helping me putting pieces together I will be grateful forever for your love ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions .3 1.4 Scope of the study .3 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Methods of the study 1.7 Design of the study .5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 An overview of English sentences .7 2.2.1 Definition 2.2.2 Classification of English sentences 2.3 An overview of simple sentences .10 2.3.1 English simple sentences 10 2.3.1.1 Definition 10 2.3.1.2 Classification of English simple sentences 11 2.3.2 Vietnamese simple sentences 13 2.3.2.1 Definition 13 2.3.2.2 Classification of Vietnamese simple sentences 14 2.4 Summary 29 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 31 iii 3.1 Setting of the study .31 3.2 Research approach 32 3.3 Data collection techniques 32 3.4 Data analysis techniques .33 3.5 Summary 33 CHAPTER 4: WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SIMPLE SENTENCES IN ―THE SCARLET SAILS‖ BY ALEXANDER GRIN WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 34 4.1 Word order in English simple sentences in ‗The Scarlet Sails‖ 34 4.2 A comparison between word order of simple sentences in ― The Scarlet Sails‖ and their Vietnamese equivalents…………………………………………………………….38 4.3 Implications for translation and teaching translator English simple sentences into Vietnamese 42 4.3.1 For translators 42 4.3.2 For teachers 42 4.3.2 For learners 43 4.4 Summary 48 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ……….50 5.1 Summary of the study 50 5.2 Concluding Remarks 51 5.3 Recommendation for further studies 52 REFERENCES In English .1 In Vietnamese iv ABSTRACT The reason for writing the research lies in two points The first one is to find out the word order in simple English sentences in ―The Scarlet Sails‖ by Alexander Grin with reference to Vietnamese equivalents The second point is to apply the findings of the research to give some suggestions to teaching, learning and translating English The research problem is word order in English simple sentences and its Vietnamese equivalents The scope of the research is word order in simple sentences used in the novel ―The Scarlet Sails‖ In this research, the author uses a descriptive approach to a genre of discourse: a novel Within this domain, qualitative method is chosen as the main method to carry out the research because this study focuses on understanding word order in simple sentences used in a novel Besides, the author would like to also use quantitative method and staticstical instrument in order to list all of the simple sentences, their frequency Alexander Grin uses all kinds of sentences in his novel Among those kinds of sentences, simple sentences is mainly used and has the highest rate of use Vietnamese sentences is similar to English in the general word order in simple sentences: S +V(+O) +Adv In Vietnamese, as in English, adverbs are put after the verbs they modify But in Vietnamese, adjectives are not prefixed with to be and adjectives are positioned after the nouns they modify From the findings of the research, the author suggests to improve translating skill of Vietnamese students via three measures The author suggests to learn how English and Vietnamese words are arranged to form meaning In addition, the author suggests some translating rules v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Table 2.1: Sentence patterns (Quirk, Randolph, 1985) Figure 3.1: The number of simple sentence types in the novel vi 12 37 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED IN THE THESIS Adj: Adjective C: Complement NP: Noun Phrase O: Object Od: direct object Oi: indirect object Pred: predicate S: Subject V: Verb vii S V C It was a cold evening S V C Through these structures, we can see that in English there is the verb "To be" and in Vietnamese, there is not This is the difference between the two languages 4.1.4 SVA pattern let‘s see the following examples: Here‘s heaven S V A  Đây thiên đƣờng I will go into the town S V A -> Tôi xuống thị trấn These two types of structures are quite similar in two languages 4.1.5 SVOO pattern Let‘s see the following examples: I give you some S V O O  Tôi đƣa bạn chút She was quivering aware of the magnificent uniqueness of her son S V O O -> Cô run rẩy nhận thức đƣợc độc đáo tuyệt vời trai In Vietnamese, the above structure is considered a svo structure, but in English it is a svoc structure because in English there must be a verb indicating cause fall / stink 40 4.1.6 SVOC pattern let‘s see the following examples: It‘s taken me a week to make this boat S V O C  Tôi tuần để làm thuyền The boat was five inches long S V O C -> Chiếc thuyền dài năm inch In Vietnamese, the above structure is considered a svo structure, but in English it is a svoc structure because in English there must be a verb indicating cause fall / stink 4.1.7 SVOA pattern let‘s see the following examples: He paid no attention to this S V O A  Anh ta không ý đến điều Longren had made them during the night S V O A  Longren làm chúng suốt đêm This structure in Vietnamese is similar to SVOC in English, but in English there should be a word between the target language and the language In English 'as' is not a compulsion Two persons A and B following the verb can be considered as a relation c V because when separating the sentence into sentence is still meaningful A and B are the nouns that people use (ie, like, ) to connect Structural irregularities, the subject of predicate can only be nouns as an object 41 4.3 Implications for translation and teaching translator English simple sentences into Vietnamese 4.3.1 For translators English simple sentences system is an open system; it consistently adopts variation, transformation and has been influenced by other languages in the world for a long history So in simple sentences translation, translators should not neglect learning about culture background It is said that, NEWS originated from the first letter of the four directions—N(north), E(east), W(west) and S(south), indicating that news comes from and spreads all over the world Vocabulary is the base of language Meanwhile, language is a vehicle of culture, a tool to convey cultural information and to reflect the cultural life in human society Many sentences have cultural connotations, that is, they are culturallyloaded simple sentences, carrying specific cultural information Translators should enhance their information pertaining to western countries and their communities in every respect conceivable 4.3.2 For teachers Based on the main findings of the study, we would like to give some suggested strategies for idiom teaching as follows: Grouping simple sentences In the present study, English simple sentences by clothes are divided into seven types Simple sentences should be taught according to these categories, from which they are much easier to be motivated Creating Mental Linkages by Association When teaching translation of simple sentences, the atmosphere of classroom setting must be active, it‗s good to consolidate and enlarge students‗ translation For example, teachers write a simple sentence in the center of the blackboard, and then ask students to brainstorm all the ways to translate they can think of that are connected with it The circle of associated items is in itself a meaningful context for the learning of new way to translate; the focus is on the meaning of isolated items Of course, teachers can use other sorts of stimulus-words or connections: put a prefix sub-in the center and invite 42 the class to think of words that begin with it Teachers should make good use of time in the classroom and provide chances of word consolidation as much as possible Introducing simple sentences in context In fact, some teachers simply go over a list of simple sentences and their definitions or explanations However, the teachers have to make sure that students not only understand idioms but also learn how to use them; thus, idiom examples should be presented in context, for example, in simple conversations in which the idiomatic meanings are clear Idioms are regarded as very intricate phrases, and they are especially difficult to translate into another language Generally, idioms are culture-bound, i.e they are specific to particular culture and society The idiomatic meanings are dominated by different cultural factors Therefore, in order to give a translation that is true to the original, translators should make themselves at home with both cultures and both languages In addition, although most idioms are possibly interpretable or at least partly motivated, their idiomatic meanings are quite hidden That we should not create anything on our own by simply translating an idiom word for word is the rule to be followed 4.3.2 For learners The introduction to Vietnamese Language has introduced you the most important characteristics of the language as a whole In this very first lesson of the Express Grammar Course, we would learn the most important grammatical features of Vietnamese Language, especially when compared with English Vietnamese Sentence Structure In this section, we'll learn how Vietnamese words are arranged to form meaning Let's get started with the classical example: I love you How is that expressed in Vietnamese? It's Anh yêu em Let's see the break-downs: Example: Anh It means: I, also implying that you're older or more senior In Vietnamese, we'll use different words for I, depending on our relationship 43 with the listener (whether we are older or more senior) The specific word choice also varies with different regions of Vietnam yêu Em This means: love The word means: you This word implies that you are younger, less senior (More on pronouns) Please don't remember all the details above, it's just for reading purpose What should be remembered, however, is this: Vietnamese Grammar Rule Vietnamese Language has the same sentence structure as English: Subject + Verb + Object (or SVO for short) Did you see it? Anh ("I": Subject) + yêu ("love": Verb) + em ("you": Object) This is one of the most fundamental rules of Vietnamese grammar, or of any language for that matter The next time you learn a new language, it's good to ask from the very beginning: what's the basic sentence structure of this language? (For a language with a different sentence structure, Japanese is a good example) Position of Vietnamese Adverbs Now, let's try to add some more romance to this sentence How about I love you a lot? The Vietnamese equivalent is Tôi yêu em nhiều The first part remains the same and the added part is nhiều for a lot: a lot < > nhiều And this gives us a general rule about position of adverbs (eg often, fast, beautifully): Vietnamese Grammar Rule In Vietnamese, as in English, adverbs are positioned after the verbs they modify In English, some adverbs, such as rather, are positioned before the verb as in this sentence: I rather like it This is also the case in Vietnamese and indeed, the translation of that sentence is: Anh(I) (rather) thích (like) nó(it) 44 The other rule is that if verbs require objects, adverbs are then positioned after the objects, as in English As we don't say I love a lot you in English, we don't say Anh yêu nhiều em (*) The correct Vietnamese translation is Anh yêu em nhiều The sentence structure we have learned so far is then: Subject + Verb (+ Object) + Adverbs Position of Vietnamese Adjectives Now, why don't we continue this loving mood by saying In fact, you are very beautiful? That translates to Quả thật, em đẹp Example: y In fact you Quả thật em v very beautiful are e No translation needed r đẹp Apart from the absence of the translation of the verb to be, this is almost a direct one-to-one word mapping from English to Vietnamese How similar Vietnamese is to English! Don't you think so? The absence of the translation of the verb to be is explained in the following rule: Vietnamese Grammar Rule In Vietnamese, adjectives don't go with to be No to be with adjectives? Yes, so the Vietnamese way of saying She's beautiful is simply She beautiful! The astute readers would then ask: Then, how we change it to a question: there is no to be to be inverted to the front of the sentence as in English! That's a really good question and the answer is that we'll use a question marker combined with a rising in intonation to express questions in Vietnamese This way of asking questions is shared by Chinese and French as well 45 We've learned about verbs, adverbs and adjectives Now, we'll conclude this overview of Vietnamese Grammar with the usage of nouns through another compliment: You have a very beautiful voice What's the Vietnamese translation? Let's first break this English sentence into its major components: You(Subject) + have(Verb) + a very beautiful voice(Object) We've learned above that Vietnamese also shares the same Subject + Verb + Object (or SVO) ordering So how does the sentence structure of the Vietnamese translation look like? Yes, it's the same! Translation mapping: You Have a very beautiful voice Em Có giọng nói hay Let's take a closer look at the translation of the phrase very beautiful voice: giọng nói hay giọng nói hay voice very beautiful As you can observe, the phrase hay ("very beautiful") is positioned after giọng nói("voice"), which is different from English And this gives us another general rule: Vietnamese Grammar Rule In Vietnamese, adjectives are positioned after the nouns they modify Another observation that you might have had is that the adverb of intensity very is positioned before the adjective beautiful: ("very") đẹp ("beautiful"), as in English This is aslo a general rule: adverbs are put before adjectives they modify, just as in English For instance, She is very smart would 46 translate into Cô ta thông minh Note that (very) occurs before the adjective thông minh (smart) Now, let's review what we've learned by translating this snippet You are very beautiful Let's go very slowly, though I know that you can it much faster, to make it very sure that everything is clear and in order You + are("to be") + very(adverb) + beautiful(adjective) The phrase very beautiful is an adjectival phrase consisting of the main adjective beautiful and the adverb of intensity very The Vietnamese translation of this phrase, as we've already discussed, has the same order of: rất("very") + đẹp("beautiful") We've also learned that adjectives in Vietnamese aren't accompanied by to be Therefore, the Vietnamese version would be You very beautiful Putting everything together, we reach the correct translation: Em đẹp If you got it right, congratulations! That's enough for an overview I hope you have enjoyed the reading and learning so far Summary We've quickly gone through the most important points in Vietnamese Grammar in this overview The take-away points are:  Vietnamese is similar to English in the general sentence structure, which is: Subject + Verb (+ Object) + Adverbs  In Vietnamese, as in English, adverbs are put after the verbs they modify  In Vietnamese, adjectives aren't prefixed with to be  In Vietnamese, adjectives are positioned after the nouns they modify You would probably now agree that Vietnamese and English Grammar are very similar The last two points about adjectives in the summary list above are two of the (few) most significant grammatical differences Everything else can be assumed to be the same for now 47 4.4 Summary Through the comment of the comment of the text about the compare, order for word argument from a different configuration in the commands of English and English, we are based on three range of research for authentic order from: - For language analysis such as English and Vietnamese, the word order is a typical grammatical method - Word order is a distribution of positions in grammatical structures - The word order helps to analyze the sentence function Apply the research of range on we have following comments Firstly, Structure in the command of English about the same basic at the order c - V - B (SVO) Secondly, the left of your action is split in the text structure of English structure is a required element and also know known (because from English in a level which is a dynamic from the variable) Reverse, English does not have concept (it is not a language variable) Thirdly, one of the ways to distinguish different types of sentence structure is through a "transformational" or grammatical relationship, ie changing the word order and changing the syntactic function of the element in that sentence Modification is a very specific grammatical phenomenon of English that can not be seen in Vietnamese because of the two different languages; Because Vietnamese is an absolute no-nonsense language, there is no relationship between active and passive structure, which is most noticeable in English because they are widely used in communication special and in the style of political science and style Vietnamese is considered as an unstructured language that has passive meaning passive is expressed by a number of auxiliary words (in Vietnamese there is no "auxiliary verb") ) "Yes, yes, yes " Finally, the simple sentence structure of the inverted order sentences is also very interesting in both languages In English, the simple sentence structure is reversed in the usual order In the structure of emphasis while in Vietnamese, the structure of sentences is used to emphasize the theory, the existence of expression, the appearance or the target turn of things It is very difficult and sometimes impossible to translate the simple sentence from English to Vietnamese, and vice versa It may also be due to the simple sentence structure of two different languages or the psychological two different ethnic groups Some simple sentence structures have an 48 inverted order that appears in English but does not appear in Vietnamese and vice versa But sometimes we also encounter some simple sentence structure that has very similar inversion between the two languages 49 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION This chapter covers three main issues First, it briefly summarizes all the findings that have been drawn from the previous chapter through a step-by-step process of collecting, analyzing and evaluating the data After that, some remarkable conclusions, which are made on the basis of a profound investigation will be presented Finally, some inevitable limitations or shortcomings of the current paper will be objectively shown, from which, some new issues which still await further investigation will be introduced 5.1 Summary of the study This study has resulted in several important findings about word order in simple sentences with reference to their Vietnamese translation equivalents First, the study gives some overall information about the topic word order in English simple sentences in “The Scarlet Sails” by Alexander Grin with reference to Vietnamese equivalents which has been chosen to investigate by the writer English as well as every other language always poses problems for each of us when studying about it Word order is a key component to teaching English language students to form and create a grammatically correct sentence This study aims are aimed at guiding the teachers to teach English as a foreign language more easily and the English translator can translate English simple sentences correctly and well In order to reach the aim, the study is expected to meet the following objectives: identifying the word order in English simple sentences in novel ‗The Scarlet Sails‖ by Alexander Grin, investigating the ways word order in English simple sentence are translated into Vietnamese in novel ―The Scarlet Sails‖, giving some recommendations to improve the teaching and translating simple sentences for the learners of English and translators of English into Vietnamese The qualitative and quantitative approaches, contrastive analysis in English and Vietnamese equivalents are combined to implement this study Secondly, the study is devoted to the presentation of the literature which has already been done up to now It provides a brief review of previous studies, which were similar to the study on the topic under discussion The purpose of doing so is to see how word order in simple sentences has been investigated so far, which aspects of word order in simple sentences has been studied and whether there is any gap for further research or 50 not After that, the definition and the classification of English sentence, English and Vietnamese simple sentence were described Thirdly, the methods are used in this study including descriptive and contrastive analysis methods The data are collected from the novel “The Scarlet Sails” by Alexander Grin that is used for this study because they are well known and is confirmed by reliable publishing houses Based on this plentiful source of materials, the research will be executed as below Finally, we have discussed about the word order in English simple sentences in “The Scarlet Sails” by Alexander Grin Then the comparison is given to collate with their Vietnamese equivalents As comparison, the result of the study proves that there are some similarities and differences between the word order in English simple sentences in English and in Vietnamese 5.2 Concluding Remarks It is a commonly acknowledged fact that simple sentences in general always remain one of the most challenging aspects of the English language for foreign learners or translators to master Another big obstacle which Vietnamese translators encounter on the road to mastering these troublesome structures results from the discrepancies between the two languages of the two different language families English belongs to the Germanic language family while Vietnamese is among the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family, in which such structures are not present As a result, the conveyance of simple sentences from English source texts into Vietnamese ones seems to be a tough task for Vietnamese translators The current paper, to some extent, helps to remove the obstacle posed by investigating how simple sentences are translated into Vietnamese language via scanning simple sentences and their Vietnamese translation equivalents used in a great deal of English source texts and the translated works This leads to an interesting fact that simple sentences can be translated in a surprisingly flexible way Another fundamental fact unearthed is that simple sentences are one of the simple sentences with the most simple sentences with the similar meanings These simple sentences, therefore, can be translated the same way 51 After the process of evaluating the students‘ ability of translating simple sentences from English source texts into Vietnamese and vice versa, as well as analyzing the errors committed by the chosen participants in the written translation test with 20 questions, some practical implications have been proposed by the author Some translation techniques have been recommended such as the adoption of theorydc of meaning to understand the totality of the text and perceive the message rather than the words, analyzing the syntax pattern to find out the meaning of simple sentences applied, changing aspect or order of subject- predicate… Conversely, some optimal solutions have been propounded in order that more simple sentences will be used correctly and appropriately in translation outputs from Vietnamese into English by Vietnamese translators for the sake of naturalism and informality 5.3 Recommendation for further studies Comparing the word order in English and Vietnamese simple sentences has been conducted in a number of previous studies; however, there are some drawbacks so further studies should enlarge the amount of examples in texts In addition, later researchers should manage their time better in order that they can carry out more examples as well as use more research instruments to enhance the reliability and validity of the studies The datas and examples were collected from the novel ―The Scarlet Sails‖ by Alexander Grin It is also better if further researchers have a chance for teaching and translating time in other texts It is hoped that these suggestions will help further researchers have better experience for their studies In brief, although the study contains some limitations, it has been completed with greatest efforts, therefore, sympathetic comments and suggestions are highly appreciated 52 REFERENCES In English B S Azar (1993) Basic English Grammar, Prentice Hall Regents.New Jersey R E Asher (1994) The Encyclopedia of Language and 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CHAPTER 4: WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SIMPLE SENTENCES IN ―THE SCARLET SAILS‖ BY ALEXANDER GRIN WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 34 4.1 Word order in English simple sentences in ‗The... for writing the research lies in two points The first one is to find out the word order in simple English sentences in ―The Scarlet Sails‖ by Alexander Grin with reference to Vietnamese equivalents. ..Hanoi, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN TO NGA WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SIMPLE SENTENCES IN „THE SCARLET SAILS‟ BY ALEXANDER GRIN WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE (TRẬT